Prevention of unintended pregnancy: A Focus on long-acting reversible contraception

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 239-260

  Pickle, Sarah ^a   Wu, Justine ^a   Burbank Schmitt, Edith ^a  

^a ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Contraception; Electronic health record ; Family planning; Long acting reversible contraception; Unintended pregnancy; Unplanned pregnancy

Indexed keywords

GESTAGEN; LEVONORGESTREL; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; SPERMICIDAL AGENT; ULIPRISTAL; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; DRUG IMPLANT;

ABORTION; CHILD HEALTH; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONTRACEPTION; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FAMILY PLANNING; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; LAW; LONG ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION; MATERNAL WELFARE; MINORITY GROUP; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT SAFETY; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; UNPLANNED PREGNANCY; UTERINE TUBE LIGATION; VASECTOMY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CONTRACEPTIVE BEHAVIOR; COST; COUNSELING; DRUG IMPLANT; FEMALE; HEALTH INSURANCE; INSURANCE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PREGNANCY; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; THERAPEUTIC USE; UTILIZATION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CONTRACEPTION; CONTRACEPTION BEHAVIOR; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE; COST SHARING; COUNSELING; DRUG IMPLANTS; ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INSURANCE COVERAGE; INSURANCE, HEALTH; INTRAUTERINE DEVICES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED; PREVALENCE; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84900023083     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: 1558299X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2014.02.004     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Finer L., Zolna M. Unintended pregnancy in the United States: incidence and disparities. Contraception 2011, 84(5):478-485.
2. Facts on unintended pregnancy in the United States 2013, Guttmacher Institute, New York.
3. Altfeld S., Handler A., Burton D., et al. Wantedness of pregnancy and prenatal health behaviors. Women Health 1992, 26(4):29-43.
4. Hellerstedt W.L., Pirie P.L., Lando H.A., et al. Differences in preconceptional and prenatal behaviors in women with intended and unintended pregnancies. Am J Public Health 1998, 88(4):663-666.
5. Joyce T.J., Kaestner R., Korenman S. The effect of pregnancy intention on child development. Demography 2000, 37(1):83-94.
6. Gazmararian J.A., Adams M.M., Saltzman L.E., et al. The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns. Obstet Gynecol 1995, 85(6):1031-1038.
7. Goodwin M.M., Gazmararian J.A., Johnson C.H. Pregnancy intendedness and physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 1996-1997. Matern Child Health J 2000, 4(2):85-92.
8. D'Angelo D.V., Gilbert B.C., Rochat R.W., et al. Differences between mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among women who have live births. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2004, 36(5):192-197.
9. Marsiglio W., Mott F.L. Does wanting to become pregnant with a first child affect the subsequent maternal behaviors and infant birth weight?. JMarriage Fam 1988, 50(4):1023-1036.
10. Baydar N. Consequences for children of their birth planning status. Fam Plann Perspect 1995, 27(6):228-234.
11. Santelli J.S., Linberg L.D., Singh S., et al. Explaining recent declines in adolescent pregnancy in the United States: the contribution of abstinence and improved contraceptive use. Am J Public Health 2007, 97(1):150-156.
12. Jones R.K., Kavanaugh M.L. Changes in abortion rates between 2000 and 2008 and lifetime incidence of abortion. Obstet Gynecol 2011, 117(6):1358-1366.
13. Sonfield A., Kost K., Gold R.B., et al. The public costs of births resulting from unintended pregnancies: national and state-level estimates. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2011, 43(2):94-102.
14. Guttmacher Institute Contraceptive needs and services, 2010 2013, Guttmacher Institute, New York.
15. Healthy People 2020. Family planning objectives. US Department of Health and Human Services 2011, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Washington, DC, Available at:, Accessed October 20, 2013. http://healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=137%3E.
16. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2010 summary tables. Ambulatory and Hospital Care Statistics Branch 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA).
