메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue , 2014, Pages

Immune privilege of the CNS is not the consequence of limited antigen sampling

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; ENHANCED GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; HYBRID PROTEIN; OVALBUMIN;

EID: 84898900858     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20452322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/srep04422     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 51449093523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensing the microenvironment of the central nervous system: Immune cells in the central nervous system and their pharmacological manipulation
    • Fabry, Z., Schreiber, H. A., Harris, M. G. & Sandor, M. Sensing the microenvironment of the central nervous system: immune cells in the central nervous system and their pharmacological manipulation. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 8, 496-507 (2008).
    • (2008) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. , vol.8 , pp. 496-507
    • Fabry, Z.1    Schreiber, H.A.2    Harris, M.G.3    Sandor, M.4
  • 2
    • 33744968445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking ignorance: The case of the brain
    • Wekerle, H. Breaking ignorance: the case of the brain. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 305, 25-50 (2006).
    • (2006) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.305 , pp. 25-50
    • Wekerle, H.1
  • 4
    • 0037816192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: Evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus andmeninges via P-selectin
    • Kivisakk, P. et al. Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus andmeninges via P-selectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 8389-8394 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.100 , pp. 8389-8394
    • Kivisakk, P.1
  • 5
    • 84866364390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system
    • Ransohoff, R. M. & Engelhardt, B. The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 12, 623-635 (2012).
    • (2012) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 623-635
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1    Engelhardt, B.2
  • 6
    • 56749180605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer: The penalty for success
    • Caspi, R. R. Immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer: the penalty for success. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 970-976 (2008).
    • (2008) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 970-976
    • Caspi, R.R.1
  • 7
    • 22844439662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis
    • Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B. K. & Tyler, K. L. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 369-374 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 369-374
    • Kleinschmidt-Demasters, B.K.1    Tyler, K.L.2
  • 8
    • 22844445230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab
    • Langer-Gould, A., Atlas, S. W., Green, A. J., Bollen, A. W. & Pelletier, D. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 375-381 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 375-381
    • Langer-Gould, A.1    Atlas, S.W.2    Green, A.J.3    Bollen, A.W.4    Pelletier, D.5
  • 9
    • 22844445587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease
    • Van Assche, G. et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 362-368 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 362-368
    • Van Assche, G.1
  • 10
    • 0026476657 scopus 로고
    • Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: A new view
    • Cserr, H. F. & Knopf, P. M. Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view. Immunol. Today 13, 507-512 (1992).
    • (1992) Immunol. Today , vol.13 , pp. 507-512
    • Cserr, H.F.1    Knopf, P.M.2
  • 11
    • 0025991901 scopus 로고
    • Myelin basic protein infused into cerebrospinal fluid suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Harling-Berg, C. J., Knopf, P. M. & Cserr, H. F. Myelin basic protein infused into cerebrospinal fluid suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 35, 45-51 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.35 , pp. 45-51
    • Harling-Berg, C.J.1    Knopf, P.M.2    Cserr, H.F.3
  • 12
    • 0024441028 scopus 로고
    • Role of cervical lymph nodes in the systemic humoral immune response to human serum albumin microinfused into rat cerebrospinal fluid
    • Harling-Berg, C., Knopf, P. M., Merriam, J. & Cserr, H. F. Role of cervical lymph nodes in the systemic humoral immune response to human serum albumin microinfused into rat cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neuroimmunol. 25, 185-193 (1989).
    • (1989) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.25 , pp. 185-193
    • Harling-Berg, C.1    Knopf, P.M.2    Merriam, J.3    Cserr, H.F.4
  • 13
    • 4043144986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells
    • Karman, J., Ling, C., Sandor, M. & Fabry, Z. Initiation of immune responses in brain is promoted by local dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 173, 2353-2361 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Immunol. , vol.173 , pp. 2353-2361
    • Karman, J.1    Ling, C.2    Sandor, M.3    Fabry, Z.4
  • 14
    • 0142075723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ processing and distribution of intracerebrally injected OVA in the CNS
    • Ling, C., Sandor, M. & Fabry, Z. In situ processing and distribution of intracerebrally injected OVA in the CNS. J. Neuroimmunol. 141, 90-98 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.141 , pp. 90-98
    • Ling, C.1    Sandor, M.2    Fabry, Z.3
  • 15
    • 58149400142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracerebral dendritic cells critically modulate encephalitogenic versus regulatory immune responses in the CNS
    • Zozulya, A. L. et al. Intracerebral dendritic cells critically modulate encephalitogenic versus regulatory immune responses in the CNS. J. Neurosci. 29, 140-152 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Neurosci. , vol.29 , pp. 140-152
    • Zozulya, A.L.1
  • 16
    • 0035155254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system
    • Hickey, W. F. Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system. Glia 36, 118-124 (2001).
