Worldwide impact of alien parrots (Aves Psittaciformes) on native biodiversity and environment: A review

Ethology Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 26, Issue 2-3, 2014, Pages 172-194

  Menchetti, M ^a   Mori, E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alien species; competition; crop damages; diseases; introduced parakeets

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIRD; BREEDING POPULATION; CROP DAMAGE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ETIOLOGY; INTRODUCED SPECIES; LITERATURE REVIEW;

EID: 84899494035     PISSN: 03949370     EISSN: 18287131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2014.905981     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. AFV (ASSOCIAZIONE FAUNISTI VENETI) 2004. Rapporto ornitologico per la regione Veneto. Anno 2003. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 55: 171-200.
2. AHMAD S., KHAN H.A., JAVED M. & REHMAN K.U. 2012a. An estimation of rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) depredations on citrus, guava and mango in orchard fruit farm. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 14: 149-152.
3. AHMAD S., KHAN H.A., JAVED M. & REHMAN K.U. 2012b. Management of maize and sunflower against the depredations of rose-ringed parakeet (P sittacula krameri) using mechanical repellents in an agro-ecosystem. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 14: 286-290.
4. ALLAN J.R. 2000. The costs of bird strikes and bird strike prevention. Human conflicts and wildlife: economic considerations. Paper 18. (Available at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nwrchu manconflicts/18). Accessed on 24th June 2013.
5. ANDERSON R.C. & BALDOCK M. 2001. New records of birds from the Maldives, with notes on other species. Forktail 17: 67-73.
6. ANDREOTTI A., BACCETTI N., PERFETTI A., BESA M., GENOVESI P. & GUBERTI V. 2001. Mammiferi ed Uccelli esotici in Italia: analisi del fenomeno, impatto sulla biodiversità e linee guida gestionali. Ministero dell'Ambiente e Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica 'A. Ghigi', Ed. Quad erni di Conservazione della Natura 2. Rome, Italy: Ministero dell'Ambiente, Istituto Nazionale Fauna Selvatica.
7. AVERY M.L., GREINER E.C., LINDSAY J.R., NEWMAN J.R. & PRUETT-JONES S. 2002. Monk parakeet managemen t at electric utility facilities in south Florida. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 20: 140-145.
8. AVERY M.L., LINDSAY J.R., NEWMAN J.R., PRUETT-JONES S. & TILMAN E. 2006. Reducing Monk parakeet impacts to electric utility facilities in South Florida, pp. 125-136. In: Feare C.J. & Cowan D.P., Eds. Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management IV. Furth, Germany: Filander Verlag.
9. AVERY M.L. & TILLMAN E. 2005. Alien birds in North America. Challenges for wildlife managers. Proceedings of Wildlife Damage Management Conference: 87.
10. AVERY M.L., YODER C.A. & TILLMAN E.A. 2008. Diazacon inhibits reproduction in invasive monk parakeet populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1449-1452. doi:10.2193/2007-391.
11. BARRIOS-GARCIA M.N. & BALLARI S.A. 2012. Impact of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in its introduced and native range: A review. Biological Invasions 14: 2283-2300. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0229-6.
12. BATLLORI X. & NOS R. 1985. Presencia de la cotorrita gris (Myiopsitta monachus) y de la cotorrita de collar (Psitt acula krameri) en el Area Metropolitana de Barcelona. Miscellanea Zoologica 9: 407-411.
13. BAUER H.-G. & WOOG F. 2008. Nichtheimische Vogelarten (Neozoen) in Deutschland, Teil I: Auftreten, Bestände und Status. Vogelwarte 46: 157-194.
14. BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL 2013. Amazona oratrix. IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2 (Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org). Accessed 10th April 2014.
15. BLACKBURN T.M., LOCKWOOD J.L. & CASSEY P.B. 2009. Avian invasions: the ecology and evolution of exotic birds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
16. BOMFORD M. & SINCLAIR R. 2002. Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future directions. Emu 102: 29-45. doi:10.1071/MU01028.
17. BORGO E., GALLI L., GALUPPO C., MARANINI N. & SPANò S. (Eds) 2005. Atlante ornitologico della città di Genova (1996-2000). Genova, Italy: Bollettino dei Musei e Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova 69-70, 320 pp.