17. Cuellar A., Simmons A., Finegold K. The Affordable Care Act and women. ASPE research brief 2012, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
18. Trussell J., Ellertson C. Efficacy of emergency contraception. Fertility Control Reviews 1995, 4:8-11.
19. Trussell J., Raymond E.G. Emergency contraception: a last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy 2013, Princeton University, Princeton (NJ).
20. US Food and Drug Administration Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Fed Regist 1997, 62(37):8609-8612.
21. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Emergency contraception. Practice Bulletin no. 112. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2010, 115:1100-1109.
22. Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Lancet 1998, 352:428-433.
23. Arowojolu A., Okewole I., Adekunle A. Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception in Nigerians. Contraception 2002, 66:269-273.
24. Cheng L., Gülmezoglu A., Piaggio G., et al. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, (2). CD001324.
25. Creinin M., Schlaff W., Archer D., et al. Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 108:1089-1097.
26. Glasier A.F., Cameron S.T., Fine P.M., et al. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375:555-562.
27. Hamoda H., Ashok P.W., Stalder C., et al. Arandomized trial of mifepristone (10mg) and levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 104:1307-1313.
28. Ho P.C., Kwan M.S. Aprospective randomized comparison of levonorgestrel with the Yuzpe regimen in post-coital contraception. Hum Reprod 1993, 8:389-392.
29. Ngai S.W., Fan S., Li S., et al. Arandomized trial to compare 24 h versus 12 h double dose regimen of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 2004, 20:307-311.
30. Raymond E., Taylor D., Trussell J., et al. Minimum effectiveness of the levonorgestrel regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 2004, 69:79-81.
31. Trussell J., Rodríguez G., Ellertson C. Updated estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception 1999, 59:147-151.
32. von Hertzen H., Piaggio G., Ding J., et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002, 360:1803-1810.
33. Wu S., Wang C., Wang Y., et al. Arandomized, double-blind, multicenter study on comparing levonorgestrel and mifepristone for emergency contraception. JReprod Med 1999, 8(Supp 1):43-46.
34. Polis C.B., Schaffer K., Blanchard K., et al. Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, (2). [review], CD005497.
35. Raine T.R., Harper C.C., Rocca C.H., et al. Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 293:54-62.
36. Raymond E.G., Stewart F., Weaver M., et al. Impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 108(5):1098-1106.
37. Cleland K., Zhu K., Goldstuck N. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod 2012, 27(7):1994-2000.
38. Brache V., Cochon L., Deniaud M., et al. Ulipristal acetate prevents ovulation more effectively than levonogestrel: analysis of pooled data from three randomized trials of emergency contraception regimen. Contraception 2013, 88:611-618.
39. Glasier A., Cameron S.T., Blithe D., et al. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception 2011, 84(4):363-367.
40. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. Contraceptive technology 2011, 791. Ardent Media, New York. 20th edition. R.A. Hatcher, J. Trussell, A.L. Nelson (Eds.).
41. Trussell J. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, letter to the editor. Contraception 2008, 78(1):85.
42. Trussell J. Contraceptive failure in the United States. Contraception 2011, 83(5):397-404.
43. Kost K., Singh S., Vaughan B., et al. Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Contraception 2008, 77(1):10-21.
44. Daniels K., Mosher W., Jones J. Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, 1982-2010 2013, National Health Statistics Reports, Atlanta (GA).
45. Jones J., Mosher W., Daniels K. Current contraceptive use in the United States, 2006-2010, and changes in patterns of use since 1995 2012, National Health Statistics Reports; no. 60, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD).
46. Mosher W.D., Jones J. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982-2008. Vital Health Stat 23 2010, (29):1-44. National Center for Health Statistics.
47. Wu J., Meldrum S., Dozier A., et al. Contraceptive nonuse among US women at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Contraception 2008, 78(4):284-289.