    • (2001) Glia , vol.36 , pp. 118-124
    • Hickey, W.F.1
  • 17
    • 84882273124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drainage of cells and soluble antigen from the CNS to regional lymph nodes
    • Laman, J.D.& Weller, R. O. Drainage of cells and soluble antigen from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 8, 840-856 (2013).
    • (2013) J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. , vol.8 , pp. 840-856
    • Laman, J.D.1    Weller, R.O.2
  • 18
    • 0000517316 scopus 로고
    • Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit
    • Bradbury, M. W., Cserr, H. F. & Westrop, R. J. Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit. Am. J. Physiol. 240, F329-336 (1981).
    • (1981) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.240
    • Bradbury, M.W.1    Cserr, H.F.2    Westrop, R.J.3
  • 19
    • 30444445129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes
    • Hatterer, E. et al. How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes. Blood 107, 806-812 (2006).
    • (2006) Blood , vol.107 , pp. 806-812
    • Hatterer, E.1
  • 20
    • 0025992189 scopus 로고
    • Albumin outflow into deep cervical lymph from different regions of rabbit brain
    • Yamada, S., DePasquale, M., Patlak, C. S. & Cserr, H. F. Albumin outflow into deep cervical lymph from different regions of rabbit brain. Am. J. Physiol. 261, H1197-1204 (1991).
    • (1991) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.261
    • Yamada, S.1    Depasquale, M.2    Patlak, C.S.3    Cserr, H.F.4
  • 21
    • 0036469299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteolipid promoter activity distinguishes two populations of NG2-positive cells throughout neonatal cortical development
    • Mallon, B. S., Shick, H. E., Kidd, G. J. & Macklin, W. B. Proteolipid promoter activity distinguishes two populations of NG2-positive cells throughout neonatal cortical development. J. Neurosci. 22, 876-885 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Neurosci. , vol.22 , pp. 876-885
    • Mallon, B.S.1    Shick, H.E.2    Kidd, G.J.3    MacKlin, W.B.4
  • 22
    • 0037110703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the green fluorescent protein in the oligodendrocyte lineage: A transgenic mouse for developmental and physiological studies
    • Yuan, X. et al. Expression of the green fluorescent protein in the oligodendrocyte lineage: a transgenic mouse for developmental and physiological studies. J. Neurosci. Res. 70, 529-545 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.70 , pp. 529-545
    • Yuan, X.1
  • 23
    • 84355166761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Th17 cells induce ectopic lymphoid follicles in central nervous system tissue inflammation
    • Peters, A. et al. Th17 cells induce ectopic lymphoid follicles in central nervous system tissue inflammation. Immunity 35, 986-996 (2011).
    • (2011) Immunity , vol.35 , pp. 986-996
    • Peters, A.1
  • 24
    • 2442708947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Serafini, B., Rosicarelli, B., Magliozzi, R., Stigliano, E. & Aloisi, F. Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 14, 164-174 (2004).
    • (2004) Brain Pathol. , vol.14 , pp. 164-174
    • Serafini, B.1    Rosicarelli, B.2    Magliozzi, R.3    Stigliano, E.4    Aloisi, F.5
  • 25
    • 33344475672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases
    • Aloisi, F. & Pujol-Borrell, R. Lymphoid neogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 205-217 (2006).
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.6 , pp. 205-217
    • Aloisi, F.1    Pujol-Borrell, R.2
  • 26
    • 79952788103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracerebral human regulatory T cells: Analysis of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in brain lesions and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Fritzsching, B. et al. Intracerebral human regulatory T cells: analysis of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in brain lesions and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One 6, e17988 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Fritzsching, B.1
  • 27
    • 0025986849 scopus 로고
    • Proteolipid protein and DM-20 are synthesized by Schwann cells, present in myelin membrane, but they are not fatty acylated
    • Agrawal, H. C. & Agrawal, D. Proteolipid protein and DM-20 are synthesized by Schwann cells, present in myelin membrane, but they are not fatty acylated. Neurochem. Res. 16, 855-858 (1991).