18. BRAUN M., CZAJKA C. & WINK M. 2009. Gibt es eine Brutplatzkonkurrenz zwischen Star und Halsbandsittich Vogelwarte 47: 361-362.
19. BUTLER C.J. 2003. Population biology of the introduced rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri in UK. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oxford, UK: University of Oxford.
20. CALDONAZZI M., PEDRINI P. & ZANGHELLINI S. 2003. Specie introdotte di recente comparsa, pp. 575-576. In: Pe drini P. et al., Eds. Atlante degli uccelli nidificanti e svernanti in provincial di Trento. Trento, Italy: Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Biologica 80 (Suppl.) 2.
21. CAMPBELL T.S. 2000 The monk parakeet. Institute for Biological Invasions Invader of the Month. Available at http://invasions.bio.utk.edu/invaders/monk. html). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
22. CARUSO S. & SCELSI F. 1994. Nidificazione del pappagallo monaco, Myiopsitta monachus, a Catania. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 63: 213-215.
23. CASSEY P., BLACKBURN T.M., RUSSEL G.J., JONES K.E. & LOCKWOOD J.L. 2004. Influences on the transport and establishment of exotic bird species: an analysis of the parrots (Psittaciformes) of the world. Global Change Biology 10: 417-426. doi:10.1111/j.152 9-8817.2003.00748.x.
24. CHAPMAN T. 2005. The status and impact of the rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-Western Australia. Miscellaneous Publication, Department of Agriculture, Government of Western A ustralia, 4/2005, 25 pp.
25. CLEMENTS J.F. 2007. The Clements checklist of the birds of the world. London, UK: Christopher Helm Editors.
26. CLERGEAU P. & VERGNES A. 2011. Bird feeders may sustain feral rose-ringed parakeets Psittacula krameri in temperate Europe. Wildlife Biology 17: 248-252. doi:10.2981/09-092.
27. CONOVER M.R. 2002. Resolving human-wildlife conflicts: the science of wildlife damage management. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: Lewis Publishers Editors CRC Press LLC.
28. CRAMP S. 1985. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In: The birds of the Western Palearctic. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
29. CRAMP S. & SIMMONS K.E.L. 1980. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. In: Cramp S. & Simmons K.E.L., Eds. The birds of the Western Palearctic. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
30. CZAJKA C., BRAUN M.P. & WINK M. 2011. Resource use by non-native ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri) and native starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in central Europe. The Open Ornithology Journal 4: 17-22. doi:10.2174/1874453201104010017.
31. DANGOISSE G. 2009. étude de la population de Conures veuves (Myiopsitta monachus) de Bruxelles-Capitale. Aves 46: 57-69.
32. DE KLOET E. & DE KLOET S.R. 2004. Analysis of the beak and feather disease viral genome indicates the existence of several genotypes which have a complex psittacine host specificity. Archives of Virology 149: 2393-2412. doi:10.1007/s00705-004-0368-x.
33. DEL HOYO J., ELLIOTT A. & SARGATAL J. 1977. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 4. Sangrouse to Cuckoos. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.
34. DHINDS A M.S. & SAINI H.K. 1994. Agricultural ornithology: an Indian perspective. Journal of Biosciences 19: 391-402. doi:10.1007/BF02703176.
35. DI FEBBRARO M., LURZ P.W.W., GENOVESI P., MAIORANO L., GIRARDELLO M., BERTOLINO S. & VERBRUGGEN H. 2013. The use of climatic niches in screening procedures for introduced species to evaluate risk of spread: A case with the American Eastern Grey Squirrel. PLoS ONE 8 (7): 1-10.
36. DUBOIS P.J. 2007. Les oiseux allochtones en France: status et interactions avec les espèces indigènes. Ornithos 14: 329-364.
37. DUNCAN R.P. & BLACKBURN T.M. 2002. Morphologic al over-dispersion in game birds (Aves: Galliformes) successfully introduced in New Zealand was not caused by interspecific competition. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4: 551-561.
