Determinants of Oral Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Wheezing Asthmatic Youth (DOORWAY): Protocol for a prospective multicentre cohort study of children with acute moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbations

BMJ Open

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2014, Pages

  Ducharme, Francine M ^a,b   Zemek, R ^c   Gravel, J ^a,b   Chalut, D ^d   Poonai, N ^e   Laberge, S ^a   Quach, C ^d,f   Krajinovic, M ^a   Guimont, C ^g   Lemiere C ^h   Guertin, M C ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^c CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF EASTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^d MONTREAL CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^e LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^f MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^h HÔPITAL DU SACRÉ COEUR DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

ⁱ MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; SALBUTAMOL; TOBACCO SMOKE; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; PASSIVE SMOKING;

ADOLESCENT; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ASTHMA; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; CHILD; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INHALATION TEST; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PEDIATRICIAN; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS ETIOLOGY; WHEEZING; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPLICATION; DISEASE COURSE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EOSINOPHILIA; GENETICS; INFANT; MULTICENTER STUDY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PASSIVE SMOKING; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RISK FACTOR; VIRUS INFECTION;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADOLESCENT; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENTS; ASTHMA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; EOSINOPHILIA; HUMANS; INFANT; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84899567958     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004699     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Life and breath: respiratory disease in Canada. 11-12-2007. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Measuring up: a health surveillance update on Canadian children and youth. 10 Jun 2008.
2. Canny GJ, Reisman J, Healy R, et al. Acute asthma: observations regarding the management of a pediatric emergency room. Pediatrics 1989;83:507-12. (Pubitemid 19092580)
3. Schaubel D, Johansen H, Mao Y, et al. Risk of preschool asthma: incidence, hospitalization, recurrence, and readmission probability. J Asthma 1996;33:97-103. (Pubitemid 26123622)
4. To T, Dick P, Feldman W, et al. A cohort study on childhood asthma admissions and readmissions. Pediatrics 1996;98:191-5. (Pubitemid 26262128)
5. Lougheed MD, Garvey N, Chapman KR, et al. The Ontario Asthma Regional Variation Study: emergency department visit rates and the relation to hospitalization rates. Chest 2006;129:909-17.
6. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma, 2011. http://www.ginasthma.org/
7. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guidelines on the management of asthma - a national clinical guideline. British Thoracic Society 2011 [cited 3 Jan 2011]. http://www.brit-thoracic.org. uk/clinical-information/asthma/asthma-guidelines.aspx
8. Becker A, Bérubé D, Chad Z, et al. Canadian Pediatric Asthma Consensus Guidelines, 2003 (updated to December 2004): introduction. CMAJ 2005;173(Suppl 6):S12-14. (Pubitemid 41345554)
9. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. No. 07-4051. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2007.
10. Becker A, Lemiere C, Bérubé D, et al. Summary of recommendations from the Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines, 2004 and Canadian Pediatric Asthma Consensus Guidelines, 2003. CMAJ 2005;173(Suppl 6):S3-11.
11. Plotnick LH, Ducharme FM. Acute asthma in children and adolescents: should inhaled anticholinergics be added to B2-agonists? Am J Respir Med 2003;2:109-15. (Pubitemid 37062720)
12. Plotnick L, Ducharme FM. Should inhaled anticholinergics be added to beta2-agonists in acute pediatric asthma? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 1998;317:971-7. (Pubitemid 28457256)
13. Ducharme FM, Davis GM. Randomized controlled trial of ipratropium bromide and frequent low doses of salbutamol in the management of mild and moderate acute pediatric asthma. J Pediatr 1998;133:479-85. (Pubitemid 28465372)
14. Bhogal S, McGillivray D, Bourbeau J, et al. Early administration of systemic corticosteroids reduces hospital admission rates in children with moderate and severe asthma exacerbation. Ann Emerg Med 2012;60:84-91.
15. Schuh S, Reisman J, Alshehri M, et al. A comparison of inhaled fluticasone and oral prednisone for children with severe acute asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:689-94.
16. Schuh S, Dick PT, Stephens D, et al. High-dose inhaled fluticasone does not replace oral prednisolone in children with mild to moderate acute asthma. Pediatrics 2006;118:644-50. (Pubitemid 46085422)
17. Dempsey OJ, Lipworth BJ. Intravenous montelukast in acute asthma: expensive aminophylline? [letter]. Thorax 2000;55:808-9. (Pubitemid 30660916)
18. Rowe BH, Bretzlaff JA, Bourdon C, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review of the literature.[see comment]. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:181-90.
