The influence of acute kidney injury on antimicrobial dosing in critically ill patients: Are dose reductions always necessary?

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 77-84

  Blot, Stijn ^a,b   Lipman, Jeffrey ^b,c   Roberts, Darren M ^b,d   Roberts, Jason A ^b,c  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antibiotic; ICU; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Renal failure

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFEPIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CREATININE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; OROSOMUCOID; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TEMOCILLIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEPSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; CRITICAL ILLNESS; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMANS; SEPSIS;

EID: 84898468090     PISSN: 07328893     EISSN: 18790070     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.01.015     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Aitken L.M., Williams G., Harvey M., Blot S., Kleinpell R., Labeau S., et al. Nursing considerations to complement the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Crit Care Med 2011, 39:1800-1818.
2. Ali T., Khan I., Simpson W., Prescott G., Townend J., Smith W., et al. Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:1292-1298.
3. Ambrose P.G., Bhavnani S.M., Ellis-Grosse E.J., Drusano G.L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations in the design of hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia studies: look before you leap!. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(Suppl 1):S103-S110.
4. Bagshaw S.M., George C., Dinu I., Bellomo R. A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:1203-1210.
5. Baptista J.P., Udy A.A., Sousa E., Pimentel J., Wang L., Roberts J.A., et al. A comparison of estimates of glomerular filtration in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance. Crit Care 2011, 15:R139.
6. Bellomo R., Ronco C., Kellum J.A., Mehta R.L., Palevsky P. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004, 8:R204-R212.
7. Bellomo R., Kellum J.A., Ronco C. Acute kidney injury. Lancet 2012, 380:756-766.
8. Bhavnani S.M., Rubino C.M., Hammel J.P., Forrest A., Dartois N., Cooper C.A., et al. Pharmacological and patient-specific response determinants in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia treated with tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:1065-1072.
9. Blot S. Limiting the attributable mortality of nosocomial infection and multidrug resistance in intensive care units. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008, 14:5-13.
10. Blot S., Vandewoude K.H., Colardyn F.A. Clinical impact of nosocomial Klebsiella bacteremia in critically ill patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002, 21:471-473.
11. Blot S., Vandewoude K.H., Colardyn F.A. Evaluation of outcome in critically ill patients with nosocomial enterobacter bacteremia: results of a matched cohort study. Chest 2003, 123:1208-1213.
12. Blot S.I., Rodriguez A., Sole-Violan J., Blanquer J., Almirall J., Rello J. Effects of delayed oxygenation assessment on time to antibiotic delivery and mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia*. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:2509-2514.
13. Blot S., Cankurtaran M., Petrovic M., Vandijck D., Lizy C., Decruyenaere J., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infection in elderly critically ill patients: a comparison between middle-aged, old, and very old patients. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:1634-1641.
14. Brown J.R., Parikh C.R., Ross C.S., Kramer R.S., Magnus P.C., Chaisson K., et al. Impact of Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury as a Severity Index for Thirty-Day Readmission After Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2014, 97:111-117.
15. Brusselaers N., Monstrey S., Colpaert K., Decruyenaere J., Blot S.I., Hoste E.A. Outcome of acute kidney injury in severe burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:915-925.
16. Choi G., Gomersall C.D., Tian Q., Joynt G.M., Li A.M., Lipman J. Principles of antibacterial dosing in continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 2010, 30:195-212.
17. Cockcroft D.W., Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976, 16:31-41.
18. Craig W.A. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:1-10. [quiz 1-2].
19. De Waele J.J., Danneels I., Depuydt P., Decruyenaere J., Bourgeois M., Hoste E. Factors associated with inadequate early vancomycin levels in critically ill patients treated with continuous infusion. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 41:434-438.
20. Dellinger R.P., Levy M.M., Rhodes A., Annane D., Gerlach H., Opal S.M., et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intens Care Med 2013, 39:165-228.
21. Drusano G.L., Preston S.L., Fowler C., Corrado M., Weisinger B., Kahn J. Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2004, 189:1590-1597.
22. Forrest A., Nix D.E., Ballow C.H., Goss T.F., Birmingham M.C., Schentag J.J. Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37:1073-1081.
23. Gasser T.C., Ebert S.C., Graversen P.H., Madsen P.O. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987, 31:709-712.
24. Goncalves-Pereira J., Povoa P. Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams. Crit Care 2011, 15:R206.
25. Hoste E.A., Blot S.I., Lameire N.H., Vanholder R.C., De Bacquer D., Colardyn F.A. Effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated with renal replacement therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:454-462.
