Hot Spots Policing: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 200-220

  Weisburd, David ^a,b   Telep, Cody W ^c  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

displacement; hot spots policing; place based policing; police legitimacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899787929     PISSN: 10439862     EISSN: 15525406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1043986214525083     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Bayley D. H.Police reform: Who done it?.Policing & Society. 2008;18:7-17.
2. Braga A. A.The effects of hot spots policing on crime.Campbell Systematic Reviews. 2007;3 (1): 1-36.
3. Braga A. A.,Bond B. J.Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial.Criminology. 2008;46:577-608.
4. Braga A. A.,Bond B. J.Evaluating crime reduction initiatives, crime prevention studies. Knutsson J.Tilley N., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2009:85-120.
5. Braga A. A.,Papachristos A. V.,Hureau D. M.Hot spots policing effects on crime.Campbell Systematic Reviews. 2012;8 (8): 1-96.
6. Braga A. A.,Papachristos A. V.,Hureau D. M.The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Justice Quarterly. 2012;:.
7. Braga A. A.,Weisburd D.Policing problem places: Crime hot spots and effective prevention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010:.
8. Braga A. A.,Weisburd D. L.,Waring E. J.,Mazerolle L. G.,Spelman W.,Gajewski F.Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment.Criminology. 1999;37:541-580.
9. Chermak S.,McGarrell E. F.,Weiss A.Citizens' perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies.Justice Quarterly. 2001;18:365-391.
10. Clarke R. V.Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention (Crime and Justice: A Review of Research). Tonry M.Farrington D., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1995:91-150.
11. Clarke R. V.,Weisburd D.Crime prevention studies. Clarke R. V., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1994:165-184.
12. Cohen L. E.,Felson M.Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach.American Sociological Review. 1979;44:588-608.
13. Coleman S.A test for the effect of conformity on crime rate using voter turnout.The Sociological Quarterly. 2002;43:257-276.
14. Corsaro N.,Brunson R. K.,McGarrell E. F.Evaluating a policing strategy intended to disrupt an illicit street-level drug market.Evaluation Review. 2010;34:513-548.
15. Cullen F. T.Encyclopedia of criminological theory. Cullen F. T.Wilcox P., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010:167-170.
16. Eck J. E.,Weisburd D.Crime and place, crime prevention studies. Eck J. E.Weisburd D., ed. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press; 1995:1-33.
17. Felson M.,Boba R.Crime and everyday life. 2010). Crime and everyday life (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010:.
18. Gau J.,Brunson R. K.Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men's perceptions of police legitimacy.Justice Quarterly. 2010;27:255-279.
19. Goldstein H.Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach.Crime & Delinquency. 1979;25:236-258.
20. Hales B. M.,Pronovost P. J.The checklist-A tool for error management and performance improvement.Journal of Critical Care. 2006;21:231-235.
21. Hinkle J. C.,Weisburd D.The irony of broken windows: A micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns, and fear of crime.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2008;36:503-512.
22. Hinkle J. C.,Weisburd D.,Famega C.,Ready J.The problem is not just sample size: The consequences of low base rates in policing experiments in smaller cities.Evaluation Review. 2014;:.
23. Kochel T. R.Constructing hot spots policing: Unexamined consequences for disadvantaged populations and for police legitimacy.Criminal Justice Policy Review. 2011;22:350-374.
24. Koper C. S.Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:649-672.
25. Koper C. S. Presentation at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology; 2008St. Louis, MO; 2008.
26. Koper C. S.Assessing the Practice of Hot Spots Policing: Survey Results From a National Convenience Sample of Local Police Agencies.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2014;:.
27. Koper C. S.,Taylor B. G.,Woods D. J.A randomized test of initial and residual deterrence from directed patrols and use of license plate readers at crime hot spots.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2013;9:213-244.
28. Lum C.,Hibdon J.,Cave B.,Koper C. S.,Merola L.License Plate Reader (LPR) police patrols in crime hot spots: An experimental evaluation in two adjacent jurisdictions.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2011;7:321-345.
