Neoglacial change in deep water exchange and increase of sea-ice transport through eastern Fram Strait: Evidence from radiogenic isotopes

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 92, Issue , 2014, Pages 190-207

  Werner, Kirstin ^a   Frank, Martin ^a   Teschner, Claudia ^a   Müller, Juliane ^b   Spielhagen, Robert F ^a,c  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c Saxonian Academy of Sciences   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arctic; Fram Strait; Holocene; Multiproxy study; Neodymium; Radiogenic isotopes

Indexed keywords

ISOTOPES; LEAD; NEODYMIUM; SEAWATER; SEDIMENTS; WEATHERING;

ARCTIC; FRAM STRAIT; HOLOCENES; MULTI PROXIES; RADIOGENIC ISOTOPES;

ICE;

CHEMICAL WEATHERING; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; DEEP WATER; FRESHWATER INPUT; GRANITE; ICE FLOW; ICE-RAFTED DEBRIS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LEAD ISOTOPE; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE; NEOGLACIAL; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; RADIONUCLIDE; SEA ICE; SEAWATER; SEDIMENT CORE;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; FRAM STRAIT; KARA SEA; NORWEGIAN SEA; SPITSBERGEN; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN;

EID: 84900407512     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.015     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Aagaard K., Swift J.H., Carmack E.C. Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 1985, 90:4833-4846.
2. Aagaard K., Foldwik A., Hillman S.R. The West Spitsbergen Current: disposition and water mass transformation. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:3778-3784.
3. Aagaard K., Fahrbach E., Meincke J., Swift J.H. Saline outflow from the Arctic Ocean: its contribution to the deep waters of the Greenland, Norwegian, and Iceland Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96:20,433-20,441.
4. Aagaard K., Carmack E.C. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic Circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 1989, 94:14,485-14,498.
5. Abouchami W., Galer S.J.G., Koschinsky A. Pb and Nd isotopes in NE Atlantic Fe-Mn crust: proxies for trace metal paleosources and paleocean circulation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 63:1489-1505.
6. Albarède F., Telouk P., Blichert-Toft J., Boyet M., Agranier A., Nelson B. Precise and accurate isotopic measurements using multiple-collector ICPMS. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68:2725-2744.
7. Alleman L.Y., Véron A.J., Church T.M., Flegal A.R., Hamelin B. Invasion of the abyssal North Atlantic by modern anthropogenic lead. Geophysical Research Letters 1999, 26:1477-1480.
8. Akeredolu F.A., Barrie L.A., Olson M.P., Oikawa K.K., Pacyna J.M., Keeler G.J. The flux of anthropogenic trace metals into the arctic from the mid-latitudes in 1979/80. Atmospheric Environment 1994, 28:1557-1572.
9. Amakawa H., Sasaki K., Ebihara M. Nd isotopic composition in the central North Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73:4705-4719.
10. Anderson L.G., Jones E.P., Rudels B. Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean estimated by a plume entrainment model constrained by CFCs. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:13423-13429.
11. Andersson P.S., Porcelli D., Frank M., Björk G., Dahlqvist R., Gustafsson Ö. Neodymium isotopes in seawater from the Barents Sea and Fram Strait Arctic-Atlantic gateways. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2008, 72:2854-2867.
12. ArcticRIMS Database/R-ArcticNet (v4.0) ARegional, Hydrometeorological Data Network for the Pan-Arctic Region 2011, http://rims.unh.edu/.
13. Arsouze T., Dutay J.-C., Lacan F., Jeandel C. Reconstructing the Nd oceanic cycle using a coupled dynamical-biogeochemical model. Biogeosciences 2009, 6:5549-5588.
14. 210Pb disequilibria in seawater and suspended particulate matter. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1976, 32:277-296.
15. Barrat J.A., Keller F., Amossé J. Determination of rare earth elements in sixteen silicate reference samples by ICP-MS after Tm addition and ion exchange separation. Geostandard Newsletter 1996, 20:133-139.
16. 18O. Progress in Oceanography 1995, 35:53-80.
17. Bauch H.A., Kassens H., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M., Thiede J. Depositional environment of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Siberia) during the Holocene. Boreas 1999, 28:194-204.
18. Bauch H.A., Mueller-Lupp T., Taldenkova E., Spielhagen R.F., Kassens H., Grootes P.M., Thiede J., Heinemeier J., Petryashov V.V. Chronology of the Holocene transgression at the North Siberian margin. Global and Planetary Change 2001, 31:125-139.