38. DUNCAN R.P., BLACKBURN T.M. & SO L D. 2003. The ecology of bird introductions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34: 71-98. doi:10.1146/annurev. ecolsys.34.011802.132353.
39. ECCO R., PREIS I.S., MARTINS N.R.S., VILE LA D.A.R. & SHIVAPRASAD H.L. 2009. An outbreak of chlamydiosis in captive psittacines. British Journal of Veterinarian Pathology 2: 85-90.
40. EGUCHI K. & AMANO H.E. 2004. Invasive birds in Japan. Global Environmental Research 8: 29-39.
41. ELZINGA C.L., SALZER D.W., WILLOUGHBY J.W. & GIBBS D.P. 2001. Monitoring plant and animal populations. Abingdon, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
42. FANCHETTE R. 2012. Invasive Alien Species: threats to biodiversity and human well-being. Seychelles Strategy. IAS Workshop IUCN, 23-27th January 2012, Mayotte, France.
43. FèVRE E.M. BRONSVOORT B.M. HAMILTON K.A. CLEAVELAND S. 2006 Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases Trends in Microbiology 14 125-131. doi:10.1016/j. tim.2006.01.004.
44. FITZWATER W.D. 1988. Soluti ons to urban bird problems, pp. 254-259. In: Crabb A.C. & Marsh R. E., Eds. Proceedings of the 13th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
45. FLETCHER M. & ASKEW N. 2007. Review of the sta tus, ecology and likely future spread of parakeets in England. CSL, York, England. (Available at: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/wild life/management/non-native/ documents/csl-parakeet-deskstudy.pdf). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
46. FRACASSO G., BACCETTI N. & SERRA L. 2009. La lista CISO-COI degli Uccelli Italiani- Parte prima: Liste A, B e C. Avocetta 33: 5-24.
47. FRAISSINET M., CASORIA P. & DE LUCA P. 2000. Il parrocchetto dal collare, Psittacula krameri, a Napoli. Note sull'alimentazione. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 70: 78-89.
48. GALETTI M. 1993. Diet of the scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil. Biotropica 25: 419-425. doi:10.2307/2388865.
49. GEBHARDT H. 1996. Ecological and economics consequences of introductions of exotic wildlife (birds and mammals) in Germany. Wildlife Biology 2: 205-211.
50. GENOVESI P. & MONACO A. 2013. Guidelines for addressing invasive species in protected areas, pp. 487-506. In: Foxcroft L.C. et al., Eds. Plant invasions in protected areas 7. Netherlands: Springer.
51. GENOVESI P. & SHINE C. 2004. European strategy on invasive alien species. Nature and Environment, 137. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe Publishing.
52. GISMONDI E. 1991. Il grande libro degli Uccelli da gabbia e da voliera. Milano, Italy: De Vecchi Editors.
53. GORRERI L., MACCHIO S., MAZZANTI L., NARDELLI R., SANTILLI F., SILVESTRI N. & SPINA F. 2008. I danni provocati dall'avifauna in agroecosistemi. Le specie coinvolte, le tipologie dei danni, i mezzi per contenerli, le ricerche nel Parco Migliarino San Rossore Massaciuccoli. Ghezzano, Pisa, Italy: Felici Editors.
54. GOTELLI N.J. & MCCABE D.J. 2002. Species co-occurrence: A meta-analysis of J.M. Diamond's assembly rules model. Ecology 83: 2091-2096. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2091: SCOAMA]2.0.CO;2.
55. GOZLAN R.E., BURNARD D., A NDREOU D., BRITTON J.R. & DE LEANIZ C.G. 2013. Understanding the threats posed by non-native species: public vs. conservation managers. PloS One 8: e53200. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053200.
56. GREGORY D.W. & SCHAFFNER W. 1997. Psittacosis. Seminars in Respiratory Infections 12: 7-11.
57. GUZMAN D.S.M., DIAZ-FIGUEROA O., TULLY T., CIEMBOR P., MORGAN T., WALDEN M., POSTON R.P. , FLAMMER K., MITCHELL M.A. & RITCHIE B. 2010. Evaluating 21-day doxycycline and azithromycin treatments for experimental Chlamydophila psittaci infection in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surge ry 24: 35-45. doi:10.1647/2009-009R.1.
