An assessment of the vertical diffusive flux of iron and other nutrients to the surface waters of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 2113-2130

  Painter, S C ^a   Henson, S A ^a   Forryan, A ^b   Steigenberger, S ^b   Klar, J ^b   Stinchcombe, M C ^a   Rogan, N ^c   Baker, A R ^d   Achterberg, E P ^b,e   Moore, C M ^b  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^e GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; IRON; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MIXED LAYER; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PHYTOPLANKTON; VERTICAL MIXING;

ARCTIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); GREENLAND;

EID: 84898865798     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-2113-2014     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Achterberg, E. P., Moore, C. M., Henson, S. A., Steigenberger, S., Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Avendano, L. C., Cassidy, M., Hembury, D., Klar, J. K., Lucas, M. I., Macey, A. I., Marsay, C. M., and Ryan-Keogh, T. J.: Natural iron fertilization by the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1-6, doi:10.1002/grl.50221, 2013.
2. Bacon, S., Reverdin, G., Rigor, I. G., and Snaith, H. M.: A freshwater jet on the east Greenland Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3068, doi:10.1029/2001JC000935, 2002.
3. Bacon, S., Gould, W. J., and Jia, Y.: Open-ocean convection in the Irminger Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1246, doi:10.1029/2002GL016271, 2003.
4. Baker, A. R. and Croot, P. L.: Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater, Mar. Chem., 120, 4-13, 2010.
5. Baker, A. R., Weston, K., Kelly, S. D., Voss, M., Streu, P., and Cape, J. N.: Dry and wet deposition of nutrients from the tropical Atlantic atmosphere: links to primary productivity and nitrogen fixation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1704-1720, 2007. (Pubitemid 350218112)
6. Bhatia, M. P., Kujawinski, E. B., Das, S. B., Breier, C. F., Henderson, P. B., and Charette, M. A.: Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 274-278, 2013.
7. Boyd, P. W., Muggli, D., Varela, D., Goldblatt, R. H., Chretien, R., Orians, K. J., and Harrison, P. J.: In vitro iron enrichment experiments in NE subarctic Pacific, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 136, 179-193, 1996. (Pubitemid 26263899)
8. Boyd, P. W., Mackie, D. S., and Hunter, K. A.: Aerosol iron deposition to the surface ocean - modes of iron supply and biological response, Mar. Chem., 120, 128-143, 2009.
9. Croot, P. L., Frew, R. D., Sander, S., Hunter, K. A., Ellwood, M. J., Pickmere, S. E., Abraham, E. R., Law, C. S., Smith, M. J., and Boyd, P. W.: Physical mixing effects on iron biogeochemical cycling: FeCycle experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C06015, doi:10.1029/2006JC003748, 2007. (Pubitemid 47343144)
10. de Boyer Montegut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., Lazar, A., and Ludicone, D.: Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: an examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378, 2004. (Pubitemid 40335109)
11. Donaghay, P. L., Liss, P. S., Duce, R. A., Kester, D. R., Hanson, A. K., Villareal, T., Tindale, N. W., and Gifford, D. J.: The role of episodic atmospheric nutrient inputs in the chemical and biological dynamics of oceanic ecosystems, Oceanography 4, 62-70, 1991.
12. Duce, R. A. and Tindale, N. W.: Atmospheric transport or iron and its deposition in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1715-1726, 1991. (Pubitemid 23374788)
13. Duce, R. A., LIss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M.: The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 193-259, 1991.
14. Duggen, S., Olgun, N., Croot, P., Hoffmann, L., Dietze, H., Delmelle, P., and Teschner, C.: The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle: a review, Biogeosciences, 7, 827-844, doi:10.5194/bg-7-827-2010, 2010.
15. Elrod, V. A., Berelson, W. M., Coale, K. H., and Johnson, K. S.: The flux of iron from continental shelf sediments: a missing source for global budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12307, doi:10.1029/2004GL020216, 2004. (Pubitemid 39384078)
16. Eppley, R. W., Rogers, J. N., and McCarthy, J. J.: Half-saturation constants for uptake of nitrate and ammonium by marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 912-919, 1969.
