Scheduled access alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) and high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats: Modeling adolescent and adult binge-like drinking

Alcohol

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 225-234

  Bell, Richard L ^a   Rodd, Zachary A ^a   Engleman, Eric A ^a   Toalston, Jamie E ^a   McBride, William J ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal model of alcoholism; Blood alcohol concentration; Discrete bout; Drinking in the dark; Excessive intake; Extreme drinking; Limited access; Loss of control drinking; Nocturnal drinking

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; SACCHARIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADULT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; BINGE DRINKING; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; MALE; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BLOOD; DECISION MAKING; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; HUMAN;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANIMALS; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; ETHANOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, ANIMAL; RATS; SELF ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 84899935187     PISSN: 07418329     EISSN: 18736823     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.10.004     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Aalto J. Circadian drinking rhythms and blood alcohol levels in two rat lines developed for their alcohol consumption. Alcohol 1986, 3:73-75.
2. Adams N., Mitchell P.S., Campbell S.D., Samson H.H. Ethanol self-administration in Maudsley reactive and Maudsley nonreactive inbred rats. Alcohol 2002, 26:155-161.
3. Agabio R., Carai M.A., Lobina C., Pani M., Reali R., Vacca G., et al. Development of short-lasting alcohol deprivation effect in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 2000, 21:59-62.
4. Anthony J.C., Petronis K.R. Early-onset drug use and risk of later drug problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1995, 40:9-15.
5. Bava S., Tapert S.F. Adolescent brain development and the risk for alcohol and other drug problems. Neuropsychology Review 2010, 20:398-413.
6. Bell R.L., Franklin K.M., Hauser S.R., Engleman E.A. Next stop dependence. Binge drinking on the road to alcoholism: preclinical findings on its neurobiology from rat animal models. Binge eating and binge drinking: Psychological, social and medical implications 2013, 1-60. Nova Science Publishers, New York. S.B. Harris (Ed.).
7. Bell R.L., Kimpel M.W., Rodd Z.A., Strother W.N., Bai F., Peper C.L., et al. Protein expression changes in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of inbred alcohol-preferring rats given either continuous or scheduled access to ethanol. Alcohol 2006, 40:3-17.
8. Bell R.L., McKinzie D.L., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. Sensitivity and tolerance to the motor impairing effects of moderate doses of ethanol. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2000, 67:583-586.
9. Bell R.L., Rodd Z.A., Hsu C.C., Lumeng L., Li T.-K., Murphy J.M., et al. Effects of concurrent access to a single or multiple concentrations of ethanol on ethanol intake by periadolescent high-alcohol-drinking rats. Alcohol 2004, 33:107-115.
10. Bell R.L., Rodd-Henricks Z.A., Kuc K.A., Lumeng L., Li T.-K., Murphy J.M., et al. Effects of concurrent access to a single or multiple concentrations of ethanol on the intake of ethanol by male and female periadolescent alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2003, 29:137-148.
11. Bell R.L., Rodd Z.A., Lumeng L., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. The alcohol-preferring P rat and animal models of excessive alcohol drinking. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:270-288.
12. Bell R.L., Rodd Z.A., Sable H.J., Schultz J.A., Hsu C.C., Lumeng L., et al. Daily patterns of ethanol drinking in peri-adolescent and adult alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2006, 83:35-46.
13. Bell R.L., Rodd Z.A., Schultz J.A., Peper C.L., Lumeng L., Murphy J.M., et al. Effects of short deprivation and re-exposure intervals on the ethanol drinking behavior of selectively bred high alcohol-consuming rats. Alcohol 2008, 42:407-416.
14. Bell R.L., Rodd Z.A., Smith R.J., Toalston J.E., Franklin K.M., McBride W.J. Modeling binge-like ethanol drinking by peri-adolescent and adult P rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2011, 100:90-97.
15. Bell R.L., Sable H.J., Colombo G., Hyytiä P., Rodd Z.A., Lumeng L. Animal models for medications development targeting alcohol abuse using selectively bred rat lines: neurobiological and pharmacological validity. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2012, 103:119-155.
16. Bell R.L., Stewart R.B., Woods J.E., Lumeng L., Li T.-K., Murphy J.M., et al. Responsivity and development of tolerance to the motor impairing effects of moderate doses of ethanol in alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) rat lines. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001, 25:644-650.