58. HA H.J., ANDERSON I.L., ALLEY M.R., SPRINGETT B.P. & GARTRELL B.D. 2007. The prevalence of beak and feather disease virus infection in wild populations of p arrots and cockatoos in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55: 235-238. doi:10.1080/00480169.2007.36774.
59. HIRAI K., FUKUSHI H., IWATA Y., OGAWA Y., TSUKUMI K. & SHIMAKURA S. 1984. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in imported psittacine birds from 1981 to 1983. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 46: 929-931. doi:10.1292/jvms1939.46.929.
60. HOCKEY P.A.R., DEAN W.R.J. & RYAN P.G. 2005. Roberts- birds of Southern Africa (VIIth ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund.
61. HOWE H.F. 1977. Bird activity and seed dispersal of a tropical wet forest tree. Ecology 58: 539-550. doi:10.2307/1939003.
62. HOWE H.F. 1984. Implications of seed dispersal by animals for tropical reserve management. Biological Conservation 30: 261-281. doi:10.1016/0006- 3207(84)90087-9.
63. Japiot X., Psittacides en Villes d'Europe. Mairie de Paris, Direction des Parcs, Jardin and Espaces Verts, Service de l'Ecologie Urbaine, Section Etudes et Prospectives Environnementales, Pole Biodiversité, Paris, France. 2005.
64. JESCHKE J.M. & STRAYER D.L. 2005. From the cover: invasion success of vertebrates in Europe and No rth America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 7198-7202. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501271102.
65. JONES C.G. 1980. Parrot on the way to extinction. Oryx 15: 350-354. doi:10.1017/S0030605300028829.
66. JUNIPER T. & PARR M. 1998. Parrots: A guide to parrots of the world. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press, 584 pp.
67. KEIJI G.O. 2001. Ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri in Amsterdam, 1976-2000. Limosa 74: 29-32.
68. KHALEGHIZADEH A. 2004. On the diet and population of the Alexandrine Parakeet, Psittacula eupatria, in the urban environment of Tehran, Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 32: 27-32. doi:10.1080/09397140.2004.10638040.
69. KHAN H.A., AHMAD S., JAVED M. & AHMAD K. 2011. Comparative effectiveness of some mechanical repellents for management of rose ringed parake et (Psittacula krameri) in citrus, guava and mango orchards. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology 13: 396-400.
70. KHAN H.A., BEG M.A. & KHAN A.A. 2004. Breeding habitat of the rose-ringed par akeet (Psittacula krameri) in the cultivations of Central Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 36: 133-138.
71. LATITUDE42 2011. Pest risk assessment: indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri). Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: Latitude 42 Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd.
72. LATSOUDIS P. 2007. Preliminary distribution study of the Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri (Scopoli 1769) in Greece. (Available at: http://www.ornithologiki.gr/page- cn.phpaID=929). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
73. LEVER C. 1987. Naturalized birds of the world. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman Scientific and Techinical Editors, pp. 241-286.
74. LEVER C. 1994. Naturalized animals: the ecology of successfully introduced species. London, UK: Poyser Natural History.
75. LEVER C. 2005. Naturalized birds of the world. London, UK: T & A D Poyser.
76. LIN NEO M. 2012. A review of three alien parrots in Singapore. Nature in Singapore 5: 241-248.
77. LOCKWOOD J.L., CASSEY P. & BLACKBURN T.M. 2009. The more you introduce the more you get: the role of colonization press ure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology. Diversity and Distributions 15: 904-910. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00594.x.
78. LONG J.L. 1981. Introduced birds of the world. New York, USA: Universe Books.
79. LOOPE L.L., HOWARTH F.G., KRAUS F. & PRATT T.K. 2001. Newly emergent and future threats to pacific birds and ecosystems. Studies in Avian Biology 22: 291-304.
80. LOWE S., BROWNE M., BOUDJELAS S. & DE POORTER M. 2000. 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species a selection from the global invasive species database. Aukland, New Zealand: The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) a Specialist Group of the Species Surv ival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 11 pp.