48. Gold R., Sonfield A., Richards C., et al. Next steps for America's family planning program: leveraging the potential of Medicaid and title X in an evolving health care system 2009, Guttmacher Institute, New York.
49. Finer L.B., Jerman J., Kavanaugh M.L. Changes in use of long-acting contraceptive methods in the United States, 2007-2009. Fertil Steril 2012, 98(4):893-897.
50. Singh S., Sedgh G., Hussain R. Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes. Stud Fam Plann 2010, 41:241-250.
51. ParaGard [package insert] 2011, Teva Women's Health, Inc, Sellersville, PA.
52. Mirena [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals; 2013.
53. Skyla [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals; 2013.
54. Bahamondes L., Faundes A., Sobreira-Lima B., et al. TCu 380A IUD: a reversible permanent contraceptive method in women over 35 years of age. Contraception 2005, 72(5):337-341.
55. Sivin I. Utility and drawbacks of continuous use of a copper T IUD for 20 years. Contraception 2007, 75(Suppl 6):S70-S75.
56. United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund/World Health Organization/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Long-term reversible contraception: twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C. Contraception 1997, 56:341-352.
57. Andersson K., Odlind V., Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994, 49(1):56-72.
58. Diaz J., Faundes A., Diaz M., et al. Evaluation of the clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD, up to seven years of use, in Campinas, Brazil. Contraception 1993, 47(2):169-175.
59. Hidalgo M.M., Hidalgo-Regina C., Bahamondes M.V., et al. Serum levonorgestrel levels and endometrial thickness during extended use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2009, 80(1):84-89.
60. Ronnerdag M., Odlind V. Health effects of long-term use of the intrauterine levonorgestrel-releasing system. A follow-up study over 12 years of continuous use. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999, 78(8):716-721.
61. Sivin I., el Mahgoub S., McCarthy T., et al. Long-term contraception with the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the copper T 380Ag intrauterine devices: a five-year randomized study. Contraception 1990, 42(4):361-378.
62. Sivin I., Stern J., Coutinho E., et al. Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the copper T380 Ag IUDS. Contraception 1991, 44(5):473-480.
63. Trussell J., Lalla A.M., Doan Q.V., et al. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009, 79:5-14. [Erratum. Contraception 2009;80:229-30; Update. Contraception 2010;82:391; Update and correction. Contraception 2012;85:218].
64. Frost J., Zolna M., Frohwirth L. Contraceptive needs and services, 2010 2013, Guttmacher Institute, New York.
65. Quality of Healthcare Access for Women Survey. Executive summary, female reproductive health coverage. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/studies-and-surveys/healthcare-access-survey.
66. IUD. 2013. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm.
67. Sonfield A., Benson R., Gold J.J., et al. US insurance coverage of contraceptives and the impact of contraceptive coverage mandates, 2002. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002, 36(2):72-79.
68. Gariepy A.M., Simon E.J., Patel D.A., et al. The impact of out-of-pocket expense on IUD utilization among women with private insurance. Contraception 2011, 84(6):e39-e42.
69. Harper C.C., Blum M., de Bocanegra H.T., et al. Challenges in translating evidence to practice: the provision of intrauterine contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2008, 111(6):1359-1369.
70. Peipert J.F., Madden T., Allsworth J.E. Preventing unintended pregnancies by providing no-cost contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2012, 120:1291-1297.
71. Mestad R., Secura G., Allsworth J. Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception 2011, 84(5):493-498.
72. Secura G.M., Allsworth J.E., Madden T. The contraceptive CHOICE project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010, 203(2):115.e1-115.e7.
73. Sonfield A. Popularity disparity: attitudes about the IUD in Europe and the United States. Guttmacher Institute Policy Review 2007, 10(4).
74. Darney P.D. Time to pardon the IUD?. NEngl J Med 2001, 345:608-610.
75. Grimes D. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000, 356:1013-1019.
76. Shelton J.D. Risk of clinical pelvic inflammatory disease attributable to an intrauterine device. Lancet 2001, 357:443.