17. Bisaga A., Kostowski W. Selective breeding of rats differing in voluntary ethanol consumption. Polish Journal of Pharmacology 1993, 45:431-436.
18. Bito-Onon J.J., Simms J.A., Chatterjee S., Holgate J., Bartlett S.E. Varenicline, a partial agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reduces nicotine-induced increases in 20% ethanol operant self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Addiction Biology 2011, 16:440-449.
19. Bono G., Balducci C., Richelmi P., Koob G.F., Pulvirenti L. Dopamine partial receptor agonists reduce ethanol intake in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 1996, 296:233-238.
20. Chou S.P., Pickering R.P. Early onset of drinking as a risk factor for lifetime alcohol-related problems. British Journal of Addiction 1992, 87:1199-1204.
21. Ciccocioppo R., Economidou D., Cippitelli A., Cucculelli M., Ubaldi M., Soverchia L., et al. Genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats: an animal model to study the neurobiology of alcoholism. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:339-355.
22. Ciccocioppo R., Economidou D., Rimondini R., Sommer W., Massi M., Heilig M. Buprenorphine reduces alcohol drinking through activation of the nociception/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:4-12.
23. Clark D.B., Kirisci L., Tarter R.E. Adolescent versus adult onset and the development of substance use disorders in males. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998, 49:115-121.
24. Colombo G., Agabio R., Lobina C., Reali R., Vacca G., Gessa G.L. Stimulation of locomotor activity by voluntarily consumed ethanol in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 1998, 357:109-113.
25. Colombo G., Lobina C., Carai M.A., Gessa G.L. Phenotypic characterization of genetically selected Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and -non-preferring (sNP) rats. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:324-338.
26. Courtney K.E., Polich J. Binge drinking in young adults: data, definitions, and determinants. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:142-156.
27. Crabbe J.C. Review. Neurogenetic studies of alcohol addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2008, 363:3201-3211.
28. Czachowski C.L., Samson H.H. Ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced appetitive and consummatory responding in HAD1, HAD2, and P rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2002, 26:1653-1661.
29. Czachowski C.L., Santini L.A., Legg B.H., Samson H.H. Separate measures of ethanol seeking and drinking in the rat: effects of remoxipride. Alcohol 2002, 28:39-46.
30. Dhaher R., McConnell K.K., Rodd Z.A., McBride W.J., Bell R.L. Daily patterns of ethanol drinking in adolescent and adult, male and female, high alcohol drinking (HAD) replicate lines of rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2012, 102:540-548.
31. Dyr W., Kostowski W. Warsaw high-preferring (WHP) and Warsaw low-preferring (WLP) lines of rats selectively bred for high and low voluntary ethanol intake: preliminary phenotypic characterization. Alcohol 2008, 42:161-170.
32. Engleman E.A., Ingraham C.M., Franklin K.M., Keith C.M., McClaren J.A., Schultz J.A., et al. In vivo time-course changes in ethanol levels sampled with subcutaneous microdialysis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008, 32:435-442.
33. Ericson M., Blomqvist O., Engel J.A., Söderpalm B. Voluntary ethanol intake in the rat and the associated accumbal dopamine overflow are blocked by ventral tegmental mecamylamine. European Journal of Pharmacology 1998, 358:189-196.
34. Eriksson K. Genetic selection for voluntary alcohol consumption in the albino rat. Science 1968, 159:739-741.
35. Femenía T., García-Gutiérrez M.S., Manzanares J. CB1 receptor blockade decreases ethanol intake and associated neurochemical changes in Fawn-Hooded rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010, 34:131-141.
36. Files F.J., Samson H.H., Denning C.E., Marvin S. Comparison of alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring selectively bred rat lines. II. Operant self-administration in a continuous-access situation. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:2147-2158.
37. Goldman M.S. Commentary on White, Kraus, and Swartzwelder (2006): "Many college freshman drink at levels far beyond the binge threshold". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2006, 30:919-921.
38. Goodwin F.L., Bergeron N., Amit Z. Differences in the consumption of ethanol and flavored solutions in three strains of rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2000, 65:357-362.
39. Gore F.M., Bloem P.J., Patton G.C., Ferguson J., Joseph V., Coffey C., et al. Global burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2011, 377:2093-2102.
