Narcolepsy, 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic influenza, and pandemic influenza vaccinations: What is known and unknown about the neurological disorder, the role for autoimmunity, and vaccine adjuvants

Journal of Autoimmunity

Volumn 50, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-11

  Ahmed, S Sohail ^a   Schur, Peter H ^b   MacDonald, Noni E ^c   Steinman, Lawrence ^d  

^a NOVARTIS VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS   (Italy)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjuvants; Autoimmune disease; H1N1 infection; Molecular mimicry; Narcolepsy; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

AS 03; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; INACTIVATED VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE; MIFAMURTIDE; OREXIN; PHOSPHORYL LIPID A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASO3B ADJUVANT; DRUG COMBINATION; MF59 OIL EMULSION; POLYSORBATE; SQUALENE; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA; ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA; AUTOIMMUNITY; CATAPLEXY; CELL DAMAGE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHAGAS DISEASE; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DROWSINESS; DRUG SAFETY; EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS; EYE MALFORMATION; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFECTION; INFLUENZA VACCINATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LYME DISEASE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYOCARDITIS; NARCOLEPSY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; NONHUMAN; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATIC FEVER; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SPONDYLARTHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; VIRUS INACTIVATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; BLOOD; CANADA; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; CHEMISTRY; DRUG COMBINATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EUROPE; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; PANDEMICS; PATHOGENICITY; VACCINATION;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; ANTIGENS, VIRAL; AUTOIMMUNITY; CANADA; DRUG COMBINATIONS; EUROPE; HUMANS; INFLUENZA A VIRUS, H1N1 SUBTYPE; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; NARCOLEPSY; PANDEMICS; POLYSORBATES; SQUALENE; VACCINATION;

EID: 84899102996     PISSN: 08968411     EISSN: 10959157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.033     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control Enhanced monitoring of vaccine safety for 2009 pandemic vaccines 2013 February 27, Available from: URL:. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/pandemic_preparedness/2009_pandemic_vaccines/Pages/vaccine-safety.aspx.
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approved products: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent 2010 January 15, U S Department of Health & Human Services, Available from:. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm181950.htm.
3. Kendal A.P., MacDonald N.E. Influenza pandemic planning and performance in Canada, 2009. Can J Public Health 2010 November, 101(6):447-453.
4. GlaxoSmithKline Inc Drugs and health products: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic monovalent vaccine (without adjuvant) 2013 June 24, Health Canada, Available from:. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/legislation/interimorders-arretesurgence/prodinfo-vaccin-na-eng.php.
5. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Narcolepsy in association with pandemic influenza vaccination (a multi-country European epidemiological investigation). Stockholm 2012 Sep, Available from:. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/vaesco%20report%20final%20with%20cover.pdf.
6. Ahmed S.S., Plotkin S.A., Black S., Coffman R.L. Assessing the safety of adjuvanted vaccines. Sci Transl Med 2011 July 27, 3(93):93rv2.
7. Andrews N., Stowe J., Miller E., Svanstrom H., Johansen K., Bonhoeffer J., et al. Acollaborative approach to investigating the risk of thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in England and Denmark. Vaccine 2012 April 19, 30(19):3042-3046.
8. Chen R.T., Glasser J.W., Rhodes P.H., Davis R.L., Barlow W.E., Thompson R.S., et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink project: a new tool for improving vaccine safety monitoring in the United States. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Pediatrics 1997 June, 99(6):765-773.
9. ECDC in collaboration with the VAESCO consortium to develop a complementary tool for vaccine safety monitoring in Europe. Euro Surveill 2009 September 10, 14(39). Eurosurveillance editorial team.
10. Lakemedelsverket Medical Products Agency The MPA investigates reports of narcolepsy in patients vaccinated with Pandemrix 2010 August 18, Available from:. http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2010/The-MPA-investigates-reports-of-narcolepsy-in-patients-vaccinated-with-Pandemrix/.
11. Nohynek H., Jokinen J., Partinen M., Vaarala O., Kirjavainen T., Sundman J., et al. AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland. PLoS One 2012, 7(3):e33536.
12. Partinen M., Saarenpaa-Heikkila O., Ilveskoski I., Hublin C., Linna M., Olsen P., et al. Increased incidence and clinical picture of childhood narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaign in Finland. PLoS One 2012, 7(3):e33723.