19. Bayon G., German C.R., Boella R.M., Milton J.A., Taylor R.N., Nesbitt R.W. An improved method for extracting marine sediment fractions and its application to Sr and Nd isotopic analysis. Chemical Geology 2002, 187:179-199.
20. Bayon G., German C.R., Burton K.W., Nesbitt R.W., Rogers N. Sedimentary Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides as paleoceanographic archives and the role of Aeolian flux in regulation oceanic dissolved REE. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 224:477-492.
21. Beszczynska-Möller A., Wisotzki A. Physical Oceanography During POLARSTERN Cruise ARK-XVI/1 2012, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven. 10.1594/PANGAEA.774196.
22. Björk G., Anderson L.G., Jakobsson M., Antony D., Eriksson B., Eriksson P.B., Hell B., Hjalmarsson S., Janzen T., Jutterström S., Linders J., Löwemark L., Marcussen C., Olsson K.A., Rudels B., Sellén E., Sølvsten M. Flow of Canadian basin deep water in the Western Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 2010, 57:577-586.
23. Broecker W.S. Ocean chemistry during glacial time. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1982, 46:1689-1705.
24. Broecker W.S. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 1991, 4:79-89.
25. Budéus G., Ronski S. An integral view of the hydrographic development in the Greenland Sea over a decade. The Open Oceanography Journal 2009, 3:8-39.
26. Burton K.W., Ling H.-F., O'Nions R.K. Closure of the Central American Isthmus and its effect on deep-water formation in the North-Atlantic. Nature 1997, 386:382-385.
27. Cámara-Mor P., Masqué P., Garcia-Orellana J., Cochran J.K., Mas J.L., Chamizo E., Hanfland C. Arctic Ocean sea ice drift origin derived from artificial radionuclides. Science of the Total Environment 2010, 408:2249-3358.
28. Carignan J., Hillaire-Marcel C., de Vernal A. Arctic vs. North Atlantic water mass exchanges in Fram Strait from Pb isotopes in sediments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 45:1253-1263.
29. Carstens J., Hebbeln D., Wefer G. Distribution of planktic foraminifera at the ice margin in the Arctic (Fram Strait). Marine Micropaleontology 1997, 29:257-269.
30. Chen T.-Y., Frank M., Haley B.A., Gutjahr M., Spielhagen R.F. Variations of North Atlantic inflow to the central Arctic Ocean over the last 14 million years inferred from hafnium and neodymium isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2012, 353-354:82-92.
31. Cohen A.S., O'Nions R.K., Siegenthaler R., Griffin W.L. Chronology of the pressure-temperature history recorded by a granulite terrain. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1988, 98:303-311.
32. Crocket K.C., Vance D., Gutjahr M., Foster G.L., Richards D.A. Persistent Nordic deep-water overflow to the glacial North Atlantic. Geology 2011, 39:515-518.
33. Dahlqvist R., Andersson P.S., Porcelli D. Nd isotopes in Bering Strait and Chukchi water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007, 71:A196.
34. Darby D.A. Sources of sediment found in the sea ice from the western Arctic Ocean, new insights into processes of entrainment and drift patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(C8):3257.
35. Darby D.A., Bischof J.F. AHolocene record of changing Arctic Ocean ice drift analogous to the effects of the Arctic Oscillation. Paleoceanography 2004, 19:PA1027.
36. Dethleff D., Kuhlmann G. Fram Strait sea-ice sediment provinces based on silt and clay compositions identify Siberian Kara and Laptev seas as main source regions. Polar Research 2010, 29:265-282.
37. Dyke A.S., England J., Reimnitz E., Jette J. Changes in driftwood delivery to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: the hypothesis of postglacial oscillations of the transpolar drift. Arctic 1997, 50:1-16.
38. Edwards R.L., Wasserburg G.J. The age and emplacement of obducted oceanic crust in the Urals from Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1985, 72:389-404.
39. Eisenhauer A., Meyer H., Rachold V., Tütken T., Wiegand B., Hansen B.T., Spielhagen R.F., Lindeman F., Kassens H. Grain size separation and sediment mixing in Arctic Ocean sediments: evidence from the strontium isotope systematic. Chemical Geology 1999, 158:173-188.
40. Erel Y., Harlavan Y., Blum J.D. Lead isotope systematics of granitoid weathering. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1994, 58:5299-5306.
41. Falck E., Kattner G., Budéus G. Disappearance of Pacific Water in the northwestern Fram Strait. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L14619.