29. Lum C.,Koper C.Evidence-based policing in smaller agencies: Challenges, prospects, and opportunities.The Police Chief. 2013;80 (4): 42-47.
30. Lum C.,Koper C.,Telep C. W.The evidence-based policing matrix.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2011;7:3-26.
31. Lum C.,Telep C. W.,Koper C.,Grieco J.Receptivity to research in policing.Justice Research and Policy. 2012;14:61-95.
32. Mazerolle L. G.,Price J. F.,Roehl J.Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized trial in Oakland, California.Evaluation Review. 2000;24:212-241.
33. McKenzieM. N. (2007). Cookbook medicine. Momentum: Forward Thinking From the Woodruff Health Sciences of Emory University. Retrieved from http://whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/momentum/2007summer/cookbook_med.html.
34. Morenoff J. D.,Sampson R. J.,Raudenbush S. W.Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence.Criminology. 2001;39:517-560.
35. Committee on law and justice, division of behavioral and social sciences and education. Skogan W.Frydl K., ed. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004:.
36. Papachristos A. V.,Wallace D. M.,Meares T. L.,Fagan J.Desistance and legitimacy: The impact of offender notification meetings on recidivism among high risk offenders. New York: Columbia Law School; 2013:.
37. Paternoster R.,Brame R.,Bachman R.,Sherman L. W.Do fair procedures matter? The effect of procedural justice on spouse abuse.Law & Society Review. 1997;31:163-204.
38. Putnam R. D.Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 2001:.
39. Ratcliffe J.,Groff E.,Haberman C.,Sorg E.Smart policing initiative final report. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Center for Security and Crime Science; 2012:.
40. Ratcliffe J.,Taniguchi T.,Groff E. R.,Wood J. D.The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots.Criminology. 2011;49:795-831.
41. Reaves B. A.Local police departments, 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice; 2010:.
42. Reaves B. A.Census of state and local law enforcement agencies, 2008. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice; 2011:.
43. Rosenbaum D. P.Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Weisburd D.Braga A. A., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006:245-263.
44. Sackett D. L.,Rosenberg W. M. C.,Gray J. M.,Haynes R. B.,Richardson W. S.Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn't.British Medical Journal. 1996;312:71-72.
45. Sampson R. J.,Groves W. B.Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory.American Journal of Sociology. 1989;94:774-802.
46. Sampson R. J.,Raudenbush S. W.,Earls F.Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy.Science. 1997;277:918-924.
47. Shaw C. R.,McKay H. D.Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1942:.
48. Shaw J.Community policing against guns: Public opinion of the Kansas City gun experiment.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:695-710.
49. Sherman L. W.Crime and justice: A review of research. Tonry M.Morris N., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1990:1-48.
50. Sherman L. W.,Gartin P. R.,Buerger M. E.Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place.Criminology. 1989;27:27-56.
51. Sherman L. W.,Rogan D. P.Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: "Hot spots" patrol in Kansas City.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:673-693.
52. Sherman L. W.,Weisburd D.General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime "hot spots": A randomized, controlled trial.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:625-648.
53. Smith D. C.,Purtell R.An empirical assessment of NYPD's "Operation Impact": A targeted zone crime reduction strategy. New York: New York University; 2007:.
54. Sorg E. T.,Haberman C. P.,Ratcliffe J. H.,Groff E. R.Foot patrol in violent crime hot spots: The longitudinal impact of deterrence and posttreatment effects of displacement.Criminology. 2013;51:65-102.
55. Taylor B.,Koper C. S.,Woods D. J.A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2011;7:149-181.
56. Telep C. W.,Mitchell R. J.,Weisburd D.How much time should the police spend at crime hot spots? Answers from a police agency directed randomized field trial in Sacramento, California.Justice Quarterly. 2012;:.
57. Telep C. W.,Weisburd D.What is known about the effectiveness of police practices in reducing crime and disorder?.Police Quarterly. 2012;15:331-357.