19. Ducharme FM, Chabot G, Polychronakos C, et al. Safety profile of frequent short courses of oral glucocorticoids in acute pediatric asthma: impact on bone metabolism, bone density, and adrenal function. Pediatrics 2003;111:376-83. (Pubitemid 36177159)
20. Kasper WJ, Howe PM. Fatal varicella after a single course of corticosteroids. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:729-32. (Pubitemid 20335445)
21. Panickar J, Lakhanpaul M, Lambert PC, et al. Oral prednisolone for preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing. N Engl J Med 2009;360:329-38.
22. Chaudhuri R, Livingston E, McMahon AD, et al. Cigarette smoking impairs the therapeutic response to oral corticosteroids in chronic asthma. [see comment]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1308-11. (Pubitemid 37487324)
23. Ducharme FM, Chalut D, Plotnick L, et al. The pediatric respiratory assessment measure: a valid clinical score for assessing acute asthma severity from toddlers to teenagers. J Pediatr 2008;152:476-80.
24. Ducharme FM, Zemek RL, Schuh S. Oral corticosteroids in children with wheezing. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1674.
25. Plint AC, Johnson DW, Patel H, et al. Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. [see comment]. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2079-89.
26. Corneli HM, Zorc JJ, Mahajan P, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:331-9. (Pubitemid 47124133)
27. Weinberger M. Corticosteroids for first-time young wheezers: current status of the controversy. J Pediatr 2003;143:700-2. (Pubitemid 37510633)
28. Strunk RC. Defining asthma in the preschool-aged child. Pediatrics 2002;109:357-61. (Pubitemid 34126848)
29. Myers TR. Pediatric asthma epidemiology: incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Respir Care Clin N Am 2000;6:1-14.
30. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, et al. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med 1995;332:133-8.
31. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy 2008;63:5-34. (Pubitemid 350198248)
32. Johnston NW, Johnston SL, Duncan JM, et al. The September epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a search for etiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:132-8.
33. Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, et al. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154(3 Pt 1):654-60. (Pubitemid 26327287)
34. Bardin PG, Johnston SL, Pattemore PK. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. II. Physiology and mechanisms. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:809-22.
35. Cypcar D, Stark J, Lemanske RFJ. The impact of respiratory infections on asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am 1992;39:1259-76.
36. Ong ELC, Daggett P, Wiselka MJ, et al. Influenza and asthma. Lancet 1992;339:367-8.
37. Murray CS, Poletti G, Kebadze T, et al. Study of modifiable risk factors for asthma exacerbations: virus infection and allergen exposure increase the risk of asthma hospital admissions in children. Thorax 2006;61:376-82. (Pubitemid 43723318)
38. Heymann PW, Platts-Mills TA, Johnston SL. Role of viral infections, atopy and antiviral immunity in the etiology of wheezing exacerbations among children and young adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(Suppl 11):S217-22.
39. Wark PA, Johnston SL, Moric I, et al. Neutrophil degranulation and cell lysis is associated with clinical severity in virus-induced asthma. Eur Respir J 2002;19:68-75. (Pubitemid 34105570)
40. Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vanto T, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of prednisolone in early wheezing induced by rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus. [Article]. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:482-8. (Pubitemid 43863356)
41. Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vanto T, et al. Efficacy of prednisolone in children hospitalized for recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18:326-34. (Pubitemid 46961748)
42. Chalmers GW, MacLeod KJ, Little SA, et al. Influence of cigarette smoking on inhaled corticosteroid treatment in mild asthma. Thorax 2002;57:226-30. (Pubitemid 34214408)
43. Lazarus SC, Chinchilli VM, Rollings NJ, et al. Smoking affects response to inhaled corticosteroids or leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthma. [see comment]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:783-90. (Pubitemid 46631789)
44. Chalmers GW, MacLeod KJ, Thomson L, et al. Smoking and airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Chest 2001;120:1917-22. (Pubitemid 34053454)
45. Chilmonczyk BA, Salmun LM, Megathlin KN, et al. Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children. [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1665-9. (Pubitemid 23157348)
46. Kohler E, Sollich V, Schuster R, et al. Passive smoke exposure in infants and children with respiratory tract diseases. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999;18:212-17. (Pubitemid 29187030)
47. Chang MY, Hogan AD, Rakes GP, et al. Salivary cotinine levels in children presenting with wheezing to an emergency department. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000;29:257-63. (Pubitemid 30176637)
48. Karp I, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, et al . Smoking trajectories of adolescent novice smokers in a longitudinal study of tobacco use. Ann Epidemiol 2005;15:445-52. (Pubitemid 40828350)
49. Gervais A, O'Loughlin J, Meshefedjian G, et al. Milestones in the natural course of onset of cigarette use among adolescents. [see comment]. CMAJ 2006;175:255-61. (Pubitemid 44230824)
50. Prokhorov AV, Winickoff JP, Ahluwalia JS, et al. Youth tobacco use: a global perspective for child health care clinicians. [Review] [132 refs]. Pediatrics 2006;118:e890-903. (Pubitemid 46090018)