    • (1991) Neurochem. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 855-858
    • Agrawal, H.C.1    Agrawal, D.2
  • 28
    • 79954557114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis
    • Goverman, J. M. Immune tolerance in multiple sclerosis. Immunol. Rev. 241, 228-240 (2011).
    • (2011) Immunol. Rev. , vol.241 , pp. 228-240
    • Goverman, J.M.1
  • 29
    • 0031904562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four-kilobase sequence of the mouse CNP gene directs spatial and temporal expression of lacZ in transgenic mice
    • Gravel, M., Di Polo, A., Valera, P. B. & Braun, P. E. Four-kilobase sequence of the mouse CNP gene directs spatial and temporal expression of lacZ in transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 53, 393-404 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.53 , pp. 393-404
    • Gravel, M.1    Di Polo, A.2    Valera, P.B.3    Braun, P.E.4
  • 30
    • 0023389399 scopus 로고
    • Splice site selection in the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene transcript and primary structure of the DM-20 protein of central nervous system myelin
    • Nave, K. A., Lai, C., Bloom, F. E. & Milner, R. J. Splice site selection in the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene transcript and primary structure of the DM-20 protein of central nervous system myelin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 5665-5669 (1987).
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.84 , pp. 5665-5669
    • Nave, K.A.1    Lai, C.2    Bloom, F.E.3    Milner, R.J.4
  • 31
    • 0023411229 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of a 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 39-phosphodiesterase: MRNAs with different 59 ends encode the same set of proteins in nervous and lymphoid tissues
    • Bernier, L. et al. Molecular cloning of a 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 39-phosphodiesterase: mRNAs with different 59 ends encode the same set of proteins in nervous and lymphoid tissues. J. Neurosci. 7, 2703-2710 (1987).
    • (1987) J. Neurosci. , vol.7 , pp. 2703-2710
    • Bernier, L.1
  • 32
    • 0028342518 scopus 로고
    • Embryonic expression of myelin genes: Evidence for a focal source of oligodendrocyte precursors in the ventricular zone of the neural tube
    • Yu, W. P., Collarini, E. J., Pringle, N. P. & Richardson, W. D. Embryonic expression of myelin genes: evidence for a focal source of oligodendrocyte precursors in the ventricular zone of the neural tube. Neuron 12, 1353-1362 (1994).
    • (1994) Neuron , vol.12 , pp. 1353-1362
    • Yu, W.P.1    Collarini, E.J.2    Pringle, N.P.3    Richardson, W.D.4
  • 33
    • 0035674255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling oligodendrocyte origin and function by cell-specific transgenesis
    • Belachew, S., Yuan, X.&Gallo, V. Unraveling oligodendrocyte origin and function by cell-specific transgenesis. Dev. Neurosci. 23, 287-298 (2001).
    • (2001) Dev. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 287-298
    • Belachew, S.1    Yuan, X.2    Gallo, V.3
  • 34
    • 33846546257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral antigen display by lymph node stroma promotes T cell tolerance to intestinal self
    • Lee, J. W. et al. Peripheral antigen display by lymph node stroma promotes T cell tolerance to intestinal self. Nat. Immunol. 8, 181-190 (2007).
    • (2007) Nat. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 181-190
    • Lee, J.W.1
  • 35
    • 67649497106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigens expressed by myelinating glia cells induce peripheral cross-tolerance of endogenous CD8+ T cells
    • Schildknecht, A. et al. Antigens expressed by myelinating glia cells induce peripheral cross-tolerance of endogenous CD8+ T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 39, 1505-1515 (2009).
    • (2009) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.39 , pp. 1505-1515
    • Schildknecht, A.1
  • 36
    • 50849121345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naive CD8 T-cells initiate spontaneous autoimmunity to a sequestered model antigen of the central nervous system
    • Na, S. Y. et al. Naive CD8 T-cells initiate spontaneous autoimmunity to a sequestered model antigen of the central nervous system. Brain 131, 2353-2365 (2008).
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 2353-2365
    • Na, S.Y.1
  • 37
    • 67349216357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune T cell responses in the central nervous system
    • Goverman, J. Autoimmune T cell responses in the central nervous system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 393-407 (2009).
