When disadvantaged adolescents strike out: The impact of negative metastereotypes on delinquency

Journal of Criminal Psychology

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 4-18

  Issmer, Christian ^a   Stellmacher, Jost ^a   Gollwitzer, Mario ^a  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Aggression; Delinquency; Disadvantaged groups; Labelling; Metastereotypes; Self esteem; Social isolation; Young adults

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899983710     PISSN: 20093829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/20093821311307721     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Aiken, L.S. and West, S.G. (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
2. Andrews, D.A. and Bonta, J. (1994), The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Anderson, Cincinnati, OH.
3. Asendorpf, J.B., Banse, R. and Mücke, D. (2002), “Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: the case of shy behavior”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83, pp. 380-93.
4. Back, M.D., Krause, S., Hirschmüller, S., Stopfer, J.M., Egloff, B. and Schmukle, S.C. (2009), “Unraveling the three faces of self-esteem: a new information-processing sociometer perspective”, Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 43, pp. 933-7.
5. Baumeister, R.F., Smart, L. and Boden, J.M. (1996), “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: the dark side of high self-esteem”, Psychological Review, Vol. 103, pp. 5-33.
6. Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M. and Hutton, D.G. (1989), “Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem”, Journal of Personality, Vol. 57, pp. 547-79.
7. Becker, H.S. (1963), Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, The Free Press, New York, NY.
8. Becker, J.C. (2012), “Virtual special issue on theory and research on collective action in EJSP”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 42, pp. 19-33.
9. Berkowitz, L. (1968), “The study of urban violence: some implications of laboratory studies of frustration and aggression”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 2, pp. 14-17.
10. Berkowitz, L. (1989), “The frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 106, pp. 59-73.
11. Bernburg, J.G., Krohn, M.D. and Rivera, C.J. (2006), “Official labeling, criminal embeddedness, and subsequent delinquency: a longitudinal test of labeling theory”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 43, pp. 67-88.
12. Bollen, K.A. (1989), Structural Equations with Latent Variables, Wiley, New York, NY.
13. Bosson, J.K., Swann, W.B. and Pennebaker, J.W. (2000), “Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: the blind men and the elephant revisited?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, pp. 631-43.
14. Branscombe, N.R. and Wann, D.L. (1994), “Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 641-57.
15. Branscombe, N.R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R. and Doosje, B. (1999), “The context and content of social identity threat”, in Ellemers, N., Spears, R. and Doosje, B. (Eds), Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 35-58.
16. Brockner, J., Derr, W.R. and Laing, W.N. (1987), “Self-esteem and reactions to negative feedback: toward greater generalizability”, Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 21, pp. 318-34.
17. Brown, J.D. (2010), “High self-esteem buffers negative feedback: once more with feeling”, Cognition and Emotion, Vol. 24, pp. 1389-404.
18. Brownfield, D. and Thompson, K. (2005), “Self-concept and delinquency: the effects of reflected appraisals by parents and peers”, Western Criminology Review, Vol. 6, pp. 22-9.
19. Bushman, B.J. and Baumeister, R.F. (1998), “Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 75, pp. 219-29.
20. Bushman, B.J., Baumeister, R.F., Thomaes, S., Ryu, E., Begeer, S. and West, S.G. (2009), “Looking again, and harder, for a link between low self-esteem and aggression”, Journal of Personality, Vol. 77, pp. 427-46.
21. Buss, A.H. and Perry, M. (1992), “The aggression questionnaire”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 452-9.
22. Crocker, J. and Luhtanen, R. (1990), “Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 60-7.
23. Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O. and Sears, R. (1939), Frustration and Aggression, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
24. Ellemers, N. (1993), “The influence of socio-structural variables on identity enhancement strategies”, European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 4, pp. 27-57.
25. Ellemers, N., van Knippenberg, A. and Wilke, H. (1990), “The influence of permeability of group boundaries and stability of group status on strategies of individual mobility and social change”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 29, pp. 233-46.
26. Farrington, D.P. (1977), “The effects of public labelling”, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 17, pp. 112-25.