51. Statistics Canada. 2002 Youth smoking survey: parent's questionnaire . 1-8. Government of Canada, 2004.
52. Clark SJ, Warner JO, Dean TP. Passive smoking amongst asthmatic children. Questionnaire or objective assessment? Clin Exp Allergy 1994;24:276-80. (Pubitemid 24214507)
53. Willers S, Axmon A, Feyerabend C, et al. Assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children with asthmatic symptoms by questionnaire and cotinine concentrations in plasma, saliva, and urine. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:715-21. (Pubitemid 30609625)
54. Phillips K, Bentley MC, Abrar M, et al. Low level saliva cotinine determination and its application as a biomarker for environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999;18:291-6. (Pubitemid 29187043)
55. Etzel RA. A review of the use of saliva cotinine as a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. [Review] [45 refs]. Prev Med 1990;19:190-7. (Pubitemid 20227549)
56. Halterman JS, Borrelli B, Tremblay P, et al. Screening for environmental tobacco smoke exposure among inner-city children with asthma. Pediatrics 2008;122:1277-83.
57. Dhar P. Measuring tobacco smoke exposure: quantifying nicotine/cotinine concentration in biological samples by colorimetry, chromatography and immunoassay methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004;35:155-68. (Pubitemid 38368870)
58. Salpeter SR, Buckley NS, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of long-acting {beta}-agonists on severe asthma exacerbations and asthma-related deaths. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:904-12. (Pubitemid 46768131)
59. Ernst P, McIvor A, Ducharme FM, et al. Safety and effectiveness of long-acting inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators when taken with inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:692-4. (Pubitemid 46768845)
60. Bush A. Phenotype specific treatment of asthma in childhood. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004;5(Suppl A):S93-101.
61. Bush A. Practice imperfect - treatment for wheezing in preschoolers. N Engl J Med 2009;360:409-10.
62. Gibson PG, Norzila MZ, Fakes K, et al. Pattern of airway inflammation and its determinants in children with acute severe asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999;28:261-70. (Pubitemid 29468460)
63. Wark PA, Gibson PG, Johnston SL. Exacerbations of asthma: addressing the triggers and treatments. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2001;56:429-35. (Pubitemid 34134123)
64. Gilbert SF. Developmental biology. 6th edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associated Inc, 2000.
65. Hall JG. How is the progress in genetics relevant to children's health care. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9:213-14. (Pubitemid 38649492)
66. Hall JG. Individualized medicine. What the genetic revolution will bring to health care in the 21st century. [see comment]. Can Fam Phys 2003;49:12-13. (Pubitemid 36149883)
67. Bouzigon E, Corda E, Aschard H, et al. Effect of 17q21 variants and smoking exposure in early-onset asthma. [see comment]. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1985-94.
68. Lima JJ, Thomason DB, Mohamed MHN, et al. Impact of genetic polymorphisms of the [beta]2-adrenergic receptor on albuterol bronchodilator pharmacodynamics[ast]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:519-25. (Pubitemid 29237325)
69. Sharma S, Raby BA, Hunninghake GM, et al. Variants in TGFB1, dust mite exposure, and disease severity in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;179:356-62.
70. Laing IA, de Klerk NH, Turner SW, et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association of the secretoglobin 1A1 gene A38G polymorphism with asthma phenotype in the Perth Infant Asthma Follow-up cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39:62-71.
71. Zhou H, Alexis N, Almond M, et al. Influence of C-159 T SNP of the CD14 gene promoter on lung function in smokers. Respir Med 2009;103:1358-65.