77. Fleming K.L., Sokoloff A., Raine T.R. Attitudes and beliefs about the intrauterine device among teenagers and young women. Contraception 2010, 82(2):178-182.
78. Stanwood N.L., Garrett J.M., Konrad T.R. Obstetrician-gynecologists and the intrauterine device: a survey of attitudes and practice. Obstet Gynecol 2002, 99:275-280.
79. Whitaker A.K., Johnson L.M., Harwood B., et al. Adolescent and young adult women's knowledge of and attitudes toward the intrauterine device. Contraception 2008, 78:211-217.
80. Kaye K., Suellentrop K., Sloup C. The fog zone: how misperceptions, magical thinking, and ambivalence put young adults at risk for unplanned pregnancy 2009, National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, Washington, DC.
81. Madden T., Mullersmann J.L., Omvig K.J. Structured contraceptive counseling provided by the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception 2013, 88(2):243-249.
82. Diaz V.A., Hughes N., Dickerson L.M., et al. Clinician knowledge about use of intrauterine devices in adolescents in South Carolina AHEC. Fam Med 2011, 43(6):407-411.
83. US Medical Eligibility Criteria (US MEC) for contraceptive use, 2010. 2010. Available at:. Accessed November 2, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/usmec.htm.
84. Adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Committee Opinion. No. 539. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2012, 120:963-968.
85. Lyus R., Lohr P., Prager S. Use of the Mirena LNG-IUS and Paragard CuT380A intrauterine devices in nulliparous women. Contraception 2010, 81:367-371.
86. Madden T., Allsworth J.E., Hladky K.J., et al. Intrauterine contraception in Saint Louis: a survey of obstetrician and gynecologists' knowledge and attitudes. Contraception 2010, 81(2):112-116.
87. Postlethwaite D., Shaber R., Mancuso V., et al. Intrauterine contraception: evaluation of clinician practice patterns in Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Contraception 2007, 75:177-184.
88. Tang J., Maurer R., Bartz D. Intrauterine device knowledge and practices: a national survey of obstetrics and gynecology residents. South Med J 2013, 106(9):500-505.
89. Rubin S.E., Fletcher J., Stein T., et al. Determinants of intrauterine contraception provision among US family physicians: a national survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice. Contraception 2011, 83(5):472-478.
90. Fox H.B., McManus M.A., Klein J.D., et al. Adolescent medicine training in pediatric residency programs. Pediatrics 2010, 125(1):165-172.
91. Hellerstedt W.L., Smith A.E., Shew M.L., et al. Perceived knowledge and training needs in adolescent pregnancy prevention: results from a multidisciplinary survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000, 154(7):679-684.
92. Rubin S., Davis K., McKee D. New York City physicians' view of providing long-acting reversible contraception to adolescents. Ann Fam Med 2013, 11:130-136.
93. Eisenberg D., McNicholas C., Peipert J.F. Cost as a barrier to long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use in adolescents. JAdolesc Health 2013, 52(Suppl 4):S59-S63.
94. Sonfield A., Pollack H.A. The Affordable Care Act and reproductive health: potential gains and serious challenges. JHealth Polit Policy Law 2013, 38:373-391.
95. Beeson T., Wood S., Bruen B., et al. Accessibility of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). Contraception 2014, 89(2):91-96.
96. Kavanaugh M.L., Jerman J., Ethier K., et al. Meeting the contraceptive needs of teens and young adults: youth-friendly and long-acting reversible contraceptive services in US family planning facilities. JAdolesc Health 2013, 52(3):284-292.
97. Hathaway M. Increasing long-acting reversible contraception uptake through the delivery of title X services at federally qualified health centers. Contraception 2013, 88:301.
98. Teal SB, Romer SE. The BC4U service model: achieving astronomical LARC rates in adolescents. Association of Reproductive Health Care Professionals, Reproductive Health 2013. Denver, September 21, 2013.
