Classical insecticides:Past, present and future

RSC Green Chemistry

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 53-93

  Lopez O ^a   Fernandez Bolanos J G ^a   Gil, M V ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXTREMADURA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898738895     PISSN: 17577039     EISSN: 17577047     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (253)

1. Ó. López, J.G. Fernández-Bolaños, M.V. Gil, Green Chem., 2005, 7, 431
2. J. E. Casida and G. B. Quistad, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1998, 43, 1
3. P. Warrior, Pest Manag. Sci., 2000, 56, 681
4. W. Olkowski, S. Daar and H. Olkowski, The Gardener's Guide to Commonsense Pest Control, The Taunton Press, 1995, Newtown, CT, USA, p 22
5. S. Hörstadius, Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 1974, 6, 269
6. E. Panagiotakopulu, P. C. Buckland and P. M. Day, J. Archaeol. Sci., 1995, 22, 705
7. R. L. Metcalf and A. Kelma, in Science in Contemporary China, ed. L. A. Orleans, Stanford University Press, Standord, CA, USA, 1980, p
8. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Inorganic Polysulfides, http://www. epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/inorganic-polysulfides-red.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
9. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0031fact.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
10. Encyclopedia of Entomology, ed. J. L. Capinera, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2nd edn, 2008, vol. 3, p. 2571
11. S. E. Halcomb, in Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, ed. L. R. Goldfrank, L. S. Nelson,M. A. Howland, N. A. Lemin, N. E. Flomenbaum and R. S. Hoffman, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 8th edn, 2006, p. 657
12. D. B. South, in Encyclopedia of Pest Management, ed. D. Pimentel, online version, CRC Press, 2002, p. 395
13. C. Gillott, Entomology, Springer, 3rd edn, 2005, p. 746
14. E. A. Murhy and M. Aucott, Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 218, 89
15. Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants:Arsenic, Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., USA, 1977, p
16. E. Hood, Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, A471
17. H. L. Haller, J. Chem. Educ., 1942, 19, 315
18. V. Bencko and A. Slámová, J. Public Health, 2007, 115, 279
19. S. T. Omaye, in Pesticide, Veterinary and Other Residues in Food, ed. D. H. Watson,Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK, 2004, p. 4
20. H. Garelick, H. Jones, A. Dybowska and E. Valsami-Jones, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology-Arsenic Pollution and Remediation:An International Perspective, ed. H. Garelick and H. Jones, Springer, New York, USA, 2008, vol. 197, p 46
21. R. Datta, D. Sarkar, S. Sharma and K. Sand, Sci. Total Environ., 2006, 372, 39
22. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, ed. J. R. Reigart and J. R. Roberts, 5th edn, EPA, 1999, p. 82, www.epa.gov/oppfead1/ safety/healthcare/handbook/handbook.htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
23. L. H. Weinstein and A. W. Davison, Fluorides in the Environment, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2004, p. 7
24. G. N. Agrios, Plant Pathol., Elsevier Academic Press, 5th edn, 2005, p. 338
25. W. G. Woods, Environ. Health Perspect., 1994, 102, 5