27. Fazio, R.H. and Olson, M.A. (2003), “Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 54, pp. 297-327.
28. Gaucher, D., Wood, J.V., Stinson, D.A., Forest, A.L., Holmes, J.G. and Logel, C. (2012), “Perceived regard explains self-esteem differences in expressivity”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp. 1144-56.
29. Gesthuizen, M., Solga, H. and Künster, R. (2011), “Context matters: economic marginalization of low-educated workers in cross-national perspective”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 27, pp. 264-80.
30. Greenwald, A.G. and Farnham, S.D. (2000), “Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, pp. 1022-38.
31. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E. and Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998), “Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 74, pp. 1464-80.
32. Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A. and Banaji, M.R. (2003), “Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 85, pp. 197-216.
33. Hayes, A.F. (2012), PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, Conditional Process Modeling, available at: www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf (accessed 4 September 2012).
34. Heimpel, S.A., Elliot, A.J. and Wood, J.V. (2006), “Basic personality dispositions, self-esteem, personal goals: an approach-avoidance analysis”, Journal of Personality, Vol. 74, pp. 1293-320.
35. Hirschi, T. (1969), Causes of Delinquency, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
36. Hu, L. and Bentler, P.M. (1999), “Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: coventional criteria versus new alternatives”, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 6, pp. 1-55.
37. Kamans, E., Gordijn, E.H., Oldenhuis, H. and Otten, S. (2009), “What (I think) you see is what you get: influence of prejudice on reciprocating negative meta-stereotypes among Dutch Moroccan teenagers”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 39, pp. 842-51.
38. Klein, A. and Moosbrugger, H. (2000), “Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method”, Psychometrika, Vol. 65, pp. 457-74.
39. Klein, O. and Azzi, A.E. (2001), “The strategic confirmation of meta-stereotypes: how group members attempt to tailor an out-group's representation of themselves”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 40, pp. 279-93.
40. Koole, S.L. and Pelham, B.W. (2003), “On the nature of implicit self-esteem: the case of the name letter effect”, in Spencer, S.J., Fein, S., Zanna, M.P. and Olson, J.M. (Eds), Motivated Social Perception: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 9, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 93-116.
41. Krause, S., Back, M.D., Egloff, B. and Schmukle, S.C. (2011), “Reliability of implicit self-esteem measures revisited”, European Journal of Personality, Vol. 25, pp. 239-51.
42. Labuhn, A.S., Wagner, U., van Dick, R. and Christ, O. (2004), “Determinanten zivilcouragierten Verhaltens: Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie (“Determinants of civil courage: results of a questionnaire study”)”, Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, Vol. 35, pp. 93-103.
43. Lammers, J., Gordijn, E.H. and Otten, S. (2008), “Looking through the eyes of the powerful”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 44, pp. 1229-38.
44. Lemert, E. (1951), Social Pathology: Systematic Approaches to the Study of Sociopathic Behavior, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
45. Lemmer, G., Neumann, C. and Wagner, U. (2005), Evaluation der ersten Trainingswelle des Gewaltpräventionsprojekts PiT-Hessen (Prävention im Team) (Evaluation of the First Wave of Participants in the Aggression-Prevention-Project PiT-Hessen (Prävention im Team)), available at: www.pit-hessen.de/pdf_offen/eva1.pdf (accessed 20 August 2012).
46. Link, B.G. (1987), “Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: an assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 52, pp. 96-112.
47. Link, B.G., Cullen, F.T., Struening, E., Shrout, P.E. and Dohrenwend, B.P. (1989), “A modified labeling theory approach in the area of mental disorders: an empirical assessment”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, pp. 400-23.
48. Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G. and Widaman, K.F. (2002), “To parcel or not to parcel: exploring the question and weighing the merits”, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 9, pp. 151-73.
49. Lösel, F. (1975), Handlungskontrolle und Jugenddelinquenz: persönlichkeitspsychologische Erklärungsansätze delinquenten Verhaltens; theoretische Integration und empirische Prüfung (Behavior Control and Juvenile Delinquency: Personality-based Explanations for Delinquent Behavior; Theoretical Integration, and Empirical Assessment), Enke, Stuttgart.
