The irony of broken windows policing: A micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns and fear of crime

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 503-512

  Hinkle, Joshua C ^a   Weisburd, David ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 55549134956     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.09.010     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Braga A.A. The effects of hot spots policing on crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 568 (2001) 104-125
2. Bratton W.J., and Kelling G. There are no cracks in the broken windows. National Review Online (2006). http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/bratton_kelling200602281015.asp Retrieved January 17, 2007, from http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/bratton_kelling200602281015.asp
3. Bratton W.J., and Knobler P. Turnaround: How America's top cop reversed the crime epidemic (1998), Random House, New York
4. Brown L.P., and Wycoff M.A. Policing Houston: Reducing fear and improving service. Crime and Delinquency 33 (1987) 71-89
5. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Criminal victimization, 2005 (2005), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC
6. Campbell D.T., and Boruch R.F. Making the case for randomized assignments to treatments by considering the alternatives: Six ways in which quasi-experimental evaluations in compensatory education tend to underestimate effects. In: Bennet C., and Lumsdaine A. (Eds). Central issues in social program evaluation (1975), Academic Press, New York 195-296
7. Committee to Review Research on Practice and Policy. Effectiveness of police activity in reducing crime, disorder and fear. In: Skogan W., and Frydl K. (Eds). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence (2004), National Academies Press, Washington, DC 217-251
8. Cordner G.W. Fear of crime and the police: An evaluation of a fear-reduction strategy. Journal of Police Science and Administration 14 (1986) 223-233
9. Covington J., and Taylor R.B. Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: implication of between- and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociological Quarterly 32 (1991) 231-249
10. Eck J.E., and Maguire E. Have changes in policing reduced violent crime?. In: Blumstein A., and Wallman J. (Eds). The crime drop in America (2000), Cambridge University Press, New York 207-265
11. Farrall S. Revisiting crime surveys: Emotional responses without emotions?. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 7 (2004) 157-171
12. Farrall, S., & Gadd, D. (2004). Fear today, gone tomorrow: Do surveys overstate fear levels? Unpublished manuscript, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/perunasocieta/relazioni/Farral_abs.pdf
13. Farrington D. Randomized experiments in crime and justices. In: Tonry M., and Morris N. (Eds). Crime and justice: An annual review of research Vol. 4 (1983), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 257-308
14. Ferraro K.F. Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk (1995), State University of New York Press, Albany
15. Garofalo J., and Laub J.H. The fear of crime: Broadening our perspective. Victimology 3 (1978) 242-253
16. Giuliani R.W., and Kurson K. Leadership (2002), Hyperion, New York
17. Golub A., Johnson B.D., and Taylor A. Quality-of-life policing: Do offenders get the message?. Policing: International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 26 (2003) 690-707
18. Harcourt B.E. The illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing (2001), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
19. Harcourt B.E., and Ludwig L. Broken windows: New evidence from New York City and a five-city social experiment. University of Chicago Law Review 73 (2006) 271-320
20. Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of incivility: Social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Dallas, TX.
21. Karmon A. New York murder mystery: The true story behind the crime crash of the 1990s (2000), New York University Press, New York
22. Katz C.M., Webb V.J., and Schaefer D.R. An assessment of the impact of quality-of-life policing on crime and disorder. Justice Quarterly 18 (2001) 291-389
23. Kelling G.L., and Coles C.M. Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in American cities (1996), Free Press, New York
24. Kelling G.L., and Sousa W.H. Do police matter? An analysis of the impact of New York City's police reforms (Civic Report No. 22). (2001), Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, New York
25. Kraska P., and Kappeler V. Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units. Social Problems 44 (1997) 1-18
26. Lewis D.A., and Salem G. Fear of crime (1986), Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ
27. Long J.S. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables: Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences series 7 (1997), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
28. Maple J., and Mitchell C. The crime fighter: How you can make your community crime free (1999), Broadway, New York
29. Markowitz F.E., Bellair P.E., Liska A.E., and Liu J. Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder and fear. Criminology 39 (2001) 293-320
30. Mastrofski S.D., Snipes J.B., and Supina A.E. Compliance on demand: The public's response to specific police requests. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33 (1996) 269-305
