Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 2027-2054

  Smith, B ^a   Warlind D ^a   Arneth, A ^b   Hickler, T ^c,d   Leadley, P ^e   Siltberg, J ^a   Zaehle, S ^f  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH CENTRE BIK F   (Germany)

^d GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SUD   (France)

^f MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; CARBON EMISSION; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; GROWTH RATE; NITROGEN CYCLE; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NUTRIENT LIMITATION; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SOIL CARBON; SOIL NUTRIENT; STAND STRUCTURE; TREE;

EID: 84898455144     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Aerts, R.: Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns?, J. Ecol., 84, 597-608.
2. Ahlström, A., Miller, P. A., and Smith, B.: Too early to infer a global NPP decline since 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15403, doi:10.1029/2012GL052336, 2012.
3. Ahlström, A., Schurgers, G., Arneth, A., and Smith, B.: Robustness and uncertainty in terrestrial ecosystem carbon response to CMIP5 climate change projections, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044008, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044008, 2012.
4. Ainsworth, E. A. and Long, S. P.: What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the reponses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2, New Phytol., 165, 351-372, 2005. (Pubitemid 40177950)
5. Alton, P. B., Ellis, R., Los, S. O., and North, P. R.: Improved global simulations of gross primary production based on a separate and explicit treatment of diffuse and direct sunlight, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D07203, doi:10.1029/2006JD008022, 2007. (Pubitemid 46916216)
6. Arora, V. K., Boer, G. J., Friedlingstein, P., Eby, M., Jones, C. D., Christian, J. R., Bonan, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Hajima, T., Iljina, T., Lindsay, K., Tjiputra, J. F., and Wu, T.: Carbon-concentration and carbon-climate feedbacks in CMIP5 Earth system models, J. Climate, 26, 5289-5314, 2013.
7. Arneth, A., Sitch, S., Bondeau, A., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Foster, P., Gedney, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Prentice, I. C., Sanderson, M., Thonicke, K.,Wania, R., and Zaehle, S.: From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 7, 121-149, doi:10.5194/bg-7-121-2010, 2010.
8. Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Roedenbeck, C., Arain, M. A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G. B., Bondeau, A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Oleson, K. W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F. I., and Papale, D.: Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate, Science, 329, 834-838, 2010.
9. Booth, B. B., Jones, C. D., Collins, M., Totterdell, I. J., Cox, P. M., Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Betts, R. A., Harris, G. R., and Lloyd, J.: High sensitivity of future global warming to land carbon cycle processes, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 024002, doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/7/2/024002, 2012.
10. Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Green, P. A., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1S91, doi:10.1029/2005GB002537, 2006.
11. Bugmann, H.: A review of forest gap models, Climatic Change, 51, 259-305, 2001. (Pubitemid 33145976)
12. Cannell, M. G. R.: World Forest Biomass and Primary Production Data, Vol. VIIII, Academic Press, London, UK, 1982.
13. Cao, M. K. and Woodward, F. I.: Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change, Nature, 393, 249-252, 1998. (Pubitemid 28261719)
14. Chen, J. M., Mo, G., Pisek, J., Liu, J., Deng, F., Ishizawa, M., and Chan, D.: Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1019, doi:10.1029/2010GB003996, 2012.
15. Churkina, G., Brovkin, V., von Bloh, W., Trusilova, K., Jung, M., and Dentener, F.: Synergy of rising nitrogen depositions and atmospheric CO2 on land carbon uptake moderately offsets global warming, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB4027, doi:10.1029/2008GB003291, 2009.
16. Cleveland, C. C., and Liptzin, D.: C : N:P stoichiometry in soil: is there a "Redfield ratio" for the microbial biomass? Biogeochemistry, 85, 235-252, 2007.
17. Cleveland, C. C., Townsend, A. R., Schimel, D. S., Fisher, H., Howarth, R. W., Hedin, L. O., Perakis, S. S., Latty, E. F., Von Fischer, J. C., Elseroad, A., and Wasson, M. F.: Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N2) fixation in natural ecosystems, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 623-645, 1999.
18. Collatz, G. J. A., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A.: Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 107-136, 1991.
19. Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J. A.: Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519-538, 1992.
20. Comins, H. N. and McMurtrie, R. E.: Long-term response of nutrient-limited forests to CO2 enrichment; equilibrium behaviour of plant-soil models, Ecol. Appl., 3, 666-681, 1993.
