"She Deserved It": Effects of Sexism Norms, Type of Violence, and Victim's Pre-Assault Behavior on Blame Attributions Toward Female Victims and Approval of the Aggressor's Behavior

Violence Against Women

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 446-464

  Koepke, Sabrina ^b   Eyssel, Friederike ^a   Bohner, Gerd ^a  

^a BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b University of Bielefeld ^*

Author keywords

ambivalent sexism; feminine gender role stereotypes; sexual and non sexual violence; social norms; victim behavior

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ATTITUDE; CRIME VICTIM; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; PARTNER VIOLENCE; PERCEPTION; RAPE; SEXISM; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STEREOTYPING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; CRIME VICTIMS; CULTURE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; RAPE; SEXISM; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SPOUSE ABUSE; STEREOTYPING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84899451905     PISSN: 10778012     EISSN: 15528448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1077801214528581     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Abrams D.,Viki G. T.,Masser B.,Bohner G.Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:111-125.
2. Bohner G.,Ahlborn K.,Steiner R.How sexy are sexist men? Women's perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory.Sex Roles. 2010;62:568-582.
3. Bohner G.,Jarvis C. I.,Eyssel F.,Siebler F.The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: Comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2005;35:819-828.
4. Bohner G.,Pina A.,Viki G. T.,Siebler F.Using social norms to reduce men's rape proclivity: Perceived rape myth acceptance of out-groups may be more influential than that of in-groups.Psychology, Crime & Law. 2010;16:671-693.
5. Bohner G.,Reinhard M.-A.,Rutz S.,Sturm S.,Kerschbaum B.,Effler D.Rape myths as neutralizing cognitions: Evidence for a causal impact of anti-victim attitudes on men's self-reported likelihood of raping.European Journal of Social Psychology. 1998;28:257-268.
6. Bohner G.,Siebler F.,Schmelcher J.Social norms and the likelihood of raping: Perceived rape myth acceptance of others affects men's rape proclivity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2006;32:286-297.
7. Cialdini R. B.,Trost M. R.The handbook of social psychology. 1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In GilbertD. T.FiskeS. T.GardnerL. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 4th ed., pp. 151-192). New York: Oxford University Press.Gilbert D. T.Fiske S. T.Gardner L., ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998:151-192.
8. Daly M.,Wilson M.Homicide. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyer; 1988:.
9. Daly M.,Wilson M.Rethinking violence against women. Dobash R. E.Dobash R. P., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 1998:199-230.
10. Eckes T.Features of men, features of women: Assessing stereotypic beliefs about gender subtypes.British Journal of Social Psychology. 1994;33:107-123.
11. Eckes T.,Six-Materna I.Hostilität und Benevolenz: Eine Skala zur Erfassung des ambivalenten Sexismus.Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie. 1999;30:211-228.
12. Eyssel F.,Bohner G.,Siebler F.Perceived rape myth acceptance of others predicts rape proclivity: Social norm or judgmental anchoring?.Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2006;65:93-99.
13. Gentemann K. M.Wife beating: Attitudes of a non-clinical population.Victimology. 1984;9:109-119.
14. Gerger H.,Kley H.,Bohner G.,Siebler F.The acceptance of modern myths about Sexual Aggression Scale: Development and validation in German and English.Aggressive Behavior. 2007;33:422-440.
15. Glick P.Social comparison and social psychology. Guimond S., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006:283-302.
16. Glick P.,Diebold J.,Bailey-Werner B.,Zhu L.The two faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes toward women.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1997;23:1323-1334.
17. Glick P.,Fiske S. T.The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70:491-512.
18. Glick P.,Fiske S. T.,Mladinic A.,Saiz J.,Abrams D.,Masser B., et al.Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2000;79:763-775.
19. Glick P.,Sakalli{dotless}-Uǧurlu N.,Ferreira M. C.,de Souza M. A.Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward wife abuse in Turkey and Brazil.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2002;26:292-297.
20. Graham D. L. R.,Rawlings E. I.The psychology of sexual victimization: A handbook. Paludi M. A., ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood; 1999:55-94.
21. Groth A. N.,Burgess W.,Holmstrom L. L.Rape: Power, anger, and sexuality.The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1977;134:1239-1243.
22. Heise L.,Ellsberg M.,Gottemoeller M.Ending violence against women. 1999 1999;:.
23. Hillier L.,Foddy M.The role of observer attitudes in judgments of blame in cases of wife assault.Sex Roles. 1993;29:629-644.
24. Krahé B.Die Zuschreibung von Verantwortlichkeit nach Vergewaltigungen: Opfer und Täter im Dickicht der attributionstheoretischen Forschung.Psychologische Rundschau. 1985;36:67-82.
25. Marin A. J.,Russo N. F.What causes men's violence against women?. Harway M.Neil J. M. O', ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 1999:18-35.
26. Masser B.,Viki G. T.,Power C.Hostile sexism and rape proclivity amongst men.Sex Roles. 2006;54:565-574.
27. Michaelis U.,Bohner G. Symposium presentation at the 14th General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology; 2005Würzburg, Germany; 2005.
28. Pollard P.Judgements about victims and attackers in depicted rapes: A review.British Journal of Social Psychology. 1992;31:307-326.
29. Rozee P. D.Forbidden or forgiven? Rape in cross-cultural perspective.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1993;17:499-514.
30. Sakalli{dotless}-Uǧurlu N.Beliefs about wife beating among Turkish college students: The effects of patriarchy, sexism, and sex differences.Sex Roles. 2001;44:599-610.
31. Saunders D.,Size P.Attitudes about woman abuse among police officers, victims, and victim advocates.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 1986;1:25-42.
32. Sibley C. G.,Wilson M. S.Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes toward positive and negative sexual female subtypes.Sex Roles. 2004;51:687-696.
33. Six B.,Eckes T.A closer look at the complex structure of gender stereotypes.Sex Roles. 1991;24:57-71.
34. Viki G. T.,Abrams D.Against their will: Benevolent sexism and rape victims.Relational Justice Bulletin. 2002a;15:4-5.
35. Viki G. T.,Abrams D.But she was unfaithful: Benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations.Sex Roles. 2002b;47:289-293.
36. Whatley M. A.Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims: A meta-analysis.Aggression and Violent Behavior. 1996;1:81-95.
37. Whatley M. A.The effect of participant sex, victim dress, and traditional attitudes on causal judgments for marital rape victims.Journal of Family Violence. 2005;20:191-200.
38. Wilson M. I.,Johnson H.,Daly M.Lethal and nonlethal violence against wives.Canadian Journal of Criminology. 1995;37:331-336.