26. P. L. Strong, in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology-Principles, ed. R. I. Krieger and W. C. Krieger, 2nd edn, Academic Press, 2001, p. 1429
27. G. Nalyanya, D. Liang, R. J. Kopanic, Jr. and C, Schal, J. Economic Entomol., 2001, 94, 686
28. L B. Norton, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1948, 40, 691
29. R. C. Roark, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1935, 27, 530
30. W. Olkowski, S. Daar and H. Olkowski, The Garderner's Guide to Common-Sense Pest Control, The Taunton Press, 1995, Newtown, CT, p 83
31. R. G. Hollingsworth, J. Economic Entomol., 2005, 98, 772
32. M. Elliot, in Pyrethrum Flowers:Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses, ed. J. E. Casida and G. B. Quistad, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 1995, p. 3
33. M. Tomizawa and J. E. Casida, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 2003, 48, 339
34. M. Cabizza, A. Angioni, M. Melis, M. Cabras, C. V. Tuberoso and P. Cabras, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 288
35. P. R. Jefferies, P. Yu and J. E. Casida, Pest. Sci. 1997, 51, 33
36. I. Ujvá ry, L. Polgá r, B. Darvas and J. E. Casida, Pest. Sci. 1995, 44, 96
37. G. Brahmachari, ChemBioChem, 2004, 5, 408
38. R. L. Metcalf, Agric. Human Values, 1987, 4, 15
39. R. L. Metcalf, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1973, 21, 511
40. V. Turusov, V. Rakitsky and L. Tomatis, Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110, 125
41. A. G. Smith, in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology-Principles, ed. R. I. Krieger andW. C. Krieger, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 2nd edn, 2001, vol. 2, p. 1305
42. W. H. C. Rueggeberg and D. J. Torrans, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1946, 38, 211
43. Gy. Matolcsy, in Studies in Environmental Science-Pesticide Chemistry, ed. G. Matolcsy, M. Nádasy and V. Andriska, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland, 1988, vol. 32, p 47
44. J. Wright, Environmental Chemistry, Routledge, New York, USA, 2003, p. 332
45. T. G. E. Davies, L. M. Field, P. N. R. Usherwood and M. S. Williamson, IUBMB Life, 2007, 59, 151
46. J. Beard, Sci. Total Environ., 2006, 355, 78
47. W. J. Rogan and A. Chen, Lancet, 2005, 366, 763
48. R. A. Bailey, H. M. Clark, J. P. Ferris, S. Krause and R. L. Strong, Chemistry of the Environment, Hartcourt/Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2nd edn, p. 223
49. C. P. Chang and F. W. Plapp, Jr., Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1983, 20, 76
50. J. R. Coats, Environ. Health Perspect., 1990, 87, 255
51. A. O. óReilly, B. P. S. Khambay, M. S. Williamson, L. M. Field, B. A. Wallace and T. G. E. Davies, Biochem. J., 2006, 396, 255
52. E. Zlotkin, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 1999, 44, 429
53. J. E. Casida and G. B. Quistad, J. Pestic. Sci., 2004, 29, 81
54. P. Kaushik and G. Kaushik, J. Hazard. Mater., 2007, 143, 102
55. M. Schlitzer, ChemMedChem, 2007, 2, 944
56. A. Kumar, N. Valecha, T. Jain and A. P. Dash, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2007, 77, 69
57. S. Matta, S. L. Kantharia and V. K. Desai, J. Vector Borne Dis., 2005, 42, 77
58. S. Ensley, in Veterinary Toxicology:Basic and Clinical Principles, ed. R. C. Gupta, Academic Press, New York, USA, 2007, p. 489