58. Townsley M.Visualising space time patterns in crime: The hotspot plot.Crime Patterns and Analysis. 2008;1:61-74.
59. Tyler T. R.Why people obey the law: Procedural justice, legitimacy, and compliance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1990:.
60. Tyler T. R.Enhancing police legitimacy.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2004;593:84-99.
61. Tyler T. R.,Huo Y. J.Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2002:.
62. Tyler T. R.,Sherman L.,Strang H.,Barnes G. C.,Woods D.Reintegrative shaming, procedural justice, and recidivism: The engagement of offenders' psychological mechanisms in the Canberra RISE drinking-and-driving experiment.Law & Society Review. 2007;41:553-586.
63. Weisburd D.Randomized experiments in criminal justice policy: Prospects and problems.Crime & Delinquency. 2000;46:181-193.
64. Weisburd D.Hot spots policing and criminal justice research: Lessons from the field.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2005;599:220-245.
65. Weisburd D.Place-based policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation; 2008:.
66. Weisburd D.,Braga A. A.Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Weisburd D.Braga A. A., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006:1-23.
67. WeisburdD.BragaA. A. (2013). The importance of legitimacy in hot spots policing. Community Policing Dispatch, 6(9). Available at http://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/092013/the_importance_of_legitimacy_in_hot_spots_policing.asp.
68. Weisburd D.,Bushway S.,Lum C.,Yang S. M.Trajectories of crime at places: A longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle.Criminology. 2004;42:283-321.
69. Weisburd D.,Eck J. E.What can the police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear?.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2004;593:42-65.
70. Weisburd D.,Green L.Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:711-736.
71. WeisburdD.GroffE.JonesG.AmendolaK. L.CaveB. (unpublished manuscript). Transforming unallocated patrol time to crime prevention: Experimental evidence of the importance of dosage in general deterrence in police patrol.
72. Weisburd D.,Groff E. R.,Yang S. M.The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012:.
73. Weisburd D.,Groff E. R.,Yang S. M.Understanding and controlling hot spots of crime: The importance of formal and informal social controls.Prevention Science. 2014;15:31-43.
74. Weisburd D.,Hinkle J. C.,Famega C.,Ready J.The possible "backfire" effects of hot spots policing: An experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2011;7:297-320.
75. Weisburd D.,Hinkle J. C.,Famega C.,Ready J.Legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy in crime hot spots: Assessing the impacts of broken windows policing strategies on citizen attitudes. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice; 2012:.
76. Weisburd D.,Lawton B.,Ready J.The future of criminology. Loeber R.Welsh B. C., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012:236-243.
77. Weisburd D.,McElroy J.,Hardman P.Challenges to supervision in community policing: Observations on a pilot project.American Journal of Police. 1988;7:29-50.
78. Weisburd D.,Telep C. W.,Lawton B. A.Could innovations in policing have contributed to the New York City crime drop even in a period of declining police strength?: The case of stop, question and frisk as a hot spots policing strategy.Justice Quarterly. 2014;31:129-153.
79. Weisburd D.,Wyckoff L. A.,Ready J.,Eck J. E.,Hinkle J. C.,Gajewski F.Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits.Criminology. 2006;44:549-592.
80. Wilcox P.,Land K. C.,Hunt S. C.Criminal circumstance: A dynamic multi-contextual criminal opportunity theory. New York, NY: Walter de Gruyter; 2003:.
81. Wilcox P.,Quisenberry N.,Cabrera D. T.,Jones S.Busy places and broken windows? Toward defining the role of physical structure and process in community crime models.The Sociological Quarterly. 2004;45:185-207.
82. Winters B. D.,Gurses A. P.,Lehmann H.,Sexton J. B.,Rampersad C. J.,Pronovost P. J.Clinical review: Checklists-translating evidence into practice.Critical Care. 2009;13:210-218.
83. Wolff A. M.,Taylor S. A.,McCabe J. F.Using checklists and reminders in clinical pathways to improve hospital inpatient care.Medical Journal of Australia. 2004;181:428-431.