81. LUFT S. 1994. Die Papageien Sri Lankas. Gefiederte Welt 11: 383-385.
82. MABB K.T. 1997. Roosting behavior of naturalized parrots in the San Gabriel Valley, California. Western Birds 28: 202-208.
83. MACGREGOR-FORS I., CALDERöN-PARRA R., MELéNDEZ-HERRADA A., LóPEZ-LóPEZ S. & SCHONDUBE J.E. 2011. Pretty, but dangerous! Records of non-native monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82: 1053-1056.
84. MADANI S.A. PEIGHAMBARI S.M. BARIN A 2011. Isolation of Chlamydophila psittaci from pet birds in Iran International Journal of Veterinary Research 5 95-98.
85. MAGNINO S. & SAMBRI V. 2005. Clamidiosi animali zoonotiche. L'Osservatorio. Rivista Bimestrale d'Informazione Scientifica, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regione Lombardia 8: 4-8.
86. MALLORD J.W., DOLMAN P.M., BROWN A.F. & SUTHERLAND W.J. 2007. Linking recreational disturbance to population size in a ground-nesting passerin e. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 185-195. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01242.x.
87. MARTENS J., HOPPE D. & WOOG F. 2013. Diet and feeding behaviour of naturalised Amazon parrots in a European city. Ardea 101: 71-76. doi:10.5253/078.101.0111.
88. MARTIN K., AITKEN K.E.H. & WIEBE K.L. 2004. Nest sites and nest web s for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. Condor 106: 5-19. doi:10.1650/7482.
89. MCCARTHY J.M., HEIN C.L., OLDEN J.D. & VANDER ZAND EN M.J. 2006. Coupling long-term studies with meta-analysis to investigate impacts of non-native crayfish on zoobenthic communities. Freshwater Biology 51: 224-235. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01485.x.
90. MCKINN EY M.L. & LOCKWOOD J.L. 1999. Biotic homogenization: A few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14: 450-453. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01679-1.
91. M ONTEMAGGIORI A. 1998. The importance of bird monitoring at airports: the case of Fiumicino, Rome. IBSC24/WP17 Stara Lesna.
92. MORI E., ANCILLOTTO L., MENCHETTI M., ROMEO C. & FERRARI N. 2013b. Italian red squirrels and introduced parakeets: victims or perpetrators Hystrix 24: 195-196.
93. MORI E., DI FEBBRARO M., FORESTA M., MELIS P., ROMANAZZI E., NOTARI A. & BOGGIANO F. 2013a. Assessment of t he current distribution of free-living parrots and parakeets (Aves: Psittaciformes) in Italy: A synthesis of published data and new records. Italian Journal of Zoology 80: 158-167. doi:10.1080/11250003.2012.738713.
94. MOT T D. 1973. Monk parakeet damage to crops in Uruguay and its control. Proceedings Bird Control Seminars 6: 79-81.
95. NAKAGAWA S. & SANTOS E.S.A. 2012. Methodological issues and advances in biological metaanalysis. Evolutionary Ecology 26: 1253-1274. doi:10.1007/s10682-012-9555-5.
96. NEBOT J.C. 1999. First report on the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Venezuela and preliminary observations on its behavior. Ornitologia Neotropical 10: 115-117.
97. NELSON C.B., POMEROY B.S., SCHRALL K., PARK W.E. & LINDEMAN R.J. 1952. An outbreak of conjunctivitis due to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) occurring in p oultry workers. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 42: 672-678. doi:10.2105/AJPH.42.6.672.
98. NEWSON S.E., JOHNSTON A., PARROTT D. & LEECH D.I. 2011. Evaluating the populati on-level impact of an invasive species, ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri, on native avifauna. Ibis 153: 509-516. doi:10.1111/j.1474- 919X.2011.01121.x.
99. NORCONK M.A., GRAFTON B.W. & CONKLIN-BRITTAIN N.L. 1998. Seed dispersal by neotropical seed predators. American Journal of Primatology 45: 103-126. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345 (1998)45:13.0.CO;2-#.