40. Grant B.F., Dawson D.A. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse 1997, 9:103-110.
41. Griffin J.F. A strategic approach to vaccine development: animal models, monitoring vaccine efficacy, formulation and delivery. Advances in Drug Delivery Review 2002, 54:851-861.
42. Hansen C., Spuhler K. Development of the National Institute of Health genetically heterogeneous rat stock. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1984, 8:477-479.
43. Hauser S.R., Katner S.N., Deehan G.A., Ding Z.M., Toalston J.E., Scott B.J., et al. Development of an oral operant nicotine/ethanol co-use model in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012, 36:1963-1972.
44. Hawkins J.D., Graham J.W., Maguin E., Abbott R., Hill K.G., Catalano R.F. Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1997, 58:280-290.
45. Hingson R.W., Heeren T., Winter M.R. Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age at onset, duration, and severity. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2006, 160:739-746.
46. Hopf F.W., Simms J.A., Chang S.-J., Seif T., Bartlett S.E., Bonci A. Chlorzoxazone, an SK-type potassium channel activator used in humans, reduces excessive alcohol intake in rats. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 69:618-624.
47. Hyytiä P., Sinclair J.D. Demonstration of lever pressing for oral ethanol by rats with no prior training or ethanol experience. Alcohol 1989, 6:161-164.
48. Ingman K., Salvadori S., Lazarus L., Korpi E.R., Honkanen A. Selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist N,N(CH3)2-Dmt-Tic-OH does not reduce ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Addiction Biology 2003, 8:173-179.
49. Janak P.H., Michael Gill T. Comparison of the effects of allopregnanolone with direct GABAergic agonists on ethanol self-administration with and without concurrently available sucrose. Alcohol 2003, 30:1-7.
50. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G. Drug use among American high school seniors, college students and young adults, 1975-1990. Volume I. High school seniors (DHHS Publication No. ADM 91-1813) 1991, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
51. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G. National survey results on drug use from the monitoring the future study, 1975-1992. Volume I: Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 93-3597) 1993, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD.
52. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G. National survey results on drug use from the monitoring the future study, 1975-1997 1999, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD.
53. Landgren S., Engel J.A., Hyytiä P., Zetterberg H., Blennow K., Jerlhag E. Expression of the gene encoding the ghrelin receptor in rats selected for differential alcohol preference. Behavioural Brain Research 2011, 221:182-188.
54. Landgren S., Simms J.A., Hyytiä P., Engel J.A., Bartlett S.E., Jerlhag E. Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonism suppresses both operant alcohol self-administration and high alcohol consumption in rats. Addiction Biology 2011, 17:86-94.
55. Lê A.D., Israel Y., Juzytsch W., Quan B., Harding S. Genetic selection for high and low alcohol consumption in a limited-access paradigm. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001, 25:1613-1620.
56. Loi B., Lobina C., Maccioni P., Fantini N., Carai M.A., Gessa G.L., et al. Increase in alcohol intake, reduced flexibility of alcohol drinking, and evidence of signs of alcohol intoxication in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats exposed to intermittent access to 20% alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2010, 34:2147-2154.
57. Maccioni P., Zaru A., Loi B., Lobina C., Carai M.A., Gessa G.L., et al. Comparison of the effect of the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, and the positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, GS39783, on alcohol self-administration in 3 different lines of alcohol-preferring rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012, 36:1748-1766.
58. Marczinski C.A., Grant E.C., Grant V.J. Binge drinking in adolescents and college students 2009, Nova Science Publishers, New York.
59. Mardones J., Segovia-Riquelme N. Thirty-two years of selection of rats by ethanol preference: UChA and UChB strains. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 1983, 5:171-178.
60. Martinic M., Measham F. Swimming with crocodiles: The culture of extreme drinking 2008, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
61. Maurel S., De Vry J., De Beun R., Schreiber R. 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/5-HT1B receptors are differentially involved in alcohol preference and consummatory behavior in cAA rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1999, 62:89-96.
62. McBride W.J., Kimpel M.W., McClintick J.N., Ding Z.-M., Hauser S.R., Edenberg H.J., et al. Changes in gene expression within the ventral tegmental area following repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2013, 47:367-380.