13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Association of receipt of Pandemrix and narcolepsy in children and adolescents in the UK (England) 2013 March 18, Available from:. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/sciadvice/Lists/ECDC%2520Reviews/ECDC_DispForm.aspx?List=512ff74f%252D77d4%252D4ad8%252Db6d6%252Dbf0f23083f30&ID=1312&RootFolder=%252Fen%252Factivities%252Fsciadvice%252FLists%252FECDC%2520Reviews.
14. Miller E., Andrews N., Stellitano L., Stowe J., Winstone A.M., Shneerson J., et al. Risk of narcolepsy in children and young people receiving AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine: retrospective analysis. Br Med J 2013, 346:f794.
15. Persson I., Feltelius N. Registry study confirms increased risk of narcolepsy after vaccination with Pandemrix in children and adolescents and shows an increased risk in young adults 2013 March 26, Lakemedelsverket Medical Products Agency, Available from:. http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/english/All-news/NYHETER-2013/Registry-study-confirms-increased-risk-of-narcolepsy-after-vaccination-with-Pandemrix-in-children-and-adolescents-and-shows-an-increased-risk-in-young-adults/.
16. Szakacs A., Darin N., Hallbook T. Increased childhood incidence of narcolepsy in western Sweden after H1N1 influenza vaccination. Neurology 2013 April 2, 80(14):1315-1321.
17. Barker C.I., Snape M.D. Pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccines and narcolepsy: vaccine safety surveillance in action. Lancet Infect Dis 2013 Dec 18, pii: S1473-3099(13)70238-X. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70238-X.
18. Ando R., Kelland K. GSK flu shot may raise adult narcolepsy risk: Finnish scientists 2013 May 23, Reuters, Available from:. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/23/us-gsk-vaccine-narcolepsy-idUSBRE94M0FJ20130523.
19. Jokinen J., Nohynek H. Increased risk of narcolepsy observed also among adults vaccinated with Pandemrix in Finland 2013 May 23, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland, Available from:. http://www.thl.fi/doc/en/33516.
20. Luca G., Haba-Rubio J., Dauvilliers Y., Lammers G.J., Overeem S., Donjacour C.E., et al. Clinical, polysomnographic and genome-wide association analyses of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a European Narcolepsy Network study. JSleep Res 2013 October, 22(5):482-495. Epub 2013 Mar 18. 10.1111/jsr.12044.
21. Nishino S., Ripley B., Overeem S., Lammers G.J., Mignot E. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000 January 1, 355(9197):39-40.
22. Singh A.K., Mahlios J., Mignot E. Genetic association, seasonal infections and autoimmune basis of narcolepsy. JAutoimmun 2013 June, 43:26-31. Epub 2013 Mar 13. 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.02.003.
23. Mignot E. Ahundred years of narcolepsy research. Arch Ital Biol 2001 April, 139(3):207-220.
24. Lancet communication Narcolepsy 1888 Jan 28, Report No.: 131.
25. Peyron C., Faraco J., Rogers W., Ripley B., Overeem S., Charnay Y., et al. Amutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med 2000 September, 6(9):991-997.
26. Longstreth W.T., Koepsell T.D., Ton T.G., Hendrickson A.F., van B.G. The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep 2007 January, 30(1):13-26.
27. Silber M.H., Krahn L.E., Olson E.J., Pankratz V.S. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep 2002 March 15, 25(2):197-202.
28. Shin Y.K., Yoon I.Y., Han E.K., No Y.M., Hong M.C., Yun Y.D., et al. Prevalence of narcolepsy-cataplexy in Korean adolescents. Acta Neurol Scand 2008 April, 117(4):273-278.
29. Han F., Lin L., Li J., Aran A., Dong S.X., An P., et al. Presentations of primary hypersomnia in Chinese children. Sleep 2011 May, 34(5):627-632.
30. Morrish E., King M.A., Smith I.E., Shneerson J.M. Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2004 January, 5(1):37-41.
31. Nevsimalova S. Narcolepsy in childhood. Sleep Med Rev 2009 April, 13(2):169-180.
32. Han F., Lin L., Warby S.C., Faraco J., Li J., Dong S.X., et al. Narcolepsy onset is seasonal and increased following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in China. Ann Neurol 2011 September, 70(3):410-417.
33. Han F., Lin L., Li J., Dong X.S., Mignot E. Decreased incidence of childhood narcolepsy 2 years after the 2009 H1N1 winter flu pandemic. Ann Neurol 2012 November 9, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1002/ana.23799.