100. NORI J., URBINA-CARDONA J.N., LOYOLA R.D., LESCANO J.N., LEYNAUD G.C. & STOW A. 2011. Climate change and American bullfrog invasion: what could we expect in South America PLoS ONE 6: e25718-. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0025718.
101. ORCHAN Y., CHIRON F., SHWARTZ A. & KARK S. 2012. The complex interaction network among multiple invasive bird species in a cavity-nesting commu nity. Biological Invasions 15: 429-445. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0298-6.
102. ORTIZ-CATEDRAL L., MCINNES K., HAUBER M.E. & BRUNTON D.H. 2009. First report of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild r ed-fronted parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand. Emu 109: 244-247. doi:10.1071/MU09028.
103. PARROT D., ROY S. & FLETCHER M. 2008. The status of scarce non-native Birds and Mammals in England. Central Science Laboratory, Final Report December 2008. (Available at: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/nonnativespecies2). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
104. PEH K.S.H. 2010. Invasive species in Southeast Asia: the knowledge so far. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 1083-1099. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9755-7.
105. POLKANOV A. &GREENE T. 2000. Pest Psittacenes: the rainbowlorikeet inNewZealand. Eclectus 9: 2-5.
106. PRUETT-JONES S. TARVIN K.A. 1998. Monk parakeets in the United States: population growth and regional patterns of distribution. Proceedings 18th Vertebrate Pest Conference University of California, Davis 55-58.
107. RAIDAL S.R. 1997. Bilateral necrotizing pectenitis causing blindness in a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus). Avian Pathology 26: 871-876. doi:10.1080/03079459708419261.
108. RAO G.S. & SHIVANARAYAN N. 1981. Note on the food of nestlings of roseringed parakeets in Hyderabad. Pavo 19: 97-99.
109. REDDY V.R. 1998 a. Bird damage to maize crop on the student's research farm at Rejendranagar, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh. Pavo 36: 77-78.
110. REDDY V.R. 1998 b. Studies on damages to sorghum by the rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri, at Rejendranagar, Hyderabad, Andra Pradesh. Pavo 36: 79-80.
111. RUNDE D.E., PITT W.C. & FOSTER J.T. 2007. Population ecology and some potential impacts of emerging populations of exotic parrots. Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species. Paper 42. (Available at: http://digita lcommons.unl.edu/nwrcinvasive/42). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
112. SCORTECCI G. 1953. Monaco (Myiopsitta monachus). In: Animali: come sono, dove vivono, come vivono. Milano, Italy: Labor Editors.
113. SHELGREN J.H., THOMPSON R.A., PALMER T.K., KEFFER M.O., CLARK D.O. & JOHNSON J. 1975. An evaluation of the pest potential of the Ringnecked Parakeet, Nanday Conure and Canarywinged Parakeet in California. State of California, USA: Depa rtment of Food and Agriculture.
114. SHWARTZ A., STRUBBE D., BUTLER C.J., MATTHYSEN E. & KARK S. 2009. The effect of enemy release and climate conditions on invasive birds: A regional test using the rose-ringed parake et (Psittacula krameri) as a case study. Diversity and Distributions 15: 310-318. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00538.x.
115. SIMBERLOFF D., MARTIN J.L., GENOVESI P., MARIS V., WARDLE D.A., ARONSON J., COURCHAMP F., GALIL B., GARCíA-BERTHOU E., PASCAL M., PYšEK P., SOUSA R., TABACCHI E. & VILǎ M. 2013. Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28: 58-66. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.013.
116. SOL D., SANTOS D.M., CLAVELL J. & CLAVELL J. 1997. Habitat selection by the monk parakeet during colonization of a new area in Spain. The Condor 99: 39-46. doi:10.2307/1370222.
117. SOLDATINI C., GEORGALAS V., TORRICELLI P. & ALBORES-BARAJAS Y.V. 2010. An ecological approach to birdstrike risk analysis. European Journal of Wildlife Research 56: 623-632. doi:10.1007/s10344-009-0359-z.
118. SPANò S. & TRUFFI G. 1986. Il parrocchetto dal collare, Psittacula krame ri, allo stato libero in Europa, con particolare riferimento alle presenze in Italia e primi dati sul pappagallo monaco, Myiopsitta monachus. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 56: 231-239.