59. S. Abu-El-Haj,M. A. H. Fahmy and T. R. Fukuto, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1979, 27, 258.
60. W. C. Sagar, R. E. Monroe and M. J. Zabik, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1972, 20, 1176
61. J. R. Coats, R. L. Metcalf and I. P. Kapoor, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1977, 25, 859
62. D. Zakarya, A. Boulaamail, E. M. Larfaoui and T. Lakhlifi, SAR QSAR Environ. Res., 1997, 6, 183
63. A. S. Hirwe, R. L. Metcalf and I. P. Kapoor, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1972, 20, 818
64. R. L. Metcalf, I. P. Kappor and A. S. Hirwe, Bull. World Health Org., 1971, 44, 363
65. T. R. Fukuto, J. Pestic. Sci., 1988, 13, 137
66. G. Holan, W. M. Johnson, C. T. Virgona and R. A. Walser, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1988, 34, 520
67. H. van den Berg, Environ. Health Perspect., 2009, 117, 1656
68. V. Zitko, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Part O:Persistant Organic Pollutants, ed. H. Fiedler, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2003, vol. 3, p 47
69. H.-R. Buser, M. D. Müller, I. J. Buerge and T. Poiger, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 7445
70. T. A. Unger, Pesticide Synthesis Handbook, Noyes Publications, Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 1996, p. 809
71. W. F. Schmidt, S. Bilboulian, C. P. Rice, J. C. Fettinger, L. L.McConnell and C. J. Hapeman, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49, 5372
72. J. E. Casida and M. Tomizawa, J. Pestic. Sci., 2008, 33, 4
73. J. R. Bloomquist, Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 2003, 54, 145
74. L. M. Herná ndez, M. A. Ferná ndez and M. J. Gonzá lez, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1991, 46, 9
75. J. R. Plimmer, in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology-Principles, ed. R. I Krieger and W. C. Krieger, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2nd edn., 2001, p 95
76. K. Breivik, J. M. Pacyna and J.Münch, Sci. Total Environ., 1999, 239, 151
77. Y. F. Li, Sci. Total Environ., 1999, 232, 121
78. P. Bhatt, M. S. Kumar and T. Chakrabarti, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 39, 655
79. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/lindane.html (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
80. V. Andriska, in Studies in Environmental Science- Pesticide Chemistry, ed. G. Matolcsy, M. Ná dasy and V. Andriska, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland, 1988, vol. 32, p. 577
81. W. Vetter and M. Oehme, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, ed. J. Paasivirta, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2000, vol. 3, part K, p. 237
82. http://www.epa.gov/international/toxics/pop.html (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
83. G. W. Ware and D. M. Whitacre, The Pesticide Book, 6th edn, Meister Media Worldwide, Willoughby, OH, USA, 2004, p 47
84. J. Tucker, War of Nerves:Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda, Pantheon Books, New York, USA, 2006
85. F. Schmaltz, J. Hist. Neurosci., 2006, 15, 186
86. C. J. Hilmas, J. K. Smart and B. A. Hill, Jr, in Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare, Borden Institute, 2008, p 43
87. E. A. Croddy and J. J. Wirtz, Weapons of Mass Destruction:an Encyclopedia ofWorldwide Policy, Technology, and History, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, USA, 2005, vol. 1, p 93
88. P. G. Ghosh, N. A. Sawant, S. N. Patil and B. A. Aglave, Int. J. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2010, 6, 871
89. B. C. Gbaruko, E. I. Ogwo, J. C. Igwe and H. Yu, African J. Biotechnol., 2009, 8, 5137
90. R. L. Metcalf, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley- VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002, p 24
91. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/pestsales/01pestsales/usage2001-3.htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
92. R. D. Wauchope, T. M. Buttler, A. G. Hornsby, P.W. Augustijn-Beckers and J. P. Burt, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1992, 123, 1
93. T. S. S. Dikshith and P. V. Diwan, Industrial Guide to Chemical and Drug Safety, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003, p. 150
94. L. E. Smart, J. H. Stevenson and J. H. H. Walters, Crop Prot., 1989, 8, 169
95. M. A. Khan and G. C. Kozub, Can. J. Comp. Med., 1981, 45, 15
96. J. S. Ogg, Vet. Parasitol., 1977, 3, 229
97. H. W. Chambers, J. S. Boon, R. L. Carr, and J. E. Chambers, in Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology-Principles, ed. R. I Krieger and W. C. Krieger, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2nd edn., 2001, p. 913
98. J. E. Casida, J. Agr. Food Chem., 1956, 4, 772
99. J. E. Casida, Science, 1955, 122, 587
100. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id&= x00BC;PC33331 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
101. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id&= x00BC;PC33362 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
102. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id&= x00BC;PC35097 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
103. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status-op.htm (last accessed October 17th 2010)
104. https://secure.virtuality.net/panukcom/PDFs/Banned%20In%20The%20 EU.pdf (last accessed October 17th 2010)
105. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/ddvp/ (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
106. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/ dichlorvos. pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
107. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri&=x00BC;OJ:L: 2010:006:00 01:0005:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
108. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w5715e/w5715e04.htm, (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