21. Cosby, B. J., Hornberger, G. M., Clapp, R. B., and Ginn, T. R.: A statistical exploration of the relationships of soil-moisture characteristics of the physical properties of soils,Water Resour. Res., 20, 682-690, 1984.
22. Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184-187, 2000.
23. Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. A., Brovkin, V., Cox, P. M., Fisher, V., Foley, J. A., Friend, A. D., Kucharik, C., Lomas, M. R., Ramankutty, N., Sitch, S., Smith, B., White, A., and Young-Molling, C.: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 357-373, 2001. (Pubitemid 32477866)
24. Dawes, M. A., Hättenschwiler, S., Bebi, P., Hagedorn, F., Handa, I. T., Körner, C., and Rixen, C.: Species-specific tree growth responses to 9 years of CO2 enrichment at the alpine treeline, J. Ecol., 99, 383-394, 2011.
25. Demarty, J., Chevallier, F., Friend, A. D., Viovy, N., Piao, S., and Ciais, P.: Assimilation of global MODIS leaf area index retrievals within a terrestrial biosphere model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15402, doi:10.1029/2007GL030014, 2007. (Pubitemid 47521281)
26. Enquist, B. J., Brown, J. H., and West, G. B.: Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density, Nature, 395, 163-165, 1998. (Pubitemid 28425653)
27. Esser, G., Kattge, J., and Sakalli, A. Feedback of carbon and nitrogen cycles enhances carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 819-842, 2011.
28. Field, C. B., Chapin, F. S. I., Matson, P. A., and Mooney, H. A.: Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing atmosphere: a resource-based approach, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23, 201-235, 1992. (Pubitemid 24411335)
29. Finzi, A. C., Norby, R. J., Calfapietra, C., Gallet-Budynek, A., Gielen, B., Holmes,W. E., Hoosbeek, M. R., Iversen, C. M., Jackson, R. B., Kubiske, M. E., Ledford, J., Liberloo, M., Oren, R., Polle, A., Pritchard, S., Zak, D. R., Schlesinger,W. H., and Ceulemans, R.: Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO2, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 14014-14019, 2007. (Pubitemid 350003328)
30. Fisher, R., McDowell, N., Purves, D., Moorcroft, P., Sitch, S., Cox, P., Huntingford, C., Meir, P., and Woodward, F. I.: Assessing uncertainties in a second-generation dynamic vegetation model caused by ecological scale limitations, New Phytol., 187, 666-681, 2010a.
31. Fisher, J. B., Sitch, S., Malhi, Y., Fisher, R. A., Huntingford, C., and Tan, S. Y.: Carbon cost of plant nitrogen acquisition: a mechanistic, globally applicable model of plant nitrogen uptake, retranslocation, and fixation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1014, doi:10.1029/2009GB003621, 2010b.
32. Franzluebbers, A. J. and Stuedemann, J. A.: Soil-profile organic carbon and total nitrogen during 12 years of pasture management in the Southern Piedmont, USA, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 129, 28-36, 2009.
33. Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., Von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur, R., Strassmann, K., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177898)
34. Friend, A. D., Stevens, A. K., Knox, R. G., and Cannell, M. G. R.: A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0), Ecol. Model., 95, 249-287, 1997.
35. Fulton, M.: Adult recruitment as a function of juvenile growth rate in size-structured plant populations, Oikos, 62, 102-105, 1991.
36. Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153-226, 2004.
37. Ganzeveld, L. N., Lelieveld, J., Dentener, F. J., Krol, M. C., Bouwman, A. J., and Roelofs, G. J.: Global soil-biogenic NOx emissions and the role of canopy processes, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4321, doi:10.1029/2001JD001289, 2002. (Pubitemid 43206180)
38. Gerber, S., Hedin, L. O., Oppenheimer, M., Pacala, S. W., and Shevliakova, E.: Nitrogen cycling and feedbacks in a global dynamic land model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1001, doi:10.1029/2008GB003336, 2010.