42. Frank M. Radiogenic isotopes: tracers of past ocean circulation and erosional input. Reviews of Geophysics 2002, 40(1):1001.
43. Galer S.J.G., O'Nions R.K. Chemical and isotopic studies of ultramafic inclusions from the San Carlos volcanic field, Arizona: a bearing on their petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 1989, 30:1033-1064.
44. Gobeil C., Macdonald R.W., Smith J.N., Beaudin L. Atlantic water flow pathways revealed by lead contamination in Arctic basin sediments. Science 2001, 293:1301-1304.
45. Gutjahr M., Frank M., Stirling C.H., Klemm V., van de Flierdt T., Halliday A.N. Reliable extraction of a deepwater trace metal isotope signal from Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide coatings of marine sediments. Chemical Geology 2007, 242:351-370.
46. Hald M., Ebbesen H., Forwick M., Godtliebsen F., Khomenko L., Korsun S., Ringstadt Olsen L., Vorren T.O. Holocene paleoceanography and glacial history of the West Spitsbergen area, Euro-Arctic margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:2075-2088.
47. Hald M., Andersson C., Ebbesen H., Jansen E., Klitgaard-Kristensen D., Risebrobakken B., Salomonsen G.R., Sarnthein M., Sejrup H.P., Telford R.J. Variations in temperature and extent of Atlantic water in the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:3423-3440.
48. Haley B., Polyak L. Pre-modern Arctic Ocean circulation from surface sediment neodymium isotopes. Geophysical Research Letters 2013, 40(5):893-897.
49. Haley B., Frank M., Spielhagen R.F., Eisenhauer A. Influence of brine formation on Arctic Ocean circulation over the past 15 million years. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:68-72.
50. Haley B., Frank M., Spielhagen R.F., Fietzke J. Radiogenic isotope record of Arctic Ocean circulation and weathering inputs of the past 15 million years. Paleoceanography 2008, 23:PA1S13.
51. Hamelin B., Grousset F., Sholkovitz E.R. Pb isotopes in surficial pelagic sediments from the North Atlantic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:37-47.
52. Harland W.B., Gayer R.A. The Arctic Caledonides and earlier oceans. Geological Magazine 1972, 109:289-314.
53. Harlavan Y., Erel Y., Blum J.D. Systematic changes in lead isotopic composition with soil age in glacial granitic terrains. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1998, 62:33-46.
54. Hass H.C. Amethod to reduce the influence of ice-rated debris on a grain size record from northern Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean. Polar Research 2002, 21:299-306.
55. Hebbeln D., Wefer G. Effects of ice coverage and ice-rafted material on sedimentation in the Fram Strait. Nature 1991, 350:409-411.
56. Henderson G.M., Martel D.M., Onions R.K., Shackleton N.J. Evolution of seawater Sr-87/Sr-86 over the last 400ka - the absence of glacial-interglacial cycles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 128(3-4):643-651.
57. Holland M.M., Bitz C.M., Eby M., Weaver A.J. The role of ice-ocean interactions in the variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Journal of Climate 2001, 14:656-675.
58. Hong S., Candelone J.-P., Patterson C.C., Boutron C.F. Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science 1994, 265:1841-1843.
59. Horwitz E.P., Chiarizia R., Dietz M.L. Anovel strontium-selective extraction chromatographic resin. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 1992, 10:313-336.
60. Jacobsen S.B., Wasserburg G.J. Sm-Nd isotopic evolution of chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1980, 50:139-155.
61. Jakobsson M., Mayer L., Coakley B., Dowdeswell J.A., Forbes S., Fridman B., Hodnesdal H., Noormets R., Pedersen R., Rebesco M., Schenke H.W., Zarayskaya Y., Accettella D., Armstrong A., Anderson R.M., Bienhoff P., Camerlenghi A., Church I., Edwards M., Gardner J.V., Hall J.K., Hell B., Hestvik O., Kristoffersen Y., Marcussen C., Mohammad R., Mosher D., Nghiem S.V., Pedrosa M.T., Travaglini P.G., Weatherall P. The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 3.0. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39:L12609.
62. Jang K., Han Y., Huh Y., Nam S.-I., Stein R., Mackensen A., Matthiessen J. Glacial freshwater discharge events recorded by authigenic neodymium isotopes in sediments from the Mendeleev Ridge, western Arctic Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2013, 369-370:148-157.
63. Johannessen O.M. Brief overview of the physical oceanography. The Nordic Seas 1986, 103-127. Springer, New York. B.G. Hurdle (Ed.).