34. Picchioni D., Hope C.R., Harsh J.R. Acase-control study of the environmental risk factors for narcolepsy. Neuroepidemiology 2007, 29(3-4):185-192.
35. Graus F., Saiz A., Dalmau J. Antibodies and neuronal autoimmune disorders of the CNS. JNeurol 2010 April, 257(4):509-517.
36. Rose N.R., Bona C. Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited). Immunol Today 1993 September, 14(9):426-430.
37. De la Herran-Arita A.K., Kornum B.R., Mahlios J., Jiang W., Lin L., Hou T., et al. CD4+ T cell autoimmunity to Hypocretin/Orexin and cross-reactivity to a 2009 H1N1 influenza a epitope in narcolepsy. Sci Transl Med 2013 December 18, 5(216). 216ra176.
38. Hallmayer J., Faraco J., Lin L., Hesselson S., Winkelmann J., Kawashima M., et al. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the T-cell receptor alpha locus. Nat Genet 2009 June, 41(6):708-711.
39. Mignot E., Lin L., Rogers W., Honda Y., Qiu X., Lin X., et al. Complex HLA-DR and -DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups. Am J Hum Genet 2001 March, 68(3):686-699.
40. Hor H., Kutalik Z., Dauvilliers Y., Valsesia A., Lammers G.J., Donjacour C.E., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new HLA class II haplotypes strongly protective against narcolepsy. Nat Genet 2010 September, 42(9):786-789.
41. Kelland K. Insight: GSK vaccine ingredient scrutinized for narcolepsy clues 2013 February 8, Reuters, Available from:. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/08/us-narcolepsy-vaccine-adjuvant-idUSBRE91708V20130208.
42. Baxter A.G. The origin and application of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Rev Immunol 2007 November, 7(11):904-912.
43. Palese P., Ritchey M.B., Schulman J.L., Kilbourne E.D. Genetic composition of a high-yielding influenza A virus recombinant: a vaccine strain against "Swine" influenza. Science 1976 October 15, 194(4262):334-335.
44. Wraith D.C., Goldman M., Lambert P.H. Vaccination and autoimmune disease: what is the evidence?. Lancet 2003 November 15, 362(9396):1659-1666.
45. Baxter R., Bakshi N., Fireman B., Lewis E., Ray P., Vellozzi C., et al. Lack of association of guillain-barre syndrome with vaccinations. Clin Infect Dis 2013 July, 57(2):197-204.
46. Salmon D.A., Halsey N.A. Editorial commentary: guillain-barre syndrome and vaccinations. Clin Infect Dis 2013 July, 57(2):205-207.
47. Ellis R., Rappuoli R., Ahmed S. Technologies for making new vaccines. Vaccines 2013, 1182-1199. Elsevier/Saunders, Edinburgh. 6th ed. S.A. Plotkin, W.A. Orenstein, P.A. Offit (Eds.).
48. Plotkin S.A. Vaccines: the fourth century. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009 December, 16(12):1709-1719.
49. Leitner W.W., Ying H., Restifo N.P. DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects. Vaccine 1999 December 10, 18(9-10):765-777.
50. Geall A.J., Verma A., Otten G.R., Shaw C.A., Hekele A., Banerjee K., et al. Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 September 4, 109(36):14604-14609.
51. Kutzler M.A., Weiner D.B. DNA vaccines: ready for prime time?. Nat Rev Genet 2008 October, 9(10):776-788.
52. Ferraro B., Morrow M.P., Hutnick N.A., Shin T.H., Lucke C.E., Weiner D.B. Clinical applications of DNA vaccines: current progress. Clin Infect Dis 2011 August 1, 53(3):296-302.
53. Lambe T. Novel viral vectored vaccines for the prevention of influenza. Mol Med 2012, 18:1153-1160.
54. Delogu L.G., Deidda S., Delitala G., Manetti R. Infectious diseases and autoimmunity. JInfect Dev Ctries 2011 October, 5(10):679-687.
55. Rose N.R. The role of infection in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Semin Immunol 1998 February, 10(1):5-13.
56. Wucherpfennig K.W., Catz I., Hausmann S., Strominger J.L., Steinman L., Warren K.G. Recognition of the immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide by autoantibodies and HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones from multiple sclerosis patients. Identity of key contact residues in the B-cell and T-cell epitopes. JClin Invest 1997 September 1, 100(5):1114-1122.
