Failure to detect critical auditory alerts in the cockpit: Evidence for inattentional deafness

Human Factors

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 631-644

  Dehais, Frédéric ^a   Causse, Mickaël ^a   Vachon, François ^b   Régis, Nicolas ^a   Menant, Eric ^a   Tremblay, Sébastien ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

aeronautics; auditory alarms; eye tracking; inattentional deafness; psychophysiology; warning misperception

Indexed keywords

AUDITION; AVIATION; FLIGHT SIMULATORS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK MANAGEMENT;

ALARM DETECTION; AUDITORY ALARM; AUDITORY WARNING; CASE BASED LEARNING; EYE-TRACKING; GENERAL AVIATION; INATTENTIONAL DEAFNESS; WARNING MISPERCEPTION;

ALARM SYSTEMS;

ADULT; AEROSPACE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; AVIATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; HEARING; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCEPTION DEAFNESS; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; WORKLOAD; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AEROSPACE MEDICINE; AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; AVIATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; HEARING; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; WORKLOAD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84900536496     PISSN: 00187208     EISSN: 15478181     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0018720813510735     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Banbury S. P., Macken W. J., Tremblay S., Jones D. M.. Auditory distraction and short-term memory: Phenomena and practical implications. Human Factors. 2001 ; 43: 12-29
2. Accident investigation report GF072. Paris: Author ; 1993 :
3. On the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France flight AF447 Rio de Janeiro-Paris. Paris: Author ; 2012 :
4. Beringer D. B., Harris H. C.. Automation in general aviation: Two studies of pilot responses to autopilot malfunctions. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 1999 ; 9: 155-174
5. Bliss J. P.. Investigation of alarm-related accidents and incidents in aviation. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 2003 ; 13: 249-268
6. Bliss J. P., Dunn M. C.. Behavioural implications of alarm mistrust as a function of task workload. Ergonomics. 2000 ; 43: 1283-1300
7. Block N.. Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2007 ; 30: 481-548
8. Borrie W. T., Roggenbuck J. W., Hull R. B.. The problem of verbal reports in recreation research: Review, recommendations, and new directions. Tourism Analysis. 1998 ; 2: 175-183
9. Brand-D'Abrescia M., Lavie N.. Task coordination between and within sensory modalities: Effects on distraction. Perception & Psychophysics. 2008 ; 70: 508-515
10. Breznitz S. Cry wolf: The psychology of false alarms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ; 1984 :
11. Causse M., Péran P., Dehais F., Caravasso C. F., Zeffiro T., Sabatini U., Pastor J.. Affective decision making under uncertainty during a plausible aviation task: An fMRI study. NeuroImage. 2013 ; 71: 19-29
12. Causse M., Sénard J. M., Démonet J. F., Pastor J.. Monitoring cognitive and emotional processes through pupil and cardiac response during dynamic versus logical task. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2010 ; 35: 115-123
13. Cherry E. C.. Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1953 ; 25: 975
14. Dalton P., Fraenkel N.. Gorillas we have missed: Sustained inattentional deafness for dynamic events. Cognition. 2012 ; 124: 367-372
15. Dehais F., Causse M., Tremblay S.. Mitigation of conflicts with automation. Human Factors. 2011 ; 53: 448-460
16. Dehais F., Causse M., Vachon F., Tremblay S.. Cognitive conflict in human-automation interactions: A psychophysiological study. Applied Ergonomics. 2012 ; 43: 588-595
17. Dehais F., Tessier C., Christophe L., Reuzeau F.. The perseveration syndrome in the pilot's activity: Guidelines and cognitive countermeasures. Human Error, Safety and Systems Development. 2010 ; 5962: 68-80
18. Doll T. J., Folds D., Leiker L. A. Auditory information systems in military aircraft: Current configurations versus the state of the art. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Systems Engineering Lab ; 1984 :
19. Drew T., Vo M. L. H., Wolfe J. M.. The invisible gorilla strikes again: Sustained inattentional blindness in expert observers. Psychological Science. in press ;:
20. Edworthy J.. Alarms are still a problem!. Anaesthesia. 2013 ; 68: 791-794
21. Edworthy J., Loxley S., Dennis I.. Improving auditory warning design: Relationship between warning sound parameters and perceived urgency. Human Factors. 1991 ; 33: 205-231
22. Eramudugolla R., Irvine D. R. F., McAnally K. I., Martin R. L., Mattingley J. B.. Directed attention eliminates "change deafness" in complex auditory scenes. Current Biology. 2005 ; 15: 1108-1113
23. Fenn K. M., Shintel H., Atkins A. S., Skipper J. I., Bond V. C., Nusbaum H. C.. When less is heard than meets the ear: Change deafness in a telephone conversation. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2011 ; 64: 1442-1456
24. Fuchs P. A., Plack C. J., Rees A., Palmer A. R. The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: Hearing. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press ; 2010 :