26. Hoste E.A., Clermont G., Kersten A., Venkataraman R., Angus D.C., De Bacquer D., et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care 2006, 10:R73.
27. Houck P.M., Bratzler D.W., Nsa W., Ma A., Bartlett J.G. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:637-644.
28. Jelliffe R. Estimation of creatinine clearance in patients with unstable renal function, without a urine specimen. Am J Nephrol 2002, 22:320-324.
29. Joannidis M., Metnitz B., Bauer P., Schusterschitz N., Moreno R., Druml W., et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database. Intens Care Med 2009, 35:1692-1702.
30. Jumbe N., Louie A., Leary R., Liu W., Deziel M.R., Tam V.H., et al. Application of a mathematical model to prevent in vivo amplification of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations during therapy. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:275-285.
31. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)-work group on acute kidney injury KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012, 2:1-138.
32. Kitzes-Cohen R., Farin D., Piva G., De Myttenaere-Bursztein S.A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002, 19:105-110.
33. Kollef M. Appropriate empirical antibacterial therapy for nosocomial infections: getting it right the first time. Drugs 2003, 63:2157-2168.
34. Korth-Bradley J.M., Troy S.M., Matschke K., Muralidharan G., Fruncillo R.J., Speth J.L., et al. Tigecycline pharmacokinetics in subjects with various degrees of renal function. J Clin Pharmacol 2012, 52:1379-1387.
35. Kumar A., Roberts D., Wood K.E., Light B., Parrillo J.E., Sharma S., et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1589-1596.
36. Lameire N., Hoste E. Reflections on the definition, classification, and diagnostic evaluation of acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004, 10:468-475.
37. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Greene T., Stevens L.A., Zhang Y.L., Hendriksen S., et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145:247-254.
38. Levy M.M., Macias W.L., Vincent J.L., Russell J.A., Silva E., Trzaskoma B., et al. Early changes in organ function predict eventual survival in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2194-2201.
39. Li C., Du X., Kuti J.L., Nicolau D.P. Clinical pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:1725-1730.
40. Lipman J., Udy A.A., Roberts J.A. Do we understand the impact of altered physiology, consequent interventions and resultant clinical scenarios in the intensive care unit? The antibiotic story. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011, 39:999-1000.
41. Lodise T.P., McKinnon P.S., Swiderski L., Rybak M.J. Outcomes analysis of delayed antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:1418-1423.
42. Louie A., Kaw P., Liu W., Jumbe N., Miller M.H., Drusano G.L. Pharmacodynamics of daptomycin in a murine thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:845-851.
43. Martin J.H., Fay M.F., Udy A., Roberts J., Kirkpatrick C., Ungerer J., et al. Pitfalls of using estimations of glomerular filtration rate in an intensive care population. Intern Med J 2011, 41:537-543.
44. McKinnon P.S., Paladino J.A., Schentag J.J. Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008, 31:345-351.
45. Mehta R.L., Kellum J.A., Shah S.V., Molitoris B.A., Ronco C., Warnock D.G., et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007, 11:R31.
46. Nicolau D.P., Freeman C.D., Belliveau P.P., Nightingale C.H., Ross J.W., Quintiliani R. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995, 39:650-655.
47. Pea F., Viale P., Furlanut M. Antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients: a review of pathophysiological conditions responsible for altered disposition and pharmacokinetic variability. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005, 44:1009-1034.
48. Pea F., Poz D., Viale P., Pavan F., Furlanut M. Which reliable pharmacodynamic breakpoint should be advised for ciprofloxacin monotherapy in the hospital setting? A TDM-based retrospective perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 58:380-386.
49. Pong S., Seto W., Abdolell M., Trope A., Wong K., Herridge J., et al. 12-hour versus 24-hour creatinine clearance in critically ill pediatric patients. Pediatr Res 2005, 58:83-88.
50. Reynvoet E., Vandijck D.M., Blot S.I., Dhondt A.W., De Waele J.J., Claus S., et al. Epidemiology of infection in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2203-2209.
51. Roberts D.M. The relevance of drug clearance to antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011, 12:2002-2014.
52. Roberts J.A., Lipman J. Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006, 45:755-773.
53. Roberts J.A., Lipman J. Pharmacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:840-851. [quiz 59].
54. Roberts J.A., Kruger P., Paterson D.L., Lipman J. Antibiotic resistance-what's dosing got to do with it?. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2433-2440.