57. Steinman L., Oldstone M.B. More mayhem from molecular mimics. Nat Med 1997 December, 3(12):1321-1322.
58. Ruiz P.J., Garren H., Hirschberg D.L., Langer-Gould A.M., Levite M., Karpuj M.V., et al. Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JExp Med 1999 April 19, 189(8):1275-1284.
59. Bach J.F. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. NEngl J Med 2002 September 19, 347(12):911-920.
60. Garcon N., Segal L., Tavares F., Van M.M. The safety evaluation of adjuvants during vaccine development: the AS04 experience. Vaccine 2011 June 15, 29(27):4453-4459.
61. Pellegrini M., Nicolay U., Lindert K., Groth N., Della C.G. MF59-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: integrated analysis from a large safety database. Vaccine 2009 November 16, 27(49):6959-6965.
62. Roman F., Vaman T., Kafeja F., Hanon E., Van D.P. AS03(A)-Adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine for adults up to 85 years of age. Clin Infect Dis 2010 September 15, 51(6):668-677.
63. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals Fendrix: EPAR - product information 2013 February 23, Available from:. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000550/WC500021704.pdf.
64. Tsai T., Del G.G., Crucitti A., Weil J., Narasimhan V. Is the adjuvant solely to blame?. Br Med J 2013, 346:f2375.
65. Dormitzer P.R., Galli G., Castellino F., Golding H., Khurana S., Del G.G., et al. Influenza vaccine immunology. Immunol Rev 2011 January, 239(1):167-177.
66. Khurana S., Verma N., Yewdell J.W., Hilbert A.K., Castellino F., Lattanzi M., et al. MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines. Sci Transl Med 2011 June 1, 3(85). 85ra48.
67. Vesikari T., Pellegrini M., Karvonen A., Groth N., Borkowski A., O'Hagan D.T., et al. Enhanced immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccines in young children using MF59 adjuvant. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009 July, 28(7):563-571.
68. Targonski P.V., Jacobson R.M., Poland G.A. Immunosenescence: role and measurement in influenza vaccine response among the elderly. Vaccine 2007 April 20, 25(16):3066-3069.
69. McElhaney J.E., Beran J., Devaster J.M., Esen M., Launay O., Leroux-Roels G., et al. AS03-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal influenza in elderly people: a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013 June, 13(6):485-496. Epub 2013 Mar 19. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70046-X.
70. Ledgerwood J.E. AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly people. Lancet Infect Dis 2013 June, 13(6):466-467. Epub 2013 Mar 19. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70038-0.
71. Heikkinen T., Young J., van B.E., Franke H., Verstraeten T., Weil J.G., et al. Safety of MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: a comparative cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012 September, 207(3):177-178.
72. Rubinstein F., Micone P., Bonotti A., Wainer V., Schwarcz A., Augustovski F., et al. Influenza A/H1N1 MF59 adjuvanted vaccine in pregnant women and adverse perinatal outcomes: multicentre study. Br Med J 2013, 346:f393.
73. Tavares F., Nazareth I., Monegal J.S., Kolte I., Verstraeten T., Bauchau V. Pregnancy and safety outcomes in women vaccinated with an AS03-adjuvanted split virion H1N1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccine during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Vaccine 2011 August 26, 29(37):6358-6365.
74. Mutsch M., Zhou W., Rhodes P., Bopp M., Chen R.T., Linder T., et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. NEngl J Med 2004 February 26, 350(9):896-903.
75. Greco A., Gallo A., Fusconi M., Marinelli C., Macri G.F., de V.M. Bell's palsy and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012 December, 12(2):323-328.
76. Couch R.B. Nasal vaccination, Escherichia coli enterotoxin, and Bell's palsy. NEngl J Med 2004 February 26, 350(9):860-861.
77. Stojanovich L. Influenza vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Dev Immunol 2006 June, 13(2-4):373-375.
78. Hemauer A., Beckenlehner K., Wolf H., Lang B., Modrow S. Acute parvovirus B19 infection in connection with a flare of systemic lupus erythematodes in a female patient. JClin Virol 1999 September, 14(1):73-77.
79. Brodman R., Gilfillan R., Glass D., Schur P.H. Influenzal vaccine response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1978 June, 88(6):735-740.