64. Johansson Å., Gee D.G. The late Palaeproterozoic Eskolabreen granitoids of southern Ny Friesland, Svalbard Caledonides - geochemistry, age, and origin. GFF 1999, 121:113-126.
65. Johansson Å., Larionov A.N., Tebenkov A.M., Ohta Y., Gee D.G. Caledonian granites of western and central Nordaustlandet, northeast Svalbard. GFF 2002, 124:135-148.
66. Jones E.P. Circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Research 2001, 20:139-146.
67. Jones E.P., Rudels B., Anderson L.G. Deep waters of the Arctic Ocean: origins and circulation. Deep Sea Research I 1995, 42:737-760.
68. Jones E.P., Swift J.H., Anderson L.G., Lipizer M., Civitarese G., Falkner K.K., Kattner G., McLaughlin F. Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:3116.
69. Karcher M.J., Gerdes R., Kauker F., Köberle C. Arctic warming: Evolution and spreading of the 1990s warm event in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:3034.
70. 44/40 and Mg/Ca measurements. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2009, 10(3):Q03005.
71. Kwok R., Rothrock D.A. Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:5177-5189.
72. Lacan F., Jeandel C. Denmark Strait water circulation traced by heterogeneity in neodymium isotopic compositions. Deep-Sea Research I 2004, 51:71-82.
73. Lacan F., Jeandel C. Neodymium isotopic composition and rare earth element concentrations in the deep and intermediate Nordic Seas: constraints on the Iceland Scotland overflow water signature. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2004, 5:Q11006.
74. Lacan F., Jeandel C. Neodymium isotopes as a new tool for quantifying exchange fluxes at the continent-ocean interface. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 232:245-257.
75. Laskar J., Robutel P., Joutel F., Gastineau M., Correia A.C.M., Levrard B. Along-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy & Astrophysics 2004, 428:261-285.
76. Le Fèvre B., Pin C. Astraightforward separation scheme for concomitant Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope ratio and isotope dilution analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 2005, 543:209-221.
77. Lisitzin A.P. Sea-ice and Iceberg Sedimentation in the Ocean - Recent and Past 2002, 563. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
78. Lohmann G., Gerdes R. Sea ice effects on the sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation. Journal of Climate 1998, 11:2789-2803.
79. Lugmair G.W., Galer S.J.G. Age and isotopic relationships among the angrites Lewis Cliff 86010 and Angra dos Reis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:1673-1694.
80. Maccali J., Hillaire-Marcel C., Carignan J., Reisberg L.C. Pb isotopes and geochemical monitoring of Arctic sedimentary supplies and water mass export through Fram Strait since the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 2012, 97:PA1201.
81. Maccali J., Hillaire-Marcel C., Carignan J., Reisberg L.C. Geochemical signatures of sediments documenting Arctic sea-ice and water mass export through Fram Strait since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 64:136-151.
82. 6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 2008, 78:1-11.
83. Mauritzen C. Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Part 1: evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Research 1996, 43:769-806.
84. Mauritzen C., Häkkinen S. Influence of sea ice on the thermohaline circulation in the Arctic-North Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 24:3257-3260.
85. Müller J., Werner K., Stein R., Fahl K., Moros M., Jansen E. Holocene cooling culminates in Neoglacial sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 47:1-14.
86. Nørgaard-Pedersen N., Spielhagen R.F., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M., Heinemeier J., Knies J. Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum: Atlantic and polar domains of surface water mass distribution and ice cover. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1063.
87. Nürnberg D., Wollenburg I., Dethleff D., Eicken H., Kassens H., Letzig T., Reimnitz E., Thiede J. Sediments in Arctic sea ice: implications for entrainment, transport and release. Marine Geology 1994, 119:185-214.
88. O'Nions R.K., Frank M., von Blanckenburg F., Ling H.-F. Secular variation of Nd and Pb-isotopes in ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1998, 155:15-28.
89. Palmer M.R., Elderfield H. Sr isotope composition of seawater over the past 75 Myr. Nature 1985, 314:526-528.
90. Peucat J.J., Ohta Y., Gee D.G., Bernard-Griffith J. U-Pb, Sr and Nd evidence for Grenivillan and latest Proterozoic tectonothermal activity in the Spitsbergen Caldonides, Arctic Ocean. Lithos 1989, 22:275-285.