17. Forryan, A., Martin, A. P., Srokosz, M. A., Popova, E. E., Painter, S. C., and Stinchcombe, M. C.: Turbulent nutrient fluxes in the Iceland Basin, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 63, 20-35, 2012.
18. Ganzeveld, L., Lelieveld, J., and Roelofs, G.-J.: A dry deposition parameterization for sulfur oxides in a chemistry and general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5679-5694, 1998.
19. Han, Q., Moore, J. K., Zender, C., Measures, C., and Hydes, D.: Constraining oceanic dust deposition using surface ocean dissolved Al, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002975, 2008.
20. Harrison, P. J., Whitney, F. A., Tsuda, A., Saito, H., and Tadokoro, K.: Nutrient and plankton dynamics in the NE and NW gyres of the Subarctic Pacific Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 60, 93-117, 2004.
21. Henson, S. A., Sanders, R., Allen, J. T., Robinson, I. S., and Brown, L.: Seasonal constraints on the estimation of new production from space using temperature-nitrate relationships, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1912, doi:10.1029/2003GL017982, 2003.
22. Henson, S. A., Sanders, R., Holeton, C., and Allen, J. T.: Timing of nutrient depletion, diatom dominance and a lower-boundary estimate of export production for Irminger Basin, North Atlantic, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 313, 73-84, 2006. (Pubitemid 43987515)
23. Henson, S. A., Painter, S. C., Holliday, N. P., Stinchcombe, M. C., and Giering, S. L. C.: Unusual subpolar North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom in 2010: Volcanic fertilization or North Atlantic Oscillation? J. Geophys. Res., 118, 4771-4780, doi:4710.1002/jgrc.20363, 2013.
24. Ho, T.-Y., Quigg, A., Finkel, Z. V., Milligan, A. J., Wyman, K., Falkowski, P. G., and Morel, F. M. M.: The elemental composition of some marine phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 39, 1145-1159, 2003. (Pubitemid 38012647)
25. Holliday, N. P., Waniek, J. J., Davidson, R., Wilson, D., Brown, L., Sanders, R., Pollard, R. T., and Allen, J. T.: Large-scale physical controls on phytoplankton growth in the Irminger Sea Part I: Hydrographic zones, mixing and stratification, J. Marine Syst., 59, 201-218, 2006. (Pubitemid 43326194)
26. Hosoda, S., Ohira, T., Sato, K., and Suga, T.: Improved description of global mixed-layer depth using Argo profiling floats, J. Oceanogr., 66, 773-787, 2010.
27. Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., LaRoche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridgwell, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R.: Global iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate, Science, 308, 67-71, 2005. (Pubitemid 40470998)
28. Jickells, T. D., Liss, P. S., Broadgate, W., Turner, S., Kettle, A. J., Read, J., Baker, J., Cardenas, L. M., Carse, F., Hamren-Larssen, M., Spokes, L., Steinke, M., Thompson, A., Watson, A., Archer, S. D., Bellerby, R. G. J., Law, C. S., Nightingale, P. D., Liddicoat, M. I., Widdicombe, C. E., Bowie, A., Gilpin, L. C., Moncoiffe, G., Savidge, G., Preston, T., Hadziabdic, P., Frost, T., Upstill-Goddard, R., Pedros-Alio, C., Simo, R., Jackson, A., Allen, A., and DeGrandpre, M. D.: A Lagrangian biogeochemical study of an eddy in the Northeast Atlantic, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 366-398, 2008.