80. Milanovic M., Stojanovich L., Djokovic A., Kontic M., Gvozdenovic E. Influenza vaccination in autoimmune rheumatic disease patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 2013, 229(1):29-34.
81. Gabay C., Bel M., Combescure C., Ribi C., Meier S., Posfay-Barbe K., et al. Impact of synthetic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on antibody responses to the AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine: a prospective, open-label, parallel-cohort, single-center study. Arthritis Rheum 2011 June, 63(6):1486-1496.
82. Dell'Era L., Corona F., Daleno C., Scala A., Principi N., Esposito S. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Vaccine 2012 January 20, 30(5):936-940.
83. Elkayam O., Amir S., Mendelson E., Schwaber M., Grotto I., Wollman J., et al. Efficacy and safety of vaccination against pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus among patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Care Res Hob 2011 July, 63(7):1062-1067.
84. Durando P., Icardi G., Ansaldi F. MF59-adjuvanted vaccine: a safe and useful tool to enhance and broaden protection against seasonal influenza viruses in subjects at risk. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010 April, 10(4):639-651.
85. Esposito S., Pugni L., Daleno C., Ronchi A., Valzano A., Serra D., et al. Influenza A/H1N1 MF59-adjuvanted vaccine in preterm and term children aged 6 to 23 months. Pediatrics 2011 May, 127(5):e1161-e1168.
86. Vesikari T., Groth N., Karvonen A., Borkowski A., Pellegrini M. MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (FLUAD) in children: safety and immunogenicity following a second year seasonal vaccination. Vaccine 2009 October 23, 27(45):6291-6295.
87. Esposito S., Principi N. Different influenza vaccine formulations and adjuvants for childhood influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2011 October 6, 29(43):7535-7541.
88. Kirvan C.A., Swedo S.E., Kurahara D., Cunningham M.W. Streptococcal mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in the pathogenesis of Sydenham's chorea. Autoimmunity 2006 February, 39(1):21-29.
89. Dale R.C., Church A.J., Cardoso F., Goddard E., Cox T.C., Chong W.K., et al. Poststreptococcal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with basal ganglia involvement and auto-reactive antibasal ganglia antibodies. Ann Neurol 2001 November, 50(5):588-595.
90. Rose N.R., Mackay I.R. Molecular mimicry: a critical look at exemplary instances in human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000 April, 57(4):542-551.
91. Wu S., Yang P., Li H., Ma C., Zhang Y., Wang Q. Influenza vaccination coverage rates among adults before and after the 2009 influenza pandemic and the reasons for non-vaccination in Beijing, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:636.
92. Wang X., Yang P., Seale H., Zhang Y., Deng Y., Pang X., et al. Estimates of the true number of cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Beijing, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 November, 16(11):1786-1788.
93. Hickling J., D'Hondt E. Areview of production technologies for influenza virus vaccine, and their suitability for deployment in developing countries for influenza pandemic preparedness 2006 Dec 20, World Health Organization Initiative for Vaccine Research, Geneva, Switzerland, Available from:. http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/5302692/a-review-of-production-technologies-for-world-health-organization.
94. Tsai T.F. MF59 adjuvanted seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. Yakugaku Zasshi 2011, 131(12):1733-1741.
95. Leroux-Roels G. Unmet needs in modern vaccinology: adjuvants to improve the immune response. Vaccine 2010 August 31, 28(Suppl.3):C25-C36.
96. Braun L.J., Eldridge A.M., Cummiskey J., Arthur K.K., Wuttke D.S. The role of adjuvant in mediating antigen structure and stability. JPharm Sci 2012 April, 101(4):1391-1399.
97. Garcon N., Chomez P., Van M.M. GlaxoSmithKline adjuvant systems in vaccines: concepts, achievements and perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007 October, 6(5):723-739.
98. O'Hagan D.T., Ott G.S., De G.E., Seubert A. The mechanism of action of MF59-an innately attractive adjuvant formulation. Vaccine 2012 June 19, 30(29):4341-4348.
99. Morel S., Didierlaurent A., Bourguignon P., Delhaye S., Baras B., Jacob V., et al. Adjuvant system AS03 containing alpha-tocopherol modulates innate immune response and leads to improved adaptive immunity. Vaccine 2011 March 16, 29(13):2461-2473.
100. Vilensky J.A., Foley P., Gilman S. Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review. Pediatr Neurol 2007 August, 37(2):79-84.