72. Moffatt MF, Kabesch M, Liang L, et al. Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma. Nature 2007;448:470-3. (Pubitemid 47123521)
73. Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. [Review] [166 refs]. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;45:51-88. (Pubitemid 40261798)
74. Sundberg K, Johansson AS, Stenberg G, et al. Differences in the catalytic efficiencies of allelic variants of glutathione transferase P1-1 towards carcinogenic diol epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:433-6. (Pubitemid 28375445)
75. Tamer L, Calikoglu M, Ates NA, et al . Glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) as increased risk factors for asthma. Respirology 2004;9:493-8. (Pubitemid 40179755)
76. He JQ, Ruan J, Connett JE, et al. Antioxidant gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to a rapid decline in lung function in smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:323-8. (Pubitemid 34864420)
77. Wang C, Salam MT, Islam T, et al. Effects of in utero and childhood tobacco smoke exposure and beta2-adrenergic receptor genotype on childhood asthma and wheezing. Pediatrics 2008;122:e107-14.
78. Martinez FD, Graves PE, Baldini M, et al. Association between genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor and response to albuterol in children with and without a history of wheezing. J Clin Invest 1997;100:3184-8. (Pubitemid 28022857)
79. Tantisira KG, Lake S, Silverman ES, et al. Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: association of sequence variants in CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:1353-9. (Pubitemid 38961642)
80. Tantisira KG, Hwang ES, Raby BA, et al. TBX21: a functional variant predicts improvement in asthma with the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:18099-104. (Pubitemid 40054080)
81. Tantisira KG, Silverman ES, Mariani TJ, et al. FCER2: a pharmacogenetic basis for severe exacerbations in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:1285-91. (Pubitemid 350216603)
82. Dijkstra A, Postma DS, Bruinenberg M, et al. SERPINE1 -675 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with asthma severity and inhaled corticosteroid response. Eur Respir J 2011;38:1036-43.
83. Hawkins GA, Lazarus R, Smith RS, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplex gene STIP1 is associated with improved lung function in asthmatic subjects treated with inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:1376-83.
84. Tantisira KG, Lasky-Su J, Harada M, et al. Genomewide association between GLCCI1 and response to glucocorticoid therapy in asthma. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1173-83.
85. Gibson PG. Use of induced sputum to examine airway inflammation in childhood asthma. [Review] [14 refs]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:S100-1. (Pubitemid 28543550)
86. Gibson PG, Woolley KL, Carty K, et al. Induced sputum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) measurement in asthma and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD)[comment]. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:1081-8. (Pubitemid 28432630)
87. Thomson NC, Chaudhuri R, Livingston E. Active cigarette smoking and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:1471-5. (Pubitemid 37421621)
88. Pizzichini MM, Pizzichini E, Efthimiadis A, et al. Asthma and natural colds. Inflammatory indices in induced sputum: a feasibility study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1178-84. (Pubitemid 28489020)
89. Pavord ID, Brightling CE, Woltmann G, et al. Non-eosinophilic corticosteroid unresponsive asthma. Lancet 1999;353:2213-14. (Pubitemid 29295261)
90. Pavord ID, Shaw DE, Gibson PG, et al . Inflammometry to assess airway diseases. Lancet 2008;372:1017-19.
91. Gibson PG, Simpson JL, Saltos N. Heterogeneity of airway inflammation in persistent asthma: evidence of neutrophilic inflammation and increased sputum interleukin-8. [comment]. Chest 2001;119:1329-36. (Pubitemid 32686012)
92. Simpson JL, Scott RJ, Boyle MJ, et al. Differential proteolytic enzyme activity in eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:559-65. (Pubitemid 41232966)
93. Gibson PG, Saltos N, Borgas T. Airway mast cells and eosinophils correlate with clinical severity and airway hyperresponsiveness in corticosteroid-treated asthma.[erratum appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 Feb;107(2):223]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:752-9. (Pubitemid 30226450)
94. Lowhagen O, Wever AMJ, Lusuardi M, et al. The inflammatory marker serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) compared with PEF as a tool to decide inhaled corticosteroid dose in asthmatic patients. Respir Med 2002;96:95-101.
95. Anonymous. Recommendations for standardized procedures for the on-line and off-line measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide in adults and children-1999. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:2104-17.