29. Johnson, K. S., Gordon, R. M., and Coale, K. H.: What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean?, Mar. Chem., 57, 137-161, 1997. (Pubitemid 27369724)
30. Kim, D.-O., Lee, K., Choi, S.-D., Kang, H.-S., Zhang, J.- Z., and Chang, Y.-S.: Determination of diapycnal diffusion rates in the upper thermocline in the North Atlantic Ocean using sulfur hexafluoride, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C10010, doi:10.1029/2004JC002835, 2005. (Pubitemid 41763338)
31. Kirkwood, D. S.: Nutrients: Practical Notes on Their Determination in Seawater, ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences Report 17, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, Copenhagen, 25 pp., 1996.
32. Koning, E., Gehlen, M., Flank, A.-M., Calas, G., and Epping, E.: Rapid post-mortem incorporation of aluminium in diatom frustules: evidence from chemical and structural analyses, Mar. Chem., 106, 208-222, 2007.
33. Lam, P. J. and Bishop, J. K. B.: The continental margin is a key source of iron to the HNLC North Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07608, doi:107610.01029/02008GL033294, 2008.
34. Lam, P. J., Ohnemus, D. C., and Marcus, M. A.: The speciation or marine particulate iron adjacent to active and passive continental margins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 80, 108-124, 2012.
35. 6 tracer study of an anticyclonic eddy in the North Atlantic: patch evolution, vertical mixing and nutrient supply to the mixed layer, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 705-724, 2001. (Pubitemid 32122449)
36. Ledwell, J. R., Watson, A. J., and Laws, C. S.: Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21499-21529, 1998.
37. Ledwell, J. R., McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., and Anderson, L. A.: Nutrient flux into an intense deep chlorophyll layer in a mode-water eddy, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 1139-1160, 2008.
38. Lewis, M. R., Harrison, W. G., Oakey, N. S., Herbert, D., and Platt, T.: Vertical nitrate fluxes in the oligotrophic ocean, Science, 234, 870-873, 1986. (Pubitemid 17250897)
39. Louanchi, F. and Najjar, R. G.: Annual cycles of nutrients and oxygen in the upper layers of the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 2155-2171, 2001. (Pubitemid 32507501)
40. Lucas, M., Seeyave, S., Sanders, R., Moore, C. M., Williamson, R., Stinchcombe, M.: Nitrogen uptake responses to a naturally Fefertilized phytoplankton bloom during the 2004/2005 CROZEX study, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 2138-2173, 2007. (Pubitemid 47588922)
41. Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W., Paytan, A., Prospero, J. M., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.: Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 245-278, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727, 2009.
42. Martin, A. P., Lucas, M. I., Painter, S. C., Pidcock, R., Prandke, H., Prandke, H., and Stinchcombe, M. C.: The supply of nutrients due to vertical turbulent mixing: a study at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain study site (49°50′ N 16°30′ W) in the Northeast Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 57, 1293-1302, 2010.
43. Martin, J. H. and Fitzwater, S. E.: Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the northeast Pacific subarctic, Nature, 331, 341-343, 1988.
44. Martin, J. H., Fitzwater, S. E., Gordon, R. M., Hunter, C. N., and Tanner, S. J.: Iron, primary production and carbon-nitrogen flux studies during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom experiment, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 115-134, 1993. (Pubitemid 23400245)
45. Measures, C. I. and Brown, E. T.: Estimating dust input to the Atlantic Ocean using surface water aluminium concentrations, in: The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, edited by: Guerzoni, S. and Chester, R., Kluwer Academic, 301-311, 1996.
46. Measures, C. I. and Vink, S.: On the use of dissolved aluminium in surface waters to estimate dust deposition to the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 317-327, 2000.
47. 2 Repeat Hydrography A16N transect: extensive linkages between atmospheric dust and upper ocean geochemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2007GB003042, 2008. (Pubitemid 351863358)
48. Milne, A., Landing, W., Bizimis, M., and Mortona, P.: Determination of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater using high resolution magnetic sector inductively coupled mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 665, 200-207, 2010.