109. B. Dinham, The Pesticide Hazard:A Global Health and Environmental Audit, Zed Books, London, UK, 1993, p. 120.
110. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id&= x00BC;PC35862 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
111. http://web.utk.edu/Bextepp/napiap/rnn/nw9401pr.htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
112. http://www.tca.or.tz/docs/PAN-%20THE%20LIST%20OF%20LISTS.pdf. (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
113. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2008/September/Day-17/p21736. htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
114. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3727e/w3727e0g.htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
115. http://www.furs.si/law/EU/ffs/eng/annexI/direktive/RR/dimethoate.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
116. World Health Organization, The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2009, Stuttgart, Germany, p. 48
117. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=docketDetail?R&= x00BC;EPAHQ- OPP-2009-0054 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
118. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri&=x00BC;OJ:L: 2002:319:0003:0011:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th 2010)
119. M. R. Bonner, J. Coble, A. Blair, L. E. Beane Freeman, J. A. Hoppin, D. P. Sandler and M. C. R. Alavanja, Am. J. Epidemiol., 2007, 166, 1023
120. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/health/mosquitoes/malathion4mosquitoes. htm=malathion (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
121. J. W. Edwards, S. G. Lee, L. M. Heath and D. L. Pisaniello, Environ. Res., 2007, 103, 38
122. M. Abramowicz, Med. Lett. Drugs Ther., 1999, 41, 73
123. A. M. Downs, K. A. Stafford, I. Harvey and G. C. Coles, Br. J. Dermatol., 1999, 141, 508
124. O. Chosidow, B. Giraudeau, J. Cottrell, A. Izri, R. Hofmann, S. G. Mann and I. Burgess, N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, 362, 896
125. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/REDs/malathion-red.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
126. M. F. Bouchard, D. C. Bellinger, R. O. Wright and M. G. Weisskopf, Pediatrics, 2010, 125, e1270
127. J. C.Franson, E. J.Kolbe and J.W.Carpenter, J.Wildlife Dis., 1985, 21, 318
128. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Product.jsp?REG-NR=x00BC;00024100237 &DIST-NR=x00BC;000241 (last accessed October 17th 2010)
129. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=docketDetail?R= x00BC;EPAHQ- OPP-2009-0172 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
130. http://www.hse.gov.uk/pic/reg689-08ann1.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
131. N. Becker, D. Petric, M. Zgomba, C. Boase, M. Madon, C. Dahl and A. Kaiser, Mosquitos and their Control, 2nd edn, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2010, p 455
132. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0290ired.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
133. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id=x00BC;PC35122 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
134. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/8b75cea4165024c685257359003f 022e/54ccdfd21fb51284852569770053d0dd!OpenDocument (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
135. http://www.raaa.org.pe/documentos/p-list%20of%20lists%202005.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
136. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail-Chemical.jsp?Rec-Id=x00BC;PC35110 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
137. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=documentDetail?R=x00BC; 0900006480b55629 (last accessed October 17th 2010)
138. S. B. Halstead, J. A. Suaya and D. S. Shepard, Lancet, 2007, 369, 1410
139. A Tsuzuki, T. Huynh, T. Tsunoda, L. Luu, H. Kawada and M. Takagi, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2009, 80, 752
140. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/temephos-red.htm=III (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
141. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=x00BC;CELEX:32005L0 072:EN:NOT (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
142. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/chlorpyrifos-ired.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
143. V. A. Rauh, R. Garfinkel, F. P. Perera, H. F. Andrews, L. Hoepner, D. B. Barr,R.Whitehead,D. Tang andR. W.Whyatt, Pediatrics, 2006, 118, e1845
144. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=documentDetail?R= x00BC;09 00006480abdc8a (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
145. T. Roberts and D. Hutson, Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals. Part 2:Insecticides and Fungicides, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1999, p 241
146. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/REDs/factsheets/ diazinon-cancellation-fs.htm(last accessed October 17th, 2010)
147. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=x00BC;OJ:L:2007: 148:0009:0010:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th 2010)
148. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/39411.aspx (last accessed October 17th 2010)
149. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/azm/phaseout-fs.htm (last accessed October 17th 2010)
150. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=x00BC;OJ:L:2010: 006:0001:0005:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
151. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/litstatus/effects/phosmet-sumry.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
152. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/phosmet/phosmet-summary. htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
153. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga-doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod! DocNumber&lg=x00BC;en&type-doc=x00BC;Directive&an-doc= x00BC;2007&nu-doc=x00BC;25 (last accessed October 17th, 2010).