39. Gerten, D., Schaphoff, S., Haberlandt, W., Lucht, W., and Sitch, S.: Terrestrial vegetation and water balance - hydrological evaluation of a dynamic global vegetation model, J. Hydrol., 286, 249-270, 2004. (Pubitemid 38211237)
40. Giorgetta, M. A., Jungclaus, J., Reick, C. H., Legutke, S., Bader, J., Böttinger, M., Brovkin, V., Crueger, T., Esch, M., Fieg, K., Glushak, K., Gayler, V., Haak, H., Hollweg, H.-D., Ilyina, T., Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Matei, D., Mauritsen, T., Mikolajewicz, U., Mueller, W., Notz, D., Pithan, F., Raddatz, T., Rast, S., Redler, R., Roeckner, E., Schmidt, H., Schnur, R., Segschneider, J., Six, K. D., Stockhause, M., Timmreck, C., Wegner, J., Widmann, H., Wieners, K.-H., Claussen, M., Marotzke, J., and Stevens, B.: Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 5, 572-597, 2013.
41. Goll, D. S., Brovkin, V., Parida, B. R., Reick, C. H., Kattge, J., Reich, P. B., van Bodegom, P. M., and Niinemets, Ü.: Nutrient limitation reduces land carbon uptake in simulations with a model of combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, Biogeosciences, 9, 3547-3569, doi:10.5194/bg-9-3547-2012, 2012.
42. Haxeltine, A. and Prentice, I. C.: A general model for the lightuse efficiency of primary production, Funct. Ecol., 10, 551-561, 1996a.
43. Haxeltine, A. and Prentice, I. C.: BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 693-709, 1996b.
44. Hickler, T., Smith, B., Sykes, M. T., Davis, M. B., Sugita, S., and Walker, K.: Using a generalized vegetation model to simulate vegetation dynamics in the western Great Lakes region, USA, under alternative disturbance regimes, Ecology, 85, 519-530, 2004. (Pubitemid 38319118)
45. Hickler, T., Prentice, I. C., Smith, B., Sykes, M. T., and Zaehle, S.: Implementing plant hydraulic architecture within the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 15, 567-577, 2006. (Pubitemid 44636895)
46. Hickler, T., Smith, B., Prentice I. C., Mjöfors, K., Miller, P., Arneth, A., and Sykes, M. T. CO2 fertilization in temperate forest FACE experiments not representative of boreal and tropical forests, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 1531-1542, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2008.01598.x, 2008. (Pubitemid 351796637)
47. House, J. I., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Houghton, R. A., and Heimann, M.: Reconciling apparent inconsistencies in estimates of terrestrial CO2 sources and sinks, Tellus B, 55, 345-363, 2003. (Pubitemid 36610977)
48. Huang, S., Titus, S. J., and Wiens, D. P.: Comparison of non-linear height-diameter functions for major Alberta tree species, Can. J. Forest Res., 22, 1297-1304, 1992. (Pubitemid 23398635)
49. Hungate, B. A., Dukes, J. S., Shaw, M. R., Luo, Y., and Field, C. B.: Nitrogen and climate change, Science, 302, 1512-1513, 2003.
50. Huntingford, C. and Monteith, J. L.: The behaviour of a mixedlayer model of the convective boundary layer coupled to a big leaf model of surface energy partitioning, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 88, 87-101, 1998. (Pubitemid 29020645)
51. Hyvönen, R., Agren, G. I., Linder, S., Persson, T., Cotrufo, M. F., Ekblad, A., Freeman, M., Grelle, A., Janssens, I. A., Jarvis, P. G., Kellomäki, S., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Lundmark, T., Norby, R. J., Oren, R., Pilegaard, K., Ryan, M. G., Sigurdsson, B. D., Strömgren, M., van Oijen, M., and Wallin, G.: The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review, New Phytol., 173, 463-480, 2007. (Pubitemid 46098886)
52. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007.
53. Ito, A. and Penner, J. E.: Global estimates of biomass burning emissions based on satellite imagery for the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S05, doi:10.1029/2003JD004423, 2004. (Pubitemid 39364482)
54. Ito, A.: A historical meta-analysis of global terrestrial net primary productivity: are estimates converging?, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3161-3175, 2011.
55. Jain, A., Yang, X. J., Kheshgi, H., McGuire, A. D., Post, W., and Kicklighter, D.: Nitrogen attenuation of terrestrial carbon cycle response to global environmental factors, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB4028, doi:10.1029/2009GB003519, 2009.
56. Joos, F., Prentice, I. C., Sitch, S., Meyer, R., Hooss, G., Plattner, G.-K., Gerber, S., and Hasselmann, K.: Global warming feedbacks on terrestrial carbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 891-907, 2001. (Pubitemid 34077843)
57. Jung,M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H. A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A. D., Arain, M. A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B. E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E. J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., and Williams, C.: Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G00J07, doi:10.1029/2010JG001566, 2011.