119. SPREYER M.R. 1994. Mayor Wa shington's birds: the legendary monk parakeets of Chicago's Hyde Park. Birder's World 8: 40-43.
120. STAFFORD T. 2003. Pest risk assessment for the monk parakeet in Oregon. (Available at: http://www. oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/monkpara.pdf). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
121. START A.N. 1998. Do rainbow lorikeets evict bats Western Australian Naturalist 22: 123-124.
122. STRUBBE D. & MATTHYSEN E. 2007. Invasive ring-necked parakeets Psittacula krameri in Belgium: habitat selection and impact on native birds. Ecography 30: 578-588. doi:10.1111/j.0906- 7590.2007.05096.x.
123. STRUBBE D., MATTHYSEN E. & GRAHAM C.H. 2010. Assessing the potential impact of invasive ringnecked parakeets Psittacula krameri on native nuthatches Sitta europeae in Belgium. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 549-557. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01808.x.
124. STYCHE A. 2008. Distribution and behavioural ecology of the sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita L.) in New Zealand. Dissertation. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.
125. TAYLE UR J.R. 2010. A comparison of the establishment, expansion and potential impacts of two introduced parakeets in the United Kingdom. BOU Proceedings, The Impacts of Non-native Species. (Available at: http://www.bou.org.uk/bouproc-net/non-nat ives/tayleur.pdf). Accessed on 15th July 2013.
126. TILLMAN E.A. GENCHI A.C. LINDSAY J.R. NEWMAN J.R. AVERY M.L. 2004 Evaluation of trapping to reduce monk parakeet populations at electric utility facilities. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 21 126-129.
127. TILLMAN E.A., VAN DOOM A. & AVERY M.L. 2001. Bird damage to tropical fruit in south Florida. Proceedings Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference 9: 47-59.
128. VAN BAEL S. & PRUETT-JONES S. 1996. Exponential population growth of monk parakeets in the United States. The Wilson Bulletin 108: 584-588.
129. VANDER ZANDEN M.J. 2005. The success of animal invaders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 7055-7056. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502549102.
130. VIDAL RODRIGUEZ C. 2004. Situación das aves exóticas asilvestradas en Galicia. Chioglossa 2: 79-87.
131. VILǎ M., ESPINAR J.L., HEJDA M., HULME P.E., JAROšíK V., MARON J.L., PERGL J., SCHAFFNER U., SUN Y. & PYšEK P. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: A meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters 14: 702-708. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x.
132. WALLER D.M. & MAAS L.I. 2013. Do white-tailed deer and the exotic plant garlic mustard interact to affect the growth and persistence of native forest plants Forest Ecology and Management 304: 296-302. doi:10.1016/j.foreco. 2013.05.011.
133. WARD J.M. & RICCIARDI A. 2007. Impacts of Dreissena invasions on benthic macroinvertebrate communities: A meta-analysis. Diversity and Distributions 13: 155- 165. doi:10.1111/j.1472- 4642.2007.00336.x.
134. WEISERBS A. & JACOB J.P. 1999. Etude de la population de perriche jeune-veuve Myiopsitta monachus à Bruxelles. Aves 36: 207-223.
135. WESOOWSKI T. 2007. Lessons from long-term hole-nester studies in a primeval temperate forest. Journal of Ornithology 148: 395-405. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0198-1.
136. WONHAM M. 2006. Species invasions, pp. 209-227. In: Groom M.J. et al., Eds. Principles of conservation biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
137. WRIGHT D. & CLOUT M. 2001. The eastern rosella (Platycercus exymius) in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: DOC Science Internal Series, Department of Conservation.
138. WUNDERLE J.M. 1997. The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecology and Management 99: 223-235. doi:10.1016/S0378- 1127(97)00208-9.
139. YEALLAND J.J. 1958. Cage birds in colour. London, UK: H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd Editions.
140. ZOCCHI A., BATTISTI C. & SANTORO R. 2009. Note sul pappagallo monaco Myiopsitta monachus a Roma (Villa Pamphili). Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 78: 135-137.