154. N. B. Vyas, E. F. Hill, J. R. Sauer and W. J. Kuenzel, Enviromen. Toxicol Chem., 1995, 14, 1961
155. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri&x00BC;OJ:L: 2003:082:0040:0041:EN:PDF. (last accessed October 17th 2010)
156. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=docketDetail?R= x00BC;EPAHQ- OPP-2008-0761 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
157. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/document-library/Maximum- Residue-Limits-Report/2009/11/WC500015646.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
158. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=x00BC;OJ:L:2007: 166:0016:0023:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th 2010)
159. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=documentDetail?D=x00BC; EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0097-0018 (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
160. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=x00BC;OJ:L:2007: 133:0042:0043:EN:PDF (last accessed October 17th 2010)
161. J. C. Venter, K. di Porzio, A. Robinson, S. M. Shreeve, J. Lai, A. R Kerlavage, S. P. Fracek, Jr., K. U. Lentes and C. M. Fraser, Prog. Neurobiol., 1988, 30, 105
162. H. L. Fernandez, R. D.Moreno and N. C. Inestrosa, J. Neurochem., 1996, 66, 1335
163. J. P. Walker and S. A. Asher, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 1596
164. D. W. Moss and E. R. Henderson, in Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, ed. C. A Burtis and E. R. Ashwood, 3rd edn, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1999, p 708.
165. C. N. Pope, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B Crit. Rev., 1999, 2, 161
166. P. A. Dahm, Bull. World Health Org., 1971, 44, 215
167. C. F. Golenda, R. A. Wirtz and R. G. Andre, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C, 1987, 88, 61
168. J. K. Dubey and S. K. Patyal, in Encyclopedia of Pest Management, ed. D. Pimentel, CRC Press, New York, USA, 2007, p 67
169. L. Karalliedde, M. Eddleston and V. Murray, in Organophosphates and Health, ed. L. Karalliedde, F. Feldman, J. Henry and T. Marrs, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 2001, p 431
170. M. Eddleston, L. Karalliedde, N. Buckley, R. Fernando, G. Hutchinson, G. Isbister, F. Konradsen, D. Murray, J. C. Piola, N. Senanayake, R. Sheriff, S. Singh, S. B. Siwach and L. Smit, Lancet, 2002, 360, 1163
171. http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/cu/ GuidanceEvalResidualPesticides. pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
172. I. M. Jensen and P. Whatling, in Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, ed. R. Krieger, Academic Press, Amsterdam, Holland, 3rd edn, 2010, vol. 2, p. 2010
173. M. A. Kamrin, Pesticide Profiles:Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1997, p. 8
174. N. Mikami, S. Sakata, H. Yamada and J. Miyamoto, J. Pesticide Sci., 1985, 10, 491
175. J. Weber, C. J. Halsall, J. J. Wargent and N. D. Paul, J. Environ. Monit., 2009, 11, 654
176. S. Bondarenko and J. Gan, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 2004, 23, 1809
177. R. D. Wauchope, T. M. Buttler, A. G. Hornsby, P. W. M. Augustijn- Beckers and J. P. Burt, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1992, 123, 1
178. R. L.Metcalf, in Introduction to Insect PestManagement, ed. R. L. Metcalf and W. H. Luckmann, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York, USA, 1994, p 262
179. Z.-Y. Zhang, X.-Y. Yu, D.-L. Wang, H.-J. Yan, and X.-J. Liu, Pest. Manag. Sci., 2010, 66, 84
180. H. Mehlhorn, Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 3rd edn, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 2008, vol. 1, p 419