58. Kirschbaum, M. U. F. and Paul, K. I.: Modelling C and N dynamics in forest soils with a modified version of the CENTURY model, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 341-354, 2002. (Pubitemid 34179528)
59. Kostiainen, K., Kaakinen, S., Saranpaa, P., Sigurdsson, B. D., Lundqvist, S. O., Linder, S., and Vapaavuori, E.: Stem wood properties of mature Norway spruce after 3 years of continuous exposure to elevated [CO2] and temperature, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 368-379, 2009.
60. Körner, C., Asshoff, R., Bignucolo, O., Hattenschwiler, S., Keel, S. G., Pelaez-Riedl, S., Pepin, S., Siegwolf, R. T. W., and Zotz, G.: Carbon flux and growth in mature deciduous forest trees exposed to elevated CO2, Science, 309, 1360-1362, 2005. (Pubitemid 41209360)
61. Lamarque, J.-F., Dentener, F., McConnell, J., Ro, C.-U., Shaw, M., Vet, R., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Dalsoren, S., Doherty, R., Faluvegi, G., Ghan, S. J., Josse, B., Lee, Y. H., MacKenzie, I. A., Plummer, D., Shindell, D. T., Skeie, R. B., Stevenson, D. S., Strode, S., Zeng, G., Curran, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Das, S., Fritzsche, D., and Nolan, M.: Multi-model mean nitrogen and sulfur deposition from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): evaluation of historical and projected future changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7997-8018, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7997-2013, 2013.
62. Lamarque, J.-F., Kyle, G. P., Meinshausen, M., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., van Vuuren, D. P., Conley, A. J., and Vitt, F.: Global and regional evolution of short-lived radiatively-active gases and aerosols in the Representative Concentration Pathways, Climatic Change, 109, 191-212, 2011.
63. Li, F., Zeng, X. D., and Levis, S.: A process-based fire parameterization of intermediate complexity in a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Biogeosciences, 9, 2761-2780, doi:10.5194/bg-9-2761- 2012, 2012.
64. Linder, P., Elfving, B., and Zackrisson, O.: Stand structure and successional trends in virgin boreal forest reserves in Sweden, Forest Ecol. Manag., 98, 17-33, 1997. (Pubitemid 27474221)
65. Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315-323, 1994. (Pubitemid 2100544)
66. Lloyd, J., Patiño, S., Paiva, R. Q., Nardoto, G. B., Quesada, C. A., Santos, A. J. B., Baker, T. R., Brand, W. A., Hilke, I., Gielmann, H., Raessler, M., Luizão, F. J., Martinelli, L. A., and Mercado, L. M.: Optimisation of photosynthetic carbon gain and within-canopy gradients of associated foliar traits for Amazon forest trees, Biogeosciences, 7, 1833-1859, doi:10.5194/bg-7- 1833-2010, 2010.
67. Long, S. P.: Modification of the response of photosynthetic productivity to rising temperature by atmospheric CO2 concentrations: has its importance been underestimated?, Plant Cell Environ., 14, 729-739, 1991.
68. Luo, Y., Su, B., Currie, W. S., Dukes, J. S., Finzi, A., Hartwig, U., Hungate, B., McMurtrie, R. E., Oren, R., Parton, W. J., Pataki, D. E., Shaw, M. R., Zak, D. R., and Field, C. B.: Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, BioScience, 54, 731-740, 2004.
69. Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A. D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S. L., Schulze, E.-D., Wingate, L., Metteucci, G., Aragao, L., Aubinet, M., Beer, C., Bernhofer, C., Black, K. G., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Chambers, J., Ciais, P., Cook, B., Davis, K. J., Dolman, A. J., Gielen, B., Goulden, M., Grace, J., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Griffis, T., Grünwald, T., Guidolotti, G., Hanson, P. J., Harding, R., Hollinger, D. Y., Hutyra, L. R., Kolari, P., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W., Lagergren, F., Laurila, T., Law, B. E., Le Maire, G., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Malhi, Y., Mateus, J., Migliavacca, M., Misson, L., Montagnani, L., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Nikinmaa, E., Ollinger, S. V., Pita, G., Rebmann, C., Roupsard, O., Saigusa, N., Sanz, M. J., Seufert, G., Sierra, C., Smith, M.-L., Tang, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Janssens, I. A.: CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2509-2537, 2007. (Pubitemid 350154325)
70. Macduff, J. H., Humphreys, M. O., and Thomas, H.: Effects of a stay-green mutation on plant nitrogen relations in Lolium perenne during N starvation and after defoliation, Ann. Bot.- London, 89, 11-21, 2002. (Pubitemid 34527377)
71. McDowell, N., Barnard, H., Bond, B. J., Hinckley, T., Hubbard, R. M., Ishii, H., Köstner, B., Magnani, F., Marshall, J. D., Meinzer, F. C., Phillips, N., Ryan, M. G., and Whitehead, D.: The relationship between tree height and leaf area: sapwood area ratio, Oecologia, 132, 12-20, 2002. (Pubitemid 36080209)
72. McGuire, A. D., Sitch, S., Clein, J. S., Dargaville, R., Esser, G., Foley, J., Heimann, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J., Kicklighter, D. W., Meier, R. A., Melillo, J. M., Moore, B. I., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Reichenau, T., Schloss, A., Tian, H., Williams, L. J., andWittenberg, U.: Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the twentieth century: Analyses of CO2, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 183-206, 2001. (Pubitemid 32430733)
73. Medlyn, B. E., McMurtrie, R. E., Dewar, R. C., and Jeffreys, M. P.: Soil processes dominate the long-term response of forest net primary productivity to increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration, Can. J. For. Res., 30, 873-888, 2000.
74. Melillo, J. M., McGuire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. W., Moore, B., Vorosmarty, C. J., and Schloss, A. L. Global climate-change and terrestrial net primary production, Nature, 363, 234-240, 1993. (Pubitemid 23381946)
75. Miller, P. A. and Smith, B.: Modelling tundra vegetation response to recent Arctic warming, Ambio, 41, 281-290, 2012.
76. Mitchell, T. D. and Jones, P. D.: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693-712, 2005. (Pubitemid 40815726)
77. Moorcroft, P. R.: Recent advances in ecosystem-atmosphere interactions: an ecological perspective, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 270, 1215-1227, 2003. (Pubitemid 36750954)
78. Moorcroft, P. R.: How close are we to a predictive science of the biosphere?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 400-407, 2006. (Pubitemid 43947340)
79. Neilson, R. P.: A model for predicting continental-scale vegetation distribution and water balance, Ecol. Appl., 5, 362-386, 1995.
80. Norby, R. J., DeLucia, E. H., Gielen, B., Calfapietra, C., Giardina, C. P., King, J. S., Ledford, J., McCarthy, H. R., Moore, D. J. P., Ceulemans, R., De Angelis, P., Finzi, A. C., Karnosky, D. F., Kubiske, M. E., Lukac, M., Pregitzer, K. S., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. E., Schlesinger, W. H., and Oren, R.: Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 18052-18056, 2005. (Pubitemid 41798500)
81. Norby, R. J., Warren, J. M., Iversen, C. M., Medlyn, B. E., and McMurtrie, R. E.: CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 19368-19373, 2010.
82. O'ishi, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Prentice, I. C., and Sitch, S.: Vegetation dynamics and plant CO2 responses as positive feedbacks in a greenhouse world, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11706, doi:10.1029/2009GL038217, 2009.
83. Olsrud, M., Melillo, J. M., Christensen, T. R., Michelsen, A., Wallander, H., and Olsson, P. A.: Response of ericoid mycorrhizal colonization and functioning to global change factors, New Phytol., 162, 459-469, 2004. (Pubitemid 38503713)
84. Parton, W. J., Hanson, P. J., Swanston, C., Torn, M., Trumbore, S. E., Riley, W., and Kelly, R.: ForCent model development and testing using the Enriched Background Isotope Study experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G04001, doi:10.1029/2009JG001193, 2010.
85. Parton,W. J., Scurlock, J. M. O., Ojima, D. S., Gilmanov, T. G., Scholes, R. J., Schimel, D. S., Kirchner, T., Menaut, J.-C., Seastedt, T., Garcia Moya, E., Kamnalrut, A., and Kinyamario, J. I.: Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 785-809, 1993.
86. Peltoniemi, M. S., Duursma, R. A., and Medlyn, B. E.: Co-optimal distribution of leaf nitrogen and hydraulic conductance in plant canopies, Tree Physiol., 32, 510-519, 2012.
87. Piao, S., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Janssens, I. A., Chen, A., Cao, C