96. Anonymous. Exhaled nitric oxide in asthma. In: Aerocrine AB, ed. Scientific backgrounder. Solna, Sweden: Aerocrine Inc, 2003:1-55.
97. Warke TJ, Fitch PS, Brown V, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide correlates with airway eosinophils in childhood asthma. Thorax 2002;57:383-7. (Pubitemid 34494145)
98. Baraldi E, de Jongste JC. Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide in children, 2001. Eur Respir J 2002;20:223-37. (Pubitemid 34822946)
99. DeNicola LR, Kissoon N, Duckworth LJ, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide as an indicator of severity of asthmatic inflammation. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16:290-5. (Pubitemid 30644336)
100. Massaro AF, Gaston B, Kita D, et al. Expired nitric oxide levels during treatment of acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:800-3.
101. Nelson BV, Sears S, Woods J, et al. Expired nitric oxide as a marker for childhood asthma. J Pediatr 1997;130:423-7. (Pubitemid 27492687)
102. Berlyne GS, Parameswaran K, Kamada D, et al. A comparison of exhaled nitric oxide and induced sputum as markers of airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:638-44.
103. Gibson PG, Henry RL, Thomas P. Noninvasive assessment of airway inflammation in children: induced sputum, exhaled nitric oxide, and breath condensate. Eur Respir J 2000;16:1008-15. (Pubitemid 32049395)
104. van Mastrigt E, Gabriele C, de Jongste JC. Exhaled nitric oxide in infants - what is a nice test like FENO doing in a place like this? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007;28:264-71. (Pubitemid 46982057)
105. Gabriele C, de Benedictis F, de Jongste J. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements in the first 2 years of life: methodological issues, clinical and epidemiological applications. Ital J Pediatr 2009;35:21.
106. Deykin A, Massaro AF, Drazen JM, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide as a diagnostic test for asthma: online versus offline techniques and effect of flow rate. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1597-601. (Pubitemid 34693938)
107. Avital A, Uwyyed K, Berkman N, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide and asthma in young children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;32:308-13. (Pubitemid 32938880)
108. Barreto M, Villa MP, Martella S, et al. Off-line exhaled nitric oxide measurements in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;32:159-67. (Pubitemid 32730254)
109. Ungar WJ, Coyte PC, Pharmacy Medication Monitoring Program Advisory Board. Prospective study of the patient-level cost of asthma care in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001;32:101-8. (Pubitemid 32730247)
110. Ducharme FM, Davis GM. Measurement of respiratory resistance in the emergency department: feasibility in young children with acute asthma. Chest 1997;111:1519-25. (Pubitemid 27260076)
111. Stevens MW, Gorelick MH. Short-term outcomes after acute treatment of pediatric asthma. Pediatrics 2001;107:1357-62. (Pubitemid 32525216)
112. Gorelick MH, Stevens MW, Schultz TR, et al. Performance of a novel clinical score, the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), in the evaluation of acute asthma. Acad Emerg Med 2004;11:10-18. (Pubitemid 38055781)
113. Gorelick MH, Stevens MW, Schultz T, et al. Difficulty in obtaining peak expiratory flow measurements in children with acute asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004;20:22-6. (Pubitemid 38101652)
114. Ducharme FM, Davis GM. Respiratory resistance in the emergency department: a reproducible and responsive measure of asthma severity. Chest 1998;113:1566-72. (Pubitemid 28307161)
115. Ducharme FM, Davis GM, Ducharme GR. Pediatric reference values for respiratory resistance measured by forced oscillation. Chest 1998;113:1322-8. (Pubitemid 28223824)
116. Frei J, Jutla J, Kramer G, et al. Impulse oscillometry: reference values in children 100 to 150 cm in height and 3 to 10 years of age. Chest 2005;128:1266-73. (Pubitemid 41324406)
117. Chalut DS, Ducharme FM, Davis GM. The preschool respiratory assessment measure (PRAM): a responsive index of acute asthma severity. J Pediatr 2000;137:762-8.
118. Ducharme FM, Mendelson MJ, Klassen TP, et al. The Preschool Asthma Diary (PAD): a validated instrument for day-to-day monitoring of asthma severity in young children. Pediatric Academic Societies, 2007.
119. Ducharme FM, Lemire C, Noya FJ, et al. Preemptive use of high-dose fluticasone for virus-induced wheezing in young children. N Engl J Med 2009;360:339-53.