181. R. C. Gupta, Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, ed. R.C.Gupta,ElsevierAcademic Press,Amsterdam, Holland, 2006, p. 3
182. W. B. Wheeler, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 4151
183. G. Matolcsy, in Studies in Environmental Science-Pesticide Chemistry, ed. G. Matolcsy, M. Nádasy and V. Andriska, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Holland, 1988, vol. 32 p 90
184. M. Vandekar, R. Plestina and K. Wilehelm, Bull. World Health. Org., 1971, 44, 241
185. M. A. Sogorb and E. Vilanova, Toxicol. Lett., 2002, 128, 215
186. K.-S. Koo, Y.-C. Yoo, T. Kubota, S. Ameno and I. Ijiri, Forens. Sci. Int., 1999, 101, 65
187. E. Lacassie, P. Marquet, J. M. Gaulier and M. F. Dreyfuss, Forens. Sci. Int., 2001, 121, 116
188. H. Parlar, in Environmental Fate of Pesticides, ed. D. H. Hutson and T. R. Roberts, Wiley, New York, USA, 1990, p 246
189. S. Chiron, J. A. Torres, A. Ferná ndez-Alba, M. F. Alpendurada and D. Barceló, J. Environ Anal. Chem., 1996, 65, 37
190. M. Raveton, A. Aajoud, J. C. Willison, H. Aouadi, M. Tissut and P. Ravanel, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40, 4151
191. X. Li, L. Yang, U. Jans, M. E. Melcer and P. Zhang, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41, 1635
192. A. Tal, B. Rubin, J. Katan and N. Aharonson, Weed Sci., 1989, 37, 434
193. J. M. Smolen and A. T. Stone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1997, 31, 1664
194. J. M. Smolen and A. T. Stone, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1997, 62, 636
195. M. M. El-Amamy and T. Mill, Clays Clay Miner., 1984, 32, 67
196. M.V. Bassett, S. C. Wendelken, B. V. Pepich and D. J. Munch, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2003, 41, 100
197. A. Millar, K.-H. Kim, D. K. Minster, T. Ohgi and S. M. Hecht, J. Org. Chem., 1986, 51, 189
198. N. Katada, H. Fujinaga, Y. Nakamura, K. Okumura, K. Nishigaki and M. Niwa, Catal. Lett., 2002, 80, 47
199. K. P. Prousalis, G. M. Tsivgoulis and T. Tsegenidis, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2007, 87, 1065
200. K. Kamoshita, I. Ohno, K. Kasamatsu, T. Fujita and M. Nakajima, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 1979, 11, 104.
201. J. B. Knaak, C. C. Dary, M. S. Okino, F. W. Power, X. Zhang, C. B. Thompson, R. Tornero-Velez and J. N. Blancato, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2008, 193, 53
202. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/REDs/carbaryl-red-amended. pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
203. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/carbaryl.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
204. C. M. Kamanavalli and H. Z. Ninnekar, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000, 16, 329
205. L. Everest, Behind the Poison Cloud:Union Carbidés Bhopal Massacre, Banner Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 1985
206. L. Wheeler and A. Strother, Drug Metab. Dispos., 1974, 2, 533
207. R. L. Metcalf, in Ullmann's Agrochemicals, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany, 2007, vol. 2, p 651
208. Q. Zhao, G. Yang, X. Mei, H. Yuan and J. Ning, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 2009, 95, 131
209. C.-H. Huang and A. T. Stone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2000, 34, 4117
210. X. Zhang, A. M. Tsang, M. S. Okino, F. W. Power, J. B. Knaak, L. S. Harrison and C. C. Dary, Toxicol. Sci., 2007, 100, 345
211. M. P. Sharma and A. Adholeya, Phytomorphology, 2005, 55, 55
212. P. K. Kanungo, T. K. Adhya and V. Rajaramamohan, Chemosphere, 1995, 31, 3249
213. R. Diaz-Diaz, K. Loague and J. S. Notario, J. Contam. Hydrol., 1999, 36, 1
214. N. Moorthy, A.-H. Lee, I. P. Kapoor and G. J. Hollingshaus, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1994, 42, 1019