63. McBride W.J., Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., Lumeng L., Li T.-K. The alcohol-preferring (P) and high alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats-animal models of alcoholism. Alcohol 2013, (in this issue).
64. McKinney W.T. Overview of the past contributions of animal models and their changing place in psychiatry. Seminars in Clinical Psychiatry 2001, 6:68-78.
65. McKinzie D.L., Eha R., Cox R., Stewart R.B., Dyr W., Murphy J.M., et al. Serotonin3 receptor antagonism of alcohol intake: effects of drinking conditions. Alcohol 1998, 15:291-298.
66. McKinzie D.L., Nowak K.L., Yorger L., McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., et al. The alcohol deprivation effect in the alcohol-preferring P rat under free-drinking and operant access conditions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:1170-1176.
67. Mhatre M., Holloway F. Micro1-opioid antagonist naloxonazine alters ethanol discrimination and consumption. Alcohol 2003, 29:109-116.
68. Miller J.W., Naimi T.S., Brewer R.D., Jones S.E. Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics 2007, 119:76-85.
69. Miller E.T., Turner A.P., Marlatt G.A. The harm reduction approach to the secondary prevention of alcohol problems in adolescents and young adults: considerations across a developmental spectrum. Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief interventions 2001, 58-79. Guilford Press, New York. P.M. Monti, S.M. Colby, T.A. O'Leary (Eds.).
70. Murphy J.M., Gatto G.J., McBride W.J., Lumeng L., Li T.-K. Operant responding for oral ethanol in the alcohol-preferring P and alcohol-nonpreferring NP lines of rats. Alcohol 1989, 6:127-131.
71. Murphy J.M., Gatto G.J., Waller M.B., McBride W.J., Lumeng L., Li T.-K. Effects of scheduled access on ethanol intake by the alcohol-preferring (P) line of rats. Alcohol 1986, 3:331-336.
72. Myers R.D., Robinson D.E., West M.W., Biggs T.A., McMillen B.A. Genetics of alcoholism: rapid development of a new High-Ethanol-Preferring (HEP) strain of female and male rats. Alcohol 1998, 16:343-357.
73. Nestler E.J., Hyman S.E. Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nature Neuroscience 2010, 13:1161-1169.
74. Underage drinking 2012, NIAAA, NIAAA Fact Sheet. Available at:, Published March 2012. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/UnderageDrinking/Underage_Fact.pdf.
75. NIAAA Council approves definition of binge drinking 2004, 3:3. NIAAA National Advisory Council, NIAAA Newsletter.
76. Nielsen C.K., Simms J.A., Li R., Mill D., Yi H., Feduccia A.A., et al. Delta-opioid receptor function in the dorsal striatum plays a role in high levels of ethanol consumption in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:4540-4552.
77. Nowak K.L., McKinzie D.L., McBride W.J., Murphy J.M. Patterns of ethanol and saccharin intake in P rats under limited-access conditions. Alcohol 1999, 19:85-96.
78. Orr T.E., Whitford-Stoddard J.L., Elkins R.L. Taste-aversion-prone (TAP) rats and taste-aversion-resistant (TAR) rats differ in ethanol self-administration, but not in ethanol clearance or general consumption. Alcohol 2004, 33:1-7.
79. Oster S.M., Toalston J.E., Kuc K.A., Pommer T.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., et al. Effects of multiple alcohol deprivations on operant ethanol self-administration by high-alcohol-drinking replicate rat lines. Alcohol 2006, 38:155-164.
80. Overstreet D.H., Rezvani A.H., Cowen M., Chen F., Lawrence A.J. Modulation of high alcohol drinking in the inbred Fawn-Hooded (FH/Wjd) rat strain: implications for treatment. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:356-373.
81. Pitkänen T., Lyyra A.L., Pulkkinen L. Age of onset of drinking and the use of alcohol in adulthood: a follow-up study from age 8-42 for females and males. Addiction 2005, 100:652-661.
82. Plant M., Plant M. Binge Britain: Alcohol and the national response 2006, Oxford University Press, New York.
83. Quine S., Stephenson J.A. Predicting smoking and drinking intentions and behavior of pre-adolescents: the influence of parents, siblings, and peers. Family Systems Medicine 1990, 8:191-200.