99. Halpern V., Grimes D.A., Lopez L., et al. Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of hormonal methods for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (1). CD004317.
100. Arrowsmith M.E., Aicken C.R., Majeed A., et al. Interventions for increasing uptake of copper intrauterine devices: systematic review and meta-analysis. Contraception 2012, 86(6):600-605.
101. Lopez L.M., Tolley E.E., Grimes D.A., et al. Theory-based interventions for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, (8). CD007249.
102. Simmons K.B., Edelman A.B., Li H., et al. Personalized contraceptive assistance and uptake of long-acting, reversible contraceptives by postpartum women: a randomized, controlled trial. Contraception 2013, 88(1):45-51.
103. Langston A.M., Rosario L., Westhoff C.L. Structured contraceptive counseling-a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns 2010, 81(3):362-367.
104. Lee J.K., Parisi S.M., Akers A.Y., et al. The impact of contraceptive counseling in primary care on contraceptive use. JGen Intern Med 2011, 26(7):731-736.
105. Landry D.J., Wei J., Frost J.J. Public and private providers' involvement in improving their patients' contraceptive use. Contraception 2008, 78(1):42-51.
106. AAFP Statement of Policy on Contraceptive Advice. Updated 2007. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/c/contraceptiveadvice.html.
107. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence, Blythe M.J., Diaz A. Contraception and adolescents. Pediatrics 2007, 120(5):1135-1148.
108. Committee On Adolescence Emergency Contraception. Pediatrics 2012, 130:1174-1182.
109. Well-woman care: assessments and recommendations. 2013. Available at:. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/Annual_Womens_Health_Care/Assessments_and_Recommendations.
110. Guidelines for adolescent health care 2011, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health Care, Washington, DC. 2nd edition.
111. AMA Women Physicians Congress Policy compendium on issues relation to women physicians and women's health 2013, American Medical Association, Chicago.
112. Rinehart W., Rudy S., Drennan M. GATHER guide to counseling. Popul Rep J 1998, (48):1-31.
113. Kavanaugh M.L., Schwarz E.B. Prospective assessment of pregnancy intentions using a single- versus a multi-item measure. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2009, 41(4):238-243.
114. Affordable Care Act and women. 2013. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/facts/factsheets/2012/03/women03202012a.html.
115. Contraceptive cover in the new health care law: frequently asked questions. 2011. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/contraceptive_coverage_faq_11.9.11.pdf.
116. Patient-centered medical home resource center. Available at:. Accessed October 27, 2013. http://pcmh.ahrq.gov/page/defining-pcmh.
117. Makoul G., Clayman M.L. An integrative model of shared decision making in medical encounters. Patient Educ Couns 2006, 60:301-312.
118. Murray E., Pollack L., White M., et al. Clinical decision-making: physicians' preferences and experiences. BMC Fam Pract 2007, 8:10.
119. Dehlendorf C., Diedrich J., Drey E., et al. Preferences for decision-making about contraception and general health care among reproductive age women at an abortion clinic. Patient Educ Couns 2013, 81(3):343-348.
120. Cassileth B.R., Zupkis R.V., Sutton-Smith K., et al. Information and participation preferences among cancer patients. Ann Intern Med 1980, 92:832-836.
121. Deber R.B., Kraetschmer N., Urowitz S., et al. Do people want to be autonomous patients? Preferred roles in treatment decision-making in several patient populations. Health Expect 2007, 10:248-258.
122. Levinson W., Kao A., Kuby A., et al. Not all patients want to participate in decision making. A national study of public preferences. JGen Intern Med 2005, 20:531-535.
123. McKinstry B. Do patients wish to be involved in decision making in the consultation? A cross sectional survey with video vignettes. BMJ 2000, 7(321):867-871.