49. Moran, S. B. and Moore, R. M.: Evidence from mesocosm studies for biological removal of dissolved aluminium from seawater, Nature, 335, 706-708, 1988. (Pubitemid 19301160)
50. Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz, B. A.: Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 69-88, 2007. (Pubitemid 47449704)
51. Moum, J. N., Gregg, M., Lien, R., and Carr, M.: Comparison of turbulence kinetic-energy dissipation rate estimates from 2 ocean microstructure profilers, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 12, 346-366, 1995.
52. Nielsdottir, M. C., Moore, C. M., Sanders, R., Hinz, D. J., and Achterberg, E. P.: Iron limitation of the postbloom phytoplankton communities in the Iceland Basin, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3001, doi:10.1029/ 2008GB003410, 2009.
53. Okin, G. S., Baker, A. R., Tegen, I., Mahowald, N. M., Dentener, F. J., Duce, R. A., Galloway, J. N., Hunter, K., Kanakidou, M., Kubilay, N., Prospero, J. M., Sarin, M., Surapipith, V., Uematsu, M., and Zhu, T.: Impacts of atmospheric nutrient deposition on marine productivity: roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB2022, doi:10.1029/ 2010GB003858, 2011.
54. Osborn, T. R.: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89, 1980.
55. Pickart, R. S., Straneo, F., and Moore, G. W. K.: Is Labrador Sea water formed in the Irminger Basin?, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 50, 23-52, 2003. (Pubitemid 37343042)
56. Planquette, H., Statham, P. J., Fones, G. R., Charette, M. A., Moore, C. M., Salter, I., Nedelec, F. H., Taylor, S. L., French, M., Baker, A. R., Mahowald, N., and Jickells, T. D.: Dissolved iron in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands, Southern Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 54, 1999-2019, 2007. (Pubitemid 47588921)
57. Poulton, A. J., Charalampopoulou, A., Young, J. R., Tarran, G. A., Lucas, M. I., and Quartly, G. D.: Coccolithophore dynamics in non-bloom conditions during late summer in the Iceland Basin (July-August 2007), Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1601-1613, 2010.
58. Raiswell, R. and Canfield, D. E.: The iron biogoechemical cycle past and present, Geochemical perspectives, 1, 1-220, 2012.
59. Redfield, A. C., Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.: The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water, in: The Sea: Vol 2: Composition of Seawater Comparative and Descriptive Oceanography, edited by: Hill, M. N., Interscience, London, 26-77, 1963.
60. Resing, J.A. and Measures, C.I.: Fluorometric determination of Al in seawater by flow injection analysis with in-line preconcentration. Analytical Chemistry 66, 4105-4111, 1994.
61. Rickli, J., Frank, M., Baker, A.R., Aciego, S., de Souza, G., Georg, R.B., and Halliday, A.N.: Hafnium and neodymium isotopes in surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean: Implications for sources and inputs of trace metals to the ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, 540-557, 2010.
62. Rippeth, T., Simpson, J., Williams, E., and Inall, M.: Measurement of the rates of production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy in an energetic tidal flow: Red Wharf Bay revisited, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1889-1901, 2003. (Pubitemid 37240744)
63. Ryan-Keogh, T. J., Macey, A. I., Nielsdottir, M. C., Lucas, M. I., Steigenberger, S. S., Stinchcombe, M. C., Achterberg, E. P., Bibby, T. S., and Moore, C. M.: Spatial and temporal development of phytoplankton iron stress in relation to bloom dynamics in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58, 533-545, 2013.
64. Saito, M. A., Noble, A. E., Tagliabue, A., Goepfert, T. J., Lamborg, C. H., and Jenkins, W. J.: Slow-spreading submarine ridges in the South Atlantic as a significant oceanic iron source, Nat. Geosci., 6, 775-779, 2013.
65. Sambrotto, R. N., Martin, J. H., Broenkow, W. W., Carlson, C., and Fitzwater, S. E.: Nitrate utilization in surface waters of the Iceland Basin during spring and summer of 1989, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 40, 441-457, 1993.