120. Santanello NC, Demuro-Mercon C, Davies G, et al. Validation of a pediatric asthma caregiver diary. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:861-6.
121. Juniper EF, Price DB, Stampone PA, et al. Clinically important improvements in asthma-specific quality of life, but no difference in conventional clinical indexes in patients changed from conventional beclomethasone dipropionate to approximately half the dose of extrafine beclomethasone dipropionate. Chest 2002;121:1824-32. (Pubitemid 34634402)
122. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, et al . Measuring quality of life in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:832-8. (Pubitemid 23093803)
123. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, et al. Measuring quality of life in children with asthma. Qual Life Res 1996;5:35-46. (Pubitemid 26100501)
124. Kirshner B, Guyatt G. A methodological framework for assessing health indices. J Chronic Dis 1985;38:27-36. (Pubitemid 15136767)
125. Gerald LB, Sockrider MM, Grad R, et al. An official ATS workshop report: issues in screening for asthma in children. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007;4:133-41. (Pubitemid 46743308)
126. Beydon N, Davis SD, Lombardi E, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary function testing in preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:1304-45. (Pubitemid 46905757)
127. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians. Guidelines for emergency management of paediatric asthma. http://www.caep.ca/template.asp?id= 3272F9E47A064ED4820C829B15BB1BCD 2008 [cited 10 Aug 2010]. http://www.caep.ca/ template.asp?id=3272F9E47A064ED4820C829B15BB1BCD
128. Ducharme FM, Davis GM, Noya F, et al. The asthma quiz for kidz: a validated tool to appreciate the level of asthma control in children. Can Respir J 2004;11:541-6. (Pubitemid 40089890)
129. Raymond F, Carbonneau J, Boucher N, et al. Comparison of automated microarray detection with real-time PCR assays for detection of respiratory viruses in specimens obtained from children. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:743-50.
130. Seifert JA, Ross CA, Norris JM. Validation of a five-question survey to assess a child's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:273-7. (Pubitemid 34414939)
131. O'Loughlin J, Tarasuk J, Difranza J, et al . Reliability of selected measures of nicotine dependence among adolescents. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:353-62. (Pubitemid 34621496)
132. Dulucq S, St-Onge G, Gagne V, et al. DNA variants in the dihydrofolate reductase gene and outcome in childhood ALL. Blood 2008;111:3692-700.
133. Labuda D, Krajinovic M, Richer C, et al. Rapid detection of CYP1A1, CYP2D6, and NAT variants by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and allele-specific oligonucleotide assay. Anal Biochem 1999;275:84-92.
134. Gibson PG, Grootendor DC, Henry RL, et al. Sputum induction in children. [Review] [18 refs]. Eur Respir J Suppl 2002;37:44s-6s. (Pubitemid 35024266)
135. Twaddell SH, Gibson PG, Carty K, et al . Assessment of airway inflammation in children with acute asthma using induced sputum. Eur Respir J 1996;9:2104-8. (Pubitemid 26333551)
136. Wark PA, Simpson JL, Hensley MJ, et al. Safety of sputum induction with isotonic saline in adults with acute severe asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:1745-53. (Pubitemid 34204432)
137. Gibson PG, Norzila MZ, Fakes K, et al. Pattern of airway inflammation and its determinants in children with acute severe asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 1999;280:261-70. (Pubitemid 29468460)
138. McGillivray DL, Chalut D, Plotnick L, et al. Impact on admission rates of evidenced-based asthma guidelines in the real life of the emergency department. Pediatr Res 2004;55:24A.
139. Ducharme FM, Zemek RL, Chalut DS, et al. Written action plan in pediatric emergency room improves asthma prescribing, adherence and control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:195-203.
140. Holgate ST. [Respiratory inflammation]. [French]. Allerg Immunol 1997;29:75-6; discussion 82.
141. Refabert L, Mahut B, de Blic J, et al. [Acute viral respiratory infections and asthma]. [French]. Rev Prat 1996;46:2077-82.
142. Demidenko E. Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression with binary interaction. Stat Med 2008;27:36-46. (Pubitemid 351193658)
143. Hsieh FY, Bloch DA, Larsen MD. A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression. Stat Med 1998;17:1623-34. (Pubitemid 28367842)
144. Rowe BH, Spooner C, Ducharme FM, et al. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;(1):CD002178.
145. Smith M, Iqbal S, Elliott TM, et al. Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD002886.