124. Schneider A., Korner T., Mehring M., et al. Impact of age, health locus of control and psychological co-morbidity on patients' preferences for shared decision making in general practice. Patient Educ Couns 2006, 61:292-298.
125. Spies C.D., Schulz C.M., Weiss-Gerlach E., et al. Preferences for shared decision making in chronic pain patients compared with patients during a premedication visit. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005, 50:1019-1026.
126. Wallberg B., Michelson H., Nystedt M., et al. Information needs and preferences for participation in treatment decisions among Swedish breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2000, 39(4):467-476.
127. Reproductive Health Access Project. Facts sheets. Available at:. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.reproductiveaccess.org/fact_sheets.htm.
128. The Center for Reproductive Health Education in Family Medicine (RHEDI). Clinical resources, patient education. Available at:. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://rhedi.org/clinicians.php.
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention US medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2010. MMWR Early Release 2010, 59:52-63.
130. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) US selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2013: adapted from the World Health Organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013, 62(RR05):1-46.
131. Clinical Effectiveness Unit Quick starting contraception 2010, Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH), London, Available at:, Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=24715-Section420.
132. Reproductive Health Access Project. Contraception. Available at:. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://www.reproductiveaccess.org/contraception/index.htm.
133. The Center for Reproductive Health Education in Family Medicine (RHEDI). Quick start algorithm. Available at:. Accessed November 3, 2013. http://rhedi.org/contraception/quick_start_algorithm.php.
134. Hsiao C.J., Hing E. Use and characteristics of electronic health record systems among office-based physician practices: United States, 2001-2012. National Center for Health Statistics Brief 2012, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD).
135. Institute of Medicine Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century 2001, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC.
136. Ferris T.G., Johnson S., Jha A., et al. Health information technology in the United States: where we stand, 2008. A framework for measuring the effects of health information technology on health care quality 2008, Institute for Health Policy at Massachusetts General Hospital, School of Public Health and Health Services at George Washington University, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton (NJ).
137. Benfield N., Berrios S., Harleman E., et al. Increasing contraception counseling in subspecialty medicine clinics with a chart-based prompt. Contraception 2012, 86:311.
138. Tocce K., Sheeder J., Python J., et al. Long acting reversible contraception in postpartum adolescents: early initiation of etonogestrel implant is superior to IUDs in the outpatient setting. JPediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012, 25(1):59-63.
139. Bright T.J., Wong A., Dhurjati R., et al. Effect of clinical decision-support systems: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012, 157(1):29-43.
140. Holt T.A., Thorogood M., Griffiths F. Changing clinical practice through patient specific reminders available at the time of the clinical encounter: systematic review and meta-analysis. JGen Intern Med 2012, 27(8):974-984.
141. Moxey A., Robertson J., Newby D. Computerized clinical decision support for prescribing: provision does not guarantee uptake. JAm Med Inform Assoc 2010, 17(1):25-33.
142. Akers A.Y., Gold M.A., Borrero S., et al. Providers' perspectives on challenges to contraceptive counseling in primary care. JWomens Health (Larchmt) 2010, 19(6):1163-1170.
143. Mody S., Wu J., Ornelas M., et al. Utilizing the electronic medical records to refer women prescribed category D or X medications for contraceptive counseling. Contraception 2013, 88:463.
144. Schwarz E.B., Parisi S.M., Handler S.M., et al. Counseling about medication-induced birth defects with clinical decision support in primary care. JWomens Health (Larchmt) 2013, 22(10):817-824.
145. Klatt T., Hopp E. Effect of a best-practice alert on the rate of influenza vaccination of pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2012, 119(2):301-305.
146. Shortell S., Gillies R., Wu F. United States innovations in healthcare delivery. Public Health Review 2010, 32(1):190-212.
147. Schwarz E.B., Parisi S.M., Williams S.L., et al. Promoting safe prescribing in primary care with a contraceptive vital sign: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med 2012, 10(6):516-522.