215. N. Erwin, J. Pestic. Reform, 1991, 11, 15
216. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/carbofuran/carbofuran-noic. htm. (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
217. B. E. Erickson, Chem. Eng. News, 2009, 87, 18
218. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2009/2009-05-11-093.asp (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
219. K. Talebi and C. H. Walker, Pestic. Sci., 1993, 39, 65
220. H. C. Bailey, C. DiGiorgio, K. Kroll, J. Miller, D. E. Hinton and G. Starrett, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 1996, 15, 837
221. K. R. Krishna and L. Philip, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 2008, 43, 157
222. L. W. Getzin, Environ. Entomol., 1973, 2, 461
223. W. G. Johnson and T. L. Lavy, J. Environ. Qual., 1995, 24, 487
224. K. M. Scow, R. R. Merica and M. Alexander, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1990, 38, 908
225. T. B. Parkin and D. R. Shelton, Pestic. Sci., 1994, 40, 163
226. N. Singh and N. Sethunathan, Pestic. Sci., 1999, 55, 740
227. L. W. Getzin and C. H. Shanks, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 1990, B25, 433
228. J. H. Caro, H. P. Freeman, D. E. Glotfelty, B. C. Turner and W. M. Edwards, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1973, 21, 1010
229. P. Raha and A. K. Das, Chemosphere, 1990, 21, 99.
230. J. O. Lalah, S. O. Wandiga and W. C. Dauterman, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1996, 56, 37
231. A. Sahoo, N. Sethunathan and P. K. Sahoo, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B, 1998, 33, 369
232. B. E. Renzi and R. I. Krieger, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 1986, 6, 7
233. V. E. Clay and T.R. Fukuto, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1984, 13, 53
234. R. L. Metcalf, Bull. World. Health. Org., 1971, 44, 43
235. R. L. Baron, Environ. Health Perspect., 1994, 102, 23
236. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/aldicarb-red.pdf (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
237. J. F. Risher, F. L. Mink and J. F. Stara, Environ. Health Perspect., 1987, 72, 267
238. C. Ragoucy-Sengler, Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2000, 19, 657
239. M. A. Radwan, H. B. El-Wakil and K. A. Osman, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 1992, 27, 759
240. H. Sun, J. Xu, S. Yang, G. Liu and S. Dai, Chemosphere, 2004, 54, 569
241. A. Dekker and N. W. H. Houx, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 1983, 18, 379
242. L.-Y. Lin and W. T. Cooper, J. Chromatogr., A, 1987, 390, 285
243. M. Pelekis and C. Emond, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2009, 28, 179
244. E. J. Perkins Jr. and D. Schlenk, Toxicol. Sci., 2000, 53, 308
245. http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html=documentDetail?R=x00BC; 0900006480b538ad (last accessed October 17th, 2010)
246. A. M. Tsatsakis, G. K. Bertsias, I. N. Mammas, I. Stiakakis and D. B. Georgopoulos, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2001, 66, 415
247. A. K. Gayen and C. O. Knowles, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 1981, 10, 55
248. T. J. Strathmann and A. T. Stone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36, 653
249. T. J. Strathmann and A. T. Stone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 2461
250. S. Ito, K. Kudo, T. Imamura, T. Suzuki and N. Ikeda, J. Chromatogr., B, 1998, 713, 323
251. Md.W. Aktar, D. Sengupta, S. Alam and A. Chowdhury, Environ. Monit. Assess., 2010, 168, 657
252. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/nmc-revised-cra.pdf (last accessed October 17th 2010)
253. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status-carbamates.htm (last accessed October 17th, 2010).