55. Roberts J.A., Lipman J., Blot S., Rello J. Better outcomes through continuous infusion of time-dependent antibiotics to critically ill patients?. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008, 14:390-396.
56. Roberts J.A., Hope W.W., Lipman J. Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactams for critically ill patients: unwarranted or essential?. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 35:419-420.
57. Roberts J.A., Pea F., Lipman J. The clinical relevance of plasma protein binding changes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013, 52:1-8.
58. Rohwedder R.W., Bergan T., Thorsteinsson S.B., Scholl H. Transintestinal elimination of ciprofloxacin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1990, 13:127-133.
59. Safdar N., Andes D., Craig W.A. In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48:63-68.
60. Shakeri-Nejad K., Stahlmann R. Drug interactions during therapy with three major groups of antimicrobial agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006, 7:639-651.
61. Sime F.B., Roberts M.S., Peake S.L., Lipman J., Roberts J.A. Does beta-lactam pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients justify therapeutic drug monitoring?. Ann Intensive Care 2012, 2:35.
62. Sorgel F., Naber K.G., Jaehde U., Reiter A., Seelmann R., Sigl G. Gastrointestinal secretion of ciprofloxacin. Evaluation of the charcoal model for investigations in healthy volunteers. Am J Med 1989, 87:62S-65S.
63. Stevens L.A., Coresh J., Greene T., Levey A.S. Assessing kidney function-measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:2473-2483.
64. Tabah A., Koulenti D., Laupland K., Misset B., Valles J., Bruzzi de Carvalho F., et al. Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT International Cohort Study. Intens Care Med 2012, 38:1930-1945.
65. Taccone F.S., Laterre P.F., Dugernier T., Spapen H., Delattre I., Wittebole X., et al. Insufficient beta-lactam concentrations in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 2010, 14:R126.
66. Tam V.H., McKinnon P.S., Akins R.L., Drusano G.L., Rybak M.J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:1853-1861.
67. Tam V.H., Schilling A.N., Neshat S., Poole K., Melnick D.A., Coyle E.A. Optimization of meropenem minimum concentration/MIC ratio to suppress in vitro resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49:4920-4927.
68. Tam V.H., Schilling A.N., Nikolaou M. Modelling time-kill studies to discern the pharmacodynamics of meropenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005, 55:699-706.
69. Thakar C.V., Christianson A., Freyberg R., Almenoff P., Render M.L. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2552-2558.
70. Uchino S., Bellomo R., Goldsmith D., Bates S., Ronco C. An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1913-1917.
71. Udy A.A., Roberts J.A., Boots R.J., Paterson D.L., Lipman J. Augmented renal clearance: implications for antibacterial dosing in the critically ill. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010, 49:1-16.
72. Udy A.A., Roberts J.A., Lipman J. Implications of augmented renal clearance in critically ill patients. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011, 7:539-543.
73. Udy A.A., Varghese J.M., Altukroni M., Briscoe S., McWhinney B.C., Ungerer J.P., et al. Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients: association between augmented renal clearance and low trough drug concentrations. Chest 2012, 142:30-39.
74. Ulldemolins M., Roberts J.A., Lipman J., Rello J. Antibiotic dosing in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Chest 2011, 139:1210-1220.
75. van Zanten A.R., Polderman K.H., van Geijlswijk I.M., van der Meer G.Y., Schouten M.A., Girbes A.R. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 2008, 23:422-430.
76. Vincent J.L., Rello J., Marshall J., Silva E., Anzueto A., Martin C.D., et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009, 302:2323-2329.
77. Vogelaers D., De Bels D., Foret F., Cran S., Gilbert E., Schoonheydt K., et al. Patterns of antimicrobial therapy in severe nosocomial infections: empiric choices, proportion of appropriate therapy, and adaptation rates-a multicentre, observational survey in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 35:375-381.
78. Wells M., Lipman J. Measurements of glomerular filtration in the intensive care unit are only a rough guide to renal function. S Afr J Surg 1997, 35:20-23.
79. Xuan D., Nicolau D.P., Nightingale C.H. Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in hospitalized patients receiving once-daily dosing. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 23:291-295.
80. Zeitlinger M.A., Derendorf H., Mouton J.W., Cars O., Craig W.A., Andes D., et al. Protein binding: do we ever learn?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011, 55:3067-3074.
81. Zelenitsky S., Rubinstein E., Ariano R., Iacovides H., Dodek P., Mirzanejad Y., et al. Vancomycin pharmacodynamics and survival in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated septic shock. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 41:255-260.