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.9 , pp. 393-407
    • Goverman, J.1
  • 38
    • 49649091569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: Multiple sclerosis-like lesions induced by effector CD8 T cells recognizing a sequestered antigen on oligodendrocytes
    • Saxena, A. et al. Cutting edge: Multiple sclerosis-like lesions induced by effector CD8 T cells recognizing a sequestered antigen on oligodendrocytes. J. Immunol. 181, 1617-1621 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Immunol. , vol.181 , pp. 1617-1621
    • Saxena, A.1
  • 39
    • 34248171933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: Cross-presented intracranial antigen primes CD8+ T cells
    • Walter, L. & Albert, M. L. Cutting edge: cross-presented intracranial antigen primes CD8+ T cells. J. Immunol. 178, 6038-6042 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.178 , pp. 6038-6042
    • Walter, L.1    Albert, M.L.2
  • 40
    • 0035873381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell-associated ovalbumin is cross-presented much more efficiently than soluble ovalbumin in vivo
    • Li, M. et al. Cell-associated ovalbumin is cross-presented much more efficiently than soluble ovalbumin in vivo. J. Immunol. 166, 6099-6103 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Immunol. , vol.166 , pp. 6099-6103
    • Li, M.1
  • 41
    • 0037111199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer of central nervous system autoantigens and presentation in secondary lymphoid organs
    • de Vos, A. F. et al. Transfer of central nervous system autoantigens and presentation in secondary lymphoid organs. J. Immunol. 169, 5415-5423 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.169 , pp. 5415-5423
    • De Vos, A.F.1
  • 42
    • 16244380177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
    • Greter, M. et al. Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med. 11, 328-334 (2005).
    • (2005) Nat. Med. , vol.11 , pp. 328-334
    • Greter, M.1
  • 43
    • 65249175159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE
    • Reboldi, A. et al. C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE. Nat. Immunol. 10, 514-523 (2009).
    • (2009) Nat. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 514-523
    • Reboldi, A.1
  • 44
    • 10744233874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD8+T cells from patients with acute multiple sclerosis display selective increase of adhesiveness in brain venules: A critical role for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1
    • Battistini, L. et al. CD8+T cells from patients with acute multiple sclerosis display selective increase of adhesiveness in brain venules: a critical role for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Blood 101, 4775-4782 (2003).
    • (2003) Blood , vol.101 , pp. 4775-4782
    • Battistini, L.1
  • 45
    • 0037100456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlapping roles of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin to recruit leukocytes to the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Kerfoot, S. M. & Kubes, P. Overlapping roles of P-selectin and alpha 4 integrin to recruit leukocytes to the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 169, 1000-1006 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.169 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Kerfoot, S.M.1    Kubes, P.2
  • 46
    • 0037247647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible site-specific recombination in myelinating cells
    • Doerflinger, N. H., Macklin, W. B. & Popko, B. Inducible site-specific recombination in myelinating cells. Genesis 35, 63-72 (2003).
    • (2003) Genesis , vol.35 , pp. 63-72
    • Doerflinger, N.H.1    MacKlin, W.B.2    Popko, B.3
  • 47
    • 0037370361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination
    • Lappe-Siefke, C. et al. Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination. Nat. Genet. 33, 366-374 (2003).
    • (2003) Nat. Genet. , vol.33 , pp. 366-374
    • Lappe-Siefke, C.1
  • 48
    • 0037396606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tamoxifen-inducible glia-specific Cre mice for somatic mutagenesis in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
    • Leone, D. P. et al. Tamoxifen-inducible glia-specific Cre mice for somatic mutagenesis in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 22, 430-440 (2003).
    • (2003) Mol. Cell. Neurosci. , vol.22 , pp. 430-440
    • Leone, D.P.1
  • 49
    • 85027956704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MHC class I-restricted myelin epitopes are cross-presented by Tip-DCs that promote determinant spreading to CD8(+) T cells
    • Ji, Q., Castelli, L. & Goverman, J. M. MHC class I-restricted myelin epitopes are cross-presented by Tip-DCs that promote determinant spreading to CD8(+) T cells. Nat. Immunol. 14, 254-261 (2013).
    • (2013) Nat. Immunol. , vol.14 , pp. 254-261
    • Ji, Q.1    Castelli, L.2    Goverman, J.M.3
  • 50
    • 77955352741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic cells in chronic mycobacterial granulomas restrict local anti-bacterial T cell response in amurine model
    • Schreiber, H. A. et al. Dendritic cells in chronic mycobacterial granulomas restrict local anti-bacterial T cell response in amurine model. PLoS One 5, e11453 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Schreiber, H.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.