91. Pfirman S., Gascard J.-C., Wollenburg I., Mudie P., Abelmann A. Particle-laden Eurasian Arctic sea ice: observations from July and August 1987. Polar Research 1989, 7:59-66.
92. Pfirman S., Colony R., Nürnberg D., Eicken H., Rigor I. Reconstructing the origin and trajectory of drifting Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:12,575-12,586.
93. Piepgras D.J., Jacobsen S.B. The isotopic composition of neodymium in the North Pacific. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1988, 52:1373-1381.
94. Piepgras D.J., Wasserburg G.J. Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1980, 50:128-138.
95. Piepgras D.J., Wasserburg G.J. Rare earth element transport in the western North Atlantic inferred from Nd isotopic observations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1987, 51:1257-1271.
96. Piotrowski A.M., Goldstein S.L., Hemming S.R., Fairbanks R.G. Intensification and variability of ocean thermohaline circulation through the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 225:205-220.
97. Piotrowski A.M., Goldstein S.L., Hemming S.R., Fairbanks R.G. Temporal relationships of carbon cycle and ocean circulation at glacial boundaries. Science 2005, 307:1933-1938.
98. Porcelli D., Andersson P.S., Baskaran M., Frank M., Björk G., Semiletov I. The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73:2645-2659.
99. Prange M., Lohmann G. Effects of mid-Holocene river runoff on the Arctic ocean/sea-ice system: a numerical study. The Holocene 2003, 13:335-342.
100. Quadfasel D., Rudels B., Kurz K. Outflow of dense water from a Svalbard fjord into the Fram Strait. Deep Sea Research 1988, 35:1143-1150.
101. Rasmussen T.L., Thomsen E. Stable isotope signals from brines in the Barents Sea: implications for brine formation during the last glaciation. Geology 2009, 37:903-906.
102. 14C yr BP. Quaternary Research 2007, 67:100-114.
103. Rempfer J., Stocker T.F., Joos F., Dutay J.-C., Siddall M. Modeling Nd isotopes with a coarse resolution ocean circulation model: sensitivities to model parameters and source/sink distributions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:5927-5950.
104. Rickli J., Frank M., Halliday A.N. The hafnium-neodymium isotope composition of Atlantic seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 280:118-127.
105. Rudels B. The θ-S relations in the northern seas: implications for the deep circulation. Polar Research 1986, 4:133-159.
106. Rudels B., Quadfasel D. Convection and deep water formation in the Arctic Ocean-Greenland Sea System. Journal of Marine Systems 1991, 2:435-450.
107. Rudels B., Jones E.P., Anderson L.G., Kattner G. On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. The Role of the Polar Oceans in Shaping the Global Climate 1994, 33-46. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench, J.E. Overland (Eds.).
108. Rudels B., Friedrich H.J., Quadfasel D. The arctic circumpolar boundary current. Deep-Sea Research II 1999, 46:1023-1062.
109. Rudels B., Meyer R., Fahrbach E., Ivanov V.V., Østerhus S., Quadfasel D. Water mass distribution in Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997. Annales Geophysicae 2000, 18:687-705.
110. Rudels B., Fahrbach E., Meincke J., Budéus G., Eriksson P. The East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait overflow. ICES Journal of Marine Systems 2002, 59:1133-1154.
111. Rudels B., Björk G., Nilsson J., Winsor P., Lake I., Nohr C. The interaction between waters from the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: results from the Arctic Ocean-02 Oden expedition. Journal of Marine Systems 2005, 55:1-30.
112. Rutberg R.L., Hemming S.R., Goldstein S.L. Reduced North Atlantic Deep water flux to the glacial Southern Ocean inferred from neodymium isotope ratios. Nature 2000, 405:935-938.
113. Sarnthein M., van Kreveld S., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M., Kucera M., Pflaumann U., Schulz M. Centennial-to-millennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N. Boreas 2003, 32:447-461.
114. Schauer U. The release of brine-enriched shelf water from Storfjord into the Norwegian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:16,015-16,028.
115. Schauer U., Fahrbach E., Østerhus S., Rohardt G. Arctic warming through the Fram Strait: oceanic heat transport from 3 years of measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:C06026.
116. Schaule B.K., Patterson C.C. Lead concentrations in the northeast Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1981, 54:97-116.
117. Schlichtholz P., Goszczko I. Interannual variability of the Atlantic water layer in the West Spitsbergen Current at 76.5°N in summer 1991-2003. Deep-Sea Research I 2006, 53:608-626.