31. McCluskey J.D., Mastrofski S.D., and Parks R.B. To acquiesce or rebel: Predicting citizen compliance with police requests. Police Quarterly 2 (1999) 389-416
32. Messner S.F., Galea S., Tardiff K.J., Tracy M., Bucciarelli A., Piper T.M., et al. Policing, drugs and the homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s. Criminology 45 (2007) 385-414
33. Novak K., Hartman J., Holsinger A., and Turner M. The effects of aggressive policing of disorder on serious crime. Policing 22 (1999) 171-190
34. Pate A.M., and Skogan W. Coordinated community policing: The Newark experience technical report (1985), Police Foundation, Washington, DC
35. Robinson J.B., Lawton B.A., Taylor R.B., and Perkins D.D. Multilevel longitudinal impacts of incivilities: Fear of crime, expected safety, and block satisfaction. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19 (2003) 237-274
36. Rosenbaum D.P. The limits of hot spots policing. In: Weisburd D., and Braga A.A. (Eds). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. (2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
37. Rosenfeld R., Fornango R., and Rengifo A.F. The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988-2001. Criminology 45 (2007) 355-384
38. Sampson R.J., and Raudenbush S.W. Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology 105 (1999) 603-651
39. Scott M.S. The benefits and consequences of police crackdowns (2002), U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC
40. Shaw J.W. Community policing against guns: Public opinion of the Kansas City gun experiment. Justice Quarterly 12 (1995) 695-710
41. Sherman L.W. Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence. In: Tonry M., and Morris N. (Eds). Crime and justice: A review of research Vol. 12 (1990), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1-48
42. Sherman L.W., and Rogan D.P. Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: "Hot spots" patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly 12 (1995) 673-693
43. Sherman L.W., and Weisburd D. General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime "hot-spots": A randomized controlled trial. Justice Quarterly 12 (1995) 626-648
44. Silverman E.B. NYPD battles crime: Innovative strategies in policing (1999), Northeastern University Press, Boston
45. Skogan W. Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods (1990), The Free Press, New York
46. Skogan W., and Wycoff M.A. Store front police officers: The Houston field test. In: Rosenbaum D. (Ed). Community crime prevention: Does it work? (1986), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 179-199
47. Taylor R.B. The incivilities thesis: Theory, measurement, and policy. In: Langworthy R.H. (Ed). Measuring what works: Proceedings from the police research institute meeting (1999), U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC 65-88
48. Taylor R.B. Crime, grime, fear, and decline: A longitudinal look (Research in Brief) (1999), National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
49. Taylor R.B. Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear, and decline (2001), Westview Press, Boulder, CO
50. Taylor R.B., and Hale M.M. Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 26 (1986) 151-189
51. Tyler T.R. Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 593 (2004) 84-99
52. Weisburd D. Ethical practice and evaluation of interventions in crime and justice: the moral imperative for randomized trials. Evaluation Review 27 (2003) 336-354
53. Weisburd D. The emergence of crime place in crime prevention. In: Bruinsma G., Elffers H., and Keijser J. (Eds). Punishment, places and perpetrators: Developments in criminological and criminal justice research (2004), Willan, Cullompton, UK 155-168
54. Weisburd D., and Braga A.A. Hot spots policing. In: Kury H., and Obergfell-Fuchs J. (Eds). Crime prevention: New approaches (2003), Weisser Ring, Mainz, Germany 337-354
55. Weisburd D., and Braga A.A. Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (2006), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
56. Weisburd D., and Eck J.E. What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear?. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 593 (2004) 42-65
57. Weisburd D., Wyckoff L.A., Ready J., Eck J.E., Hinkle J.C., and Gajewski F. Does crime just move around the corner? A study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, NJ (Rep. submitted to National Institute of Justice, NCJ 211679) (2004), Police Foundation, Washington, DC
58. Weisburd D., Wyckoff L.A., Ready J., Eck J.E., Hinkle J.C., and Gajewski F. Does crime just move around the corner?: A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits in two crime hot spots. Criminology 44 (2006) 549-592
59. Wilson J.Q. Thinking about crime (1975), Basic Books, New York
60. Wilson J.Q., and Kelling G.L. Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly 211 (1982) 29-38
61. Worrall J.L. Does "broken windows" law enforcement reduce serious crime (CICG Research Brief) (2002), California Institute for County Government, Sacramento
62. Xu Y., Fiedler M.L., and Flaming K.H. Discovering the impact of community policing: The broken windows thesis, collective efficacy and citizens' judgment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42 (2005) 147-186
63. Yang, S. (2007). Causal or merely co-existing: A longitudinal study of disorder and violence at places. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.