84. Quintanilla M.E., Israel Y., Sapag A., Tampier L. The UChA and UChB rat lines: metabolic and genetic differences influencing ethanol intake. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:310-323.
85. Impact of alcoholism and alcohol induced disease on America 2009, Research Society on Alcoholism, Research Society on Alcoholism, Austin, TX.
86. Rodd Z.A., Bell R.L., Kuc K.A., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., Li T.-K., et al. Effects of repeated alcohol deprivations on operant ethanol self-administration by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1614-1621.
87. Russell R.N., McBride W.J., Lumeng L., Li T.-K., Murphy J.M. Apomorphine and 7-OH DPAT reduce ethanol intake of P and HAD rats. Alcohol 1996, 13:515-519.
88. Samson H.H., Files F.J., Denning C., Marvin S. Comparison of alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring selectively bred rat lines. I. Ethanol initiation and limited access operant self-administration. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1998, 22:2133-2146.
89. Simms J.A., Steensland P., Medina B., Abernathy K.E., Chandler L.J., Wise R., et al. Intermittent access to 20% ethanol induces high ethanol consumption in Long-Evans and Wistar rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008, 32:1816-1823.
90. Sinclair J.D., Li T.-K. Long and short alcohol deprivation: effects on AA and P alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 1989, 6:505-509.
91. Sommer W., Hyytiä P., Kiianmaa K. The alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats: neurobiology of the regulation of alcohol drinking. Addiction Biology 2006, 11:289-309.
92. Spear L.P. The behavioral neuroscience of adolescence 2010, W. W. Norton, New York.
93. Stromberg M.F., Mackler S.A., Volpicelli J.R., O'Brien C.P. Effect of acamprosate and naltrexone, alone or in combination, on ethanol consumption. Alcohol 2001, 23:109-116.
94. Tampier L., Quintanilla M.E. Effect of ethanol deprivation and re-exposure on the ethanol drinking behaviour of the high-alcohol-drinker (UChB) rats. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2011, 1:1-5.
95. Toalston J.E., Oster S.M., Kuc K.A., Pommer T.J., Murphy J.M., Lumeng L., et al. Effects of alcohol and saccharin deprivations on concurrent ethanol and saccharin operant self-administration by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2008, 42:277-284.
96. Warnock K.T., Yang A.R., Yi H.S., June H.L., Kelly T., Basile A.S., et al. Amitifadine, a triple monoamine uptake inhibitor, reduces binge drinking and negative affect in an animal model of co-occurring alcoholism and depression symptomatology. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 2012, 103:111-118.
97. Wechsler H., Lee J.E., Kuo M., Lee H. College binge drinking in the 1990s: a continuing problem. Results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 College Alcohol Study. Journal of American College Health 2000, 48:199-210.
98. Wechsler H., Nelson T.F. Relationship between level of consumption and harms in assessing drink cut-points for alcohol research: commentary on "Many college freshmen drink at levels far beyond the binge threshold" by White et al. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2006, 30:922-927.
99. West M.W., Biggs T.A., Schreiber R., De Vry J., Myers R.D. Calcium channel agonist (-)-BAY k 8644 suppresses free and limited access intake of alcohol in genetic drinking rats. Psychopharmacology 1999, 142:261-269.
100. West M.W., Kalmus G., Myers R.D. Limited access to ethanol in genetic drinking rats is suppressed while feeding is enhanced by the mixed 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A antagonist FG5938. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 1998, 60:823-828.
101. White A.M., Kraus C.L., Swartzwelder H. Many college freshmen drink at levels far beyond the binge threshold. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2006, 30:1006-1010.
102. Winters K.C. Assessing adolescent substance use problems and other areas of functioning: state of the art. Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief interventions 2001, 80-108. Guilford Press, New York. P.M. Monti, S.M. Colby, T.A. O'Leary (Eds.).
103. Zahr, N., Mayer, D., Rohlfing, T., Hsu, O., Vinco, S., Orduna, J., et al. Rat strain differences in brain structure and neurochemistry in response to binge alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, in press.
104. Zalewska-Kaszubska J., Gorska D., Dyr W., Czarnecka E. Voluntary alcohol consumption and plasma beta-endorphin levels in alcohol-preferring rats chronically treated with naltrexone. Physiology & Behavior 2008, 93:1005-1010.