50. Luhtanen, R. and Crocker, J. (1992), “A collective self-esteem scale: self-evaluation of one's social identity”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 18, pp. 302-18.
51. Major, B. and O'Brien, L.T. (2005), “The social psychology of stigma”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 56, pp. 393-421.
52. Matsueda, R.L. (1992), “Reflected appraisals, parental labelling, and delinquency: specifying a symbolic interactionist theory”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 97, pp. 1577-611.
53. Muthen, L.K and Muthen, B.O (1998-2010), Mplus User's Guide. Sixth Edition, Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles, CA.
54. Operario, D. and Fiske, S.T. (2003), “Stereotypes: content, structure, processes, and context”, in Brown, R. and Gaertner, S. (Eds), Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup Processes, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 22-44.
55. Ortmann, R. (1987), Resozialisierung im Strafvollzug. Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen und Empirische Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittstudie zu den Wirkungen von Strafvollzugsmaßnahmen (Resocialization in the Prison System. Theoretical Reference Frame and Empirical Results of a Longitudinal Study on the Impact of Measures in the Prison System), Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht, Freiburg.
56. Pager, D. (2003), “The mark of a criminal record”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 108, pp. 937-75.
57. Paternoster, R. and Iovanni, L. (1989), “The labeling perspective and delinquency: an elaboration of the theory and assessment of the evidence”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 6, pp. 359-94.
58. Pettigrew, T.F. and Tropp, L.R. (2008), “How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 38, pp. 922-34.
59. Rosenberg, M. (1965), Society and the Adolescent Self-image, University Press, Princeton, NJ.
60. Rudolph, A., Schröder, M. and Schütz, A. (2006), “Ein Impliziter Assoziationstest zur Erfassung von Selbstwertschätzung (“An implicit association test for the assessment of self-esteem”)”, in Ortner, T.M., Proyer, R.T. and Kubinger, K.D. (Eds), Theorie und Praxis Objektiver Persönlichkeitstests, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, pp. 153-63.
61. Sampson, R.J. and Laub, J.H. (1993), Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
62. Scheepers, D.T., Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Manstead, A.S.R. (2006a), “Diversity in in-group bias: structural factors, situational features, social functions”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 90, pp. 944-60.
63. Scheepers, D.T., Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Manstead, A.S.R. (2006b), “The social functions of ingroup bias: creating, confirming, or changing social reality”, European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 17, pp. 359-96.
64. Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A. and Schütz, A. (2007), “High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health”, European Journal of Personality, Vol. 21, pp. 319-39.
65. Solga, H. (2002), “Stigmatization by negative selection: explaining less-educated people's decreasing employment opportunities”, European Sociological Review, Vol. 18, pp. 159-78.
66. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1986), “An integrative theory of intergroup conflict”, in Worchel, S. and Austin, W. (Eds), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Nelson-Hall, Chicago, IL, pp. 2-24.
67. Tausch, N., Becker, J.C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P. and Siddiqui, R.N. (2011), “Explaining radical group behaviour: developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and non-normative collective action”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 101, pp. 129-48.
68. van Leeuwen, E. and Täuber, S. (2012), “Outgroup helping as a tool to communicate ingroup warmth”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp. 772-83.
69. van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T. and Spears, R. (2008), “Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: a quantitative research synthesis of three sociopsychological perspectives”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 134, pp. 504-35.
70. Vorauer, J.D., Main, K.J. and O'Connell, G.B. (1998), “How do individuals expect to be viewed by members of lower status groups? Content and implications of meta-stereotypes”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 75, pp. 917-37.
71. Wright, S.C., Taylor, D.M. and Moghaddam, F.M. (1990), “Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: from acceptance to collective protest”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 58, pp. 994-1003.
72. Zhang, L. (1997), “Informal reactions and delinquency”, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 24, pp. 129-50.