25. Giraudet L., Saint-Louis M-E., Causse M. Paper presented at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Conference ; 2012 Toulouse, France ; 2012..
26. Hughes R. W., Hurlstone M. J., Marsh J. E., Vachon F., Jones D. M.. Cognitive control of auditory distraction: Impact of task difficulty, foreknowledge, and working memory capacity supports duplex-mechanism account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2013 ; 39: 539-553
27. Kolodner J. Case-based reasoning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann ; 1993 :
28. Koreimann S., Strauss S., Vitouch O.. Inattentional deafness under dynamic musical conditions. Proceedings of the 7th Triennial Conference of European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music ; 2009 Jyväskylä, Finland: ESCOM ; 2009. 246.
29. Kramer A. F., Trejo L. J., Humphrey D.. Assessment of mental workload with task-irrelevant auditory probes. Biological Psychology. 1995 ; 40: 83-100
30. Lavie N.. Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1995 ; 21: 451-468
31. Lee Y. H., Liu B. S.. Inflight workload assessment: Comparison of subjective and physiological measurements. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2003 ; 74: 1078-1084
32. Levin D. T.. Change blindness blindness as visual metacognition. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2002 ; 9: 111-130
33. Macdonald J. S. P., Lavie N.. Visual perceptual load induces inattentional deafness. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2011 ; 73: 1780-1789
34. Mack A., Rock I. Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press ; 1998 :
35. Most S. B.. What's "inattentional" about inattentional blindness?. Consciousness and Cognition. 2010 ; 19: 1102-1104
36. Most S. B., Scholl B. J., Clifford E. R., Simons D. J.. What you see is what you set: Sustained inattentional blindness and the capture of awareness. Psychological Review. 2005 ; 112: 217-242
37. Most S. B., Simons D. J., Scholl B. J., Chabris C. F.. Sustained inattentional blindness: The role of location in the detection of unexpected dynamic events. Psyche. 2000 ; 6 ( 14 ):
38. O'Hare D., Wiggins M.. Remembrance of cases past: Who remembers what, when confronting critical flight events?. Human Factors. 2004 ; 46: 277-287
39. Peryer G., Noyes J., Pleydell-Pearce K., Lieven N.. Auditory alert characteristics: A survey of pilot views. International Journal of Aviation Psychology. 2005 ; 15: 233-250
40. Santangelo V., Olivetti Belardinelli M., Spence C.. The suppression of reflexive visual and auditory orienting when attention is otherwise engaged. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 2007 ; 33: 137-148
41. Scannella S., Causse M., Chauveau N., Pastor J., Dehais F.. Effects of the audiovisual conflict on auditory early processes. International Journal of Psychophysiology. in press ;:
42. Simons D. J., Chabris C. F.. Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception-London. 1999 ; 28: 1059-1074
43. Sinnett S., Costa A., Soto-Faraco S.. Manipulating inattentional blindness within and across sensory modalities. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2006 ; 59: 1425-1442
44. Song L., Kuchar J. K. Paper presented at the 4th International Workshop on Human Error, Safety, and System Development ; 2001 Linkoping, Sweden ; 2001..
45. Sorkin R. D.. Why are people turning off our alarms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1988 ; 84: 1107-1108
46. Spence C., Read L.. Speech shadowing while driving: On the difficulty of splitting attentions between eye and ear. Psychological Science. 2003 ; 14: 251-256
47. Steelman K. S., McCarley J. S., Wickens C. D.. Modeling the control of attention in visual workspaces. Human Factors. 2011 ; 53: 142-153
48. Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996 ; 93: 1043-1065
49. Todd J. J., Fougnie D., Marois R.. Visual short-term memory load suppresses temporo-parietal junction activity and induces inattentional blindness. Psychological Science. 2005 ; 16: 965-972
50. Vachon F., Tremblay S., Nicholls A. P., Jones D. M.. Exploiting the auditory modality in decision support: Beneficial "warning" effects and unavoidable costs. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting ; 2011 Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ; 2011. 1402.
51. Vachon F., Vallières B. R., Jones D. M., Tremblay S.. Nonexplicit change detection in complex dynamic settings: What eye movements reveal. Human Factors. 2012 ; 54: 996-1007
52. Varakin D., Levin D. T., Fidler R.. Unseen and unaware: Implications of recent research on failures of visual awareness for human-computer interface design. Human-Computer Interaction. 2004 ; 19: 389-422
53. Wayand J. F., Levin D. T., Varakin D. A.. Inattentional blindness for a noxious multimodal stimulus. The American Journal of Psychology. 2005 ; 118: 339-352
54. Wheale J. L.. The speed of response to synthesized voice messages. British Journal of Audiology. 1981 ; 15: 205-212
55. Wickens C. D. Varieties of attention. Parasuraman R. Davies D. R., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press ; 1984: 63-101.
56. Wickens C. D., Rice S., Keller D., Hutchins S., Hughes J., Clayton K.. False alerts in air traffic control conflict alerting system: Is there a "cry wolf" effect?. Human Factors. 2009 ; 51: 446-462
57. Wolfe J. M. Fleeting memories: Cognition of brief visual stimuli. Coltheart V., ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press ; 1999: 71-94.