101. Alexander J.B. Cases resembling encephalitis lethargica occurring during the influenza epidemic. Br Med J 1919 June 28, 1(3052):794-795.
102. Von Economo C. Die encephalitis lethargica 1918, Franz Deuticke, Leipzig.
103. Brasher C.W., Caldwell J.R., Coombe E.J. Areport on two cases of encephalitis lethargica. Br Med J 1919 June 14, 1(3050):733-734.
104. Buzzard E.F. Encephalitis lethargica. Proc R Soc Med 1919, 12:56-64. (Neurol Sect).
105. Hunter C. The late dequelae of encephalitis lethargica and of influenza. Can Med Assoc J 1931 June, 24(6):828-830.
106. McCall S., Vilensky J.A., Gilman S., Taubenberger J.K. The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and influenza: a critical analysis. JNeurovirol 2008 May, 14(3):177-185.
107. Foley P.B. Encephalitis lethargica and the influenza virus. II. The influenza pandemic of 1918/19 and encephalitis lethargica: epidemiology and symptoms. JNeural Transm 2009 October, 116(10):1295-1308.
108. Maurizi C.P. Influenza caused epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica): the circumstantial evidence and a challenge to the nonbelievers. Med Hypotheses 2010 May, 74(5):798-801.
109. Lakemedelsverket Medical Products Agency Occurrence of narcolepsy with cataplexy among children and adolescents in relation to the H1N1 pandemic and Pandemrix vaccinations - results of a case inventory study by the MPA in Sweden during 2009-2010. Sweden 2011 Jun 30, Available from:. http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/nyheter/2011/Fallinventeringsrapport_pandermrix_110630.pdf.
110. O'Flanagan D., Bonner C., Crowe C., Lynch B., Sweeney B., Gilvarry J., et al. Investigation of an increase in the incidence of narcolepsy in children and adolescents in 2009 and 2010 2012 Apr 19, Available from:. http://healthupdate.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Final_Report_of_National_Narcolepsy_Study_Steering_Committee-latest1.pdf.
111. Heier M.S., Gautvik K.M., Wannag E., Bronder K.H., Midtlyng E., Kamaleri Y., et al. Incidence of narcolepsy in Norwegian children and adolescents after vaccination against H1N1 influenza A. Sleep Med 2013 September, 14(9):867-871.
112. Dauvilliers Y., Arnulf I., Lecendreux M., Monaca C.C., Franco P., Drouot X., et al. Increased risk of narcolepsy in children and adults after pandemic H1N1 vaccination in France. Brain 2013 August, 136(Pt 8):2486-2496.
113. Steinman L. Multiple sclerosis: a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system. Cell 1996 May 3, 85(3):299-302.
114. Challoner P.B., Smith K.T., Parker J.D., MacLeod D.L., Coulter S.N., Rose T.M., et al. Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995 August 1, 92(16):7440-7444.
115. Aspinall G.O., Fujimoto S., McDonald A.G., Pang H., Kurjanczyk L.A., Penner J.L. Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome patients mimic human gangliosides in structure. Infect Immun 1994 May, 62(5):2122-2125.
116. Ang C.W., Tio-Gillen A.P., Groen J., Herbrink P., Jacobs B.C., Van K.R., et al. Cross-reactive anti-galactocerebroside antibodies and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Guillain-Barre syndrome. JNeuroimmunol 2002 September, 130(1-2):179-183.
117. Pak C.Y., Eun H.M., McArthur R.G., Yoon J.W. Association of cytomegalovirus infection with autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Lancet 1988 July 2, 2(8601):1-4.
118. Fairweather D., Rose N.R. Type 1 diabetes: virus infection or autoimmune disease?. Nat Immunol 2002 April, 3(4):338-340.
119. Steere A.C., Schoen R.T., Taylor E. The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1987 November, 107(5):725-731.
120. Nocton J.J., Dressler F., Rutledge B.J., Rys P.N., Persing D.H., Steere A.C. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. NEngl J Med 1994 January 27, 330(4):229-234.
121. Pereira J.B., Wilcox H.P., Coura J.R. The evolution of chronic chagasic cardiopathy. I. The influence of parasitemia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1992 April, 25(2):101-108.
122. Elias F.E., Vigliano C.A., Laguens R.P., Levin M.J., Berek C. Analysis of the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in the heart tissue of three patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 February, 68(2):242-247.