118. Schlichtholz P., Houssais M.-N. An inverse modeling study in Fram Strait. Part II: water mass distribution and transports. Deep-Sea Research II 1999, 46:1137-1168.
119. Schlitzer R. Ocean Data View 2007, http://odv.awi.de.
120. Schoster F., Behrends M., Müller C., Stein R., Wahsner M. Modern river discharge and pathways of supplied material in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: evidence from mineral assemblages and major and minor element distribution. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2000, 89:486-495.
121. Sharma M., Basu A.R., Nesterenko G.V. Temporal Sr-, Nd- and Pb-isotopic variations in the Siberian flood basalts: implications for the plume-source characteristics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 113:365-381.
122. Spielhagen R.F., Werner K., Aagaard Sørensen S., Zamelczyk K., Kandiano E., Budéus G., Husum K., Marchitto T.M., Hald M. Enhanced modern heat transfer to the Arctic by warm Atlantic Water. Science 2011, 331:450-453.
123. Steiger R.H., Jäger E. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1977, 36:359-362.
124. Stein R., Dittmers K., Fahl K., Kraus M., Matthiessen J., Niessen F., Pirrung M., Polyakova Ye., Schoster F., Steinke T., Fütterer D.K. Arctic (paleo) river discharge and environmental change: evidence from the Holocene Kara Sea sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1485-1511.
125. Stumpf R., Frank M., Schönfeld J., Haley B.A. Late Quaternary variability of Mediterranean outflow water from radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopes. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:2462-2472.
126. Svendsen J.I., Mangerud J. Holocene glacial and climatic variations on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The Holocene 1997, 7:45-57.
127. Swift J.H., Koltermann K.P. The origin of Norwegian sea deep water. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93:3563-3569.
128. Tachikawa K., Jeandel C., Roy-Barman M. Anew approach to the Nd residence time in the ocean: the role of atmospheric inputs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1999, 170:433-446.
129. Tanaka T., Togashi S., Kamioka H., Amakawa H., Kagami H., Hamamoto T., Yuhara M., Orihashi Y., Yoneda S., Shimizu H., Kunimaru T., Takahashi K., Yanagi T., Nakano T., Fujimaki H., Shinjo R., Asahara Y., Tamimizu M., Dragusanu C. JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium. Chemical Geology 2000, 168:279-281.
130. Tütken T., Eisenhauer A., Wiegand B., Hansen B.T. Glacial-interglacial cycles in Sr and Nd isotopic composition of Arctic marine sediments triggered by the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet. Marine Geology 2002, 182:351-372.
131. van de Flierdt T., Frank M. Neodymium isotopes in paleoceanography. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:2439-2441.
132. van de Flierdt T., Robinson L.F., Adkins J.F., Hemming S.R. Temporal stability of the neodymium isotope signature of the Holocene to glacial North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 2006, 21:PA4102.
133. Véron A.J., Church T.M. Use of stable lead isotopes and trace metals to characterize air mass sources into the eastern North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:28,049-28,058.
134. Vinje T. Anomalies and trends of sea ice extent and atmospheric circulation in the Nordic seas during the period 1864-1998. Journal of Climate 2001, 14:255-267.
135. Volkmann R. Planktic foraminifer ecology and stable isotope geochemistry in the Arctic Ocean: implications from water column and sediment surface studies for quantitative reconstructions of oceanic parameters. Berichte zur Polarforschung 2000, 361:1-128.
136. Wanner H., Beer J., Bütikofer J., Crowley T.J., Cubasch U., Flückiger J., Goosse H., Grosjean M., Joos F., Kaplan J.O., Küttel M., Müller S.A., Prentice I.C., Solomina O., Stocker T.F., Tarasov P., Wagner M., Widmann M. Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27:1791-1828.
137. Werner K., Spielhagen R.F., Bauch D., Hass H.C., Kandiano E., Zamelczyk K. Atlantic water advection to the eastern Fram Strait - multiproxy evidence for late Holocene variability. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2011, 308:264-276.
138. Werner K., Spielhagen R.F., Hass H.C., Bauch D., Kandiano E. Atlantic water advection versus sea ice advances in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 9ka: Multiproxy evidence for a two-phase Holocene. Paleoceanography 2013, 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/palo.20028.
139. Winter B.L., Johnson C.M., Clark D.L. Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediment components from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: Implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:4181-4200.
140. Zimmermann B., Porcelli D., Frank M., Andersson P.S., Baskaran M., Lee D.-C., Halliday A.N. Hafnium isotopes in Arctic Ocean water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73:3218-3233.