66. Sanders, R., Brown, L., Henson, S., and Lucas, M.: New production in the Irminger Basin during 2002, J. Marine Syst., 55, 291-310, 2005. (Pubitemid 40607944)
67. Statham, P. J., Skidmore, M., and Tranter, M.: Inputs of glacially derived dissolved and colloidal iron to the coastal ocean and implications for primary production, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3013, doi:3010.1029/ 2007GB003106, 2008.
68. Stefansson, U. and Olafsson, J.: Nutrients and fertility of Icelandic waters, Rit Fiskideildar, 12, 1-56, 1991.
69. Stips, A.: Dissipation measurements, in: Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations and Models. Results of the CARTUM Project, edited by: Baumert, H., Simpson, J. and Sundermann, J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 115-126, 2005.
70. Stoffyn, M.: Biological control of dissolved aluminium in seawater: experimental evidence, Science, 203, 651-653, 1979.
71. Strzepek, R. F., Maldonado, M. T., Higgins, J. L., Hall, J., Safi, K., Wilhelm, S.W., and Boyd, P.W.: Spinning the "Ferrous Wheel": the importance of the microbial community in an iron budget during the FeCycle experiment, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S26, doi:10.1029/2005GB002490, 2005. (Pubitemid 43280705)
72. Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A.: Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Mar. Chem., 50, 189-206, 1995. (Pubitemid 26463204)
73. Tagliabue, A., L. Bopp, J.-C. Dutay, A. R. Bowie, F. Chever, P. Jean-Baptiste, E. Bucciarelli, D. Lannuzel, T. Remenyi, G. Sarthou, O. Aumont, M. Gehlen and C. Jeandel (2010). Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic dissolved iron inventory. Nature Geoscience 3, 252-256.
74. Takeda, S.: Iron and phytoplankton growth in the subarctic North Pacific, Aqua-Bioscience Monographs, 4, 41-93, 2011.
75. Torres-Valdes, S., Tsubouchi, T., Bacon, S., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Sanders, R., McLaughlin, F. A., Petrie, B., Kattner, G., Azetsu-Scott, K., and Whitledge, T. E.: Export of nutrients from the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1625-1644, doi:1610.1002/jgrc.20063, 2013.
76. Twining, B. S., Baines, S. B., Fisher, N. S., and Landry, M. R.: Cellular iron contents of plankton during the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment (SOFeX), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 1827-1850, 2004. (Pubitemid 39527213)
77. Waniek, J. J. and Holliday, N. P.: Large-scale physical controls on phytoplankton growth in the Irminger Sea, Part II: Model study of the physical and meteorological preconditioning, J. Marine Syst., 59, 219-237, 2006. (Pubitemid 43328685)
78. Waniek, J. J., Holliday, N. P., Davidosn, R., Brown, L., and Henson, S. A.: Freshwater control of onset and species composition of Greenland shelf spring bloom, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 288, 45-57, 2005. (Pubitemid 40554673)
79. 2, ocean productivity and climate, Nature, 385, 587-588, 1997. (Pubitemid 27087562)
80. Watson, A. J.: Iron limitation in the oceans, in: The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, edited by: Turner, D. R. and Hunter, K. A., John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester, 9-39, 2001.
81. Welschmeyer, N. A.: Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and phaeopigments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1985-1992, 1994.
82. Wilkinson, D. and Bacon, S.: The spatial and temporal variability of the East Greenland Coastal Current from historic data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24618, doi:10.1029/2005GL024232, 2005. (Pubitemid 43239972)
83. Xie, P. and Arkin, P. A.: Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539-2558, 1997.
84. Yamazaki, H. and Osborn, T.: Dissipation estimates for stratified turbulence, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9739-9744, 1990.
85. Yashayaev, I., Bersch, M., and van Aken, H. M.: Spreading of the Labrador Sea Water to the Irminger and Iceland basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10602, doi:10.1029/2006GL028999, 2007. (Pubitemid 47064820)