Bidecadal thermal changes in the Abyssal Ocean

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 44, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 2013-2030

  Wunsch, Carl ^a   Heimbach, Patrick ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abyssal circulation; Circulation dynamics; Climate variability; Decadal variability; Heating; Interannual variability; Interdecadal variability; Variability

Indexed keywords

ENTHALPY; HEATING;

ABYSSAL CIRCULATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; DECADAL VARIABILITY; INTER-DECADAL VARIABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; VARIABILITY;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

ABYSSAL CIRCULATION; ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATE VARIATION; DECADAL VARIATION; HEATING; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; UPPER OCEAN;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 84899916428     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: 15200485     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-096.1     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Abraham, J. P., and Coauthors, 2013: A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change. Rev. Geophys., 51, 450-483, doi:10.1002/rog.20022.
2. Adcroft, A., C. Hill, J.-M. Campin, J. Marshall, and P. Heimbach, 2004: Overview of the formulation and numerics of the MIT GCM. Proc. ECMWF Seminar on Recent Developments in Numerical Methods for Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling, Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 139-150. [Available online at http://old.ecmwf.int/publications/library/do/references/show?id586400.]
3. Balmaseda, M. A., K. E. Trenberth, and E. Kallen, 2013: Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1754-1759, doi:10.1002/grl.50382.
4. Bryden, H. L., M. J. Griffiths, A. M. Lavin, R. C. Millard, G. Parrilla, and W. M. Smethie, 1996: Decadal changes in water mass characteristics at 248N in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 9, 3162-3186, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<3162:DCIWMC>2.0.CO;2.
5. Chelton, D. B., and F. J. Wentz, 2005: Global microwave satellite observations of sea surface temperature for numerical weather prediction and climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1097-1115, doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-8-1097.
6. Church, J. A., and Coauthors, 2011: Revisiting the earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, doi:10.1029/2011GL048794.
7. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
8. de Jode, G., 1578: Speculum Orbis Terrarum. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 277 pp.
9. Emile-Geay, J., and G.Madec, 2009: Geothermal heating, diapycnal mixing and the abyssal circulation. Ocean Sci., 5, 203-217, doi:10.5194/os-5-203-2009.
10. Fenty, I. G., and P. Heimbach, 2013: Coupled sea ice-ocean-state estimation in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 884-904, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-065.1.
11. Ferreira, D., J. Marshall, and P. Heimbach, 2005: Estimating eddy stresses by fitting dynamics to observations using a residualmean ocean circulationmodel and its adjoint. J. Phys.Oceanogr., 35, 1891-1910, doi:10.1175/JPO2785.1.
12. Hansen, J., and Coauthors, 2005: Earth's energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications. Science, 308, 1431-1435, doi:10.1126/science.1110252.
13. Heimbach, P., C. Wunsch, R. M. Ponte, G. Forget, C. Hill, and J. Utke, 2011: Timescales and regions of the sensitivity of Atlantic meridional volume and heat transport magnitudes: Toward observing system design. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1858-1879, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.065.
14. Huybers, P., and C. Wunsch, 2010: Paleophysical oceanography with an emphasis on transport rates. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 1-34, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081056.
15. Joyce, T. M., R. S. Pickart, and R. C. Millard, 1999: Long-term hydrographic changes at 52 and 668W in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre & Caribbean. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 245-278, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00102-7.
16. Kosaka, Y., and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501, 403-407, doi:10.1038/nature12534.
17. Kouketsu, S., and Coauthors, 2011: Deep ocean heat content changes estimated from observation and reanalysis product and their influence on sea level change. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C03012, doi:10.1029/2010JC006464.
18. Ljungqvist, F. C., 2010: A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extra-tropical northern hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geogr. Ann., 92, 339-351, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00399.x.
19. Losch, M., D.Menemenlis, J.M. Campin, P. Heimbach, and C.Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 1: Effects of different solver implementations and parameterizations. Ocean Modell., 33, 129-144, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.12.008.
20. Lyman, J. M., S. A. Good, V. V. Gouretski,M. Ishii, G. C. Johnson, M. D. Palmer, D. M. Smith, and J. K. Willis, 2010: Robust warming of the global upper ocean. Nature, 465, 334-337, doi:10.1038/nature09043.
21. Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, 1997: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5753-5766, doi:10.1029/96JC02775.
22. Menemenlis, D., and Coauthors, 2005: NASA supercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 86, 89-96, doi:10.1029/2005EO090002.
23. Myhre, G., and Coauthors, 2014: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 659-740.
24. Pacanowski, R. C., and S. M. Griffies, 2000: The Modular Ocean Model (MOM) 3 manual. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Tech. Doc., 680 pp.
25. Pollack, H. N., S. J. Hurtrer, and J. R. Johnson, 1993: Heat flow from the earth' s interior: Analysis of the global data set. Rev. Geophys., 31, 267-280, doi:10.1029/93RG01249.
26. Ponte, R. M., 2012: An assessment of deep steric height variability over the global ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L04601, doi:10.1029/2011GL050681.
27. Purkey, S. G., and G. C. Johnson, 2010: Warming of global abyssal and deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J. Climate, 23, 6336-6351, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3682.1.
28. Purkey, S. G., and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. J. Climate, 26, 6105-6122, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.
29. Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax, 2007: Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 20, 5473-5496, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1824.1.
30. Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch, 1984: Apparent change in the climatic state of the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 307, 447-450, doi:10.1038/307447a0.
31. Roemmich, D., and Coauthors, 2009: The Argo program observing the global oceanwithprofilingfloats. Oceanography, 22, 34-43, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.36.
32. Roemmich, D., W. J. Gould, and J. Gilson, 2012: 135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger expedition and the Argo programme. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 425-428, doi:10.1038/nclimate1461.
33. Roquet, F., and Coauthors, 2013: Hydrographic data collected by seals significantly reduce the observational gap in the Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6176-6180, doi:10.1002/2013GL058304.
34. Talley, L. D., 2007: Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Volume 2: Pacific Ocean. M. Sparrow, P. Chapman, and J. Gould, Eds., WOCE International Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 20 pp., plus plates. [Available online at http://www-pord.ucsd.edu/whp_atlas/pacific_index.html.]
35. Tapley, B. D., S. Bettadpur, J. C. Ries, P. F. Thompson, and M. M. Watkins, 2004: GRACEmeasurements ofmass variability in the earth system. Science, 305, 503-505, doi:10.1126/science.1099192.
36. von Schuckmann, K., and P.-Y. Le Traon, 2011: How well can we derive global ocean indicators from Argo data? Ocean Sci., 7, 783-791, doi:10.5194/os-7-783-2011.
37. Worthington, L. V., 1981: The water masses of the world ocean: Some results of a fine-scale census. Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, Eds., MIT Press, 42-69.
38. Wunsch, C., 1997: The vertical partition of oceanic horizontal kinetic energy. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1770-1794, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1770:TVPOOH>2.0.CO;2.
39. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach, 2007: Practical global oceanic state estimation. Physica D, 230, 197-208, doi:10.1016/j.physd.2006.09.040.
40. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach, 2008: How long to ocean tracer and proxy equilibrium? Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 637-651, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.006.
41. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach, 2013a: Dynamically and kinematically consistent global ocean circulation state estimates with land and sea ice. Ocean Circulation and Climate, 2nd ed. J. C. G. Siedler, W. J. Gould, and S. M. Griffies, Eds., Elsevier, 553-579.
42. Wunsch, C., and P. Heimbach, 2013b: Two decades of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: Anatomy, variations, extremes, prediction, and overcoming its limitations. J. Climate, 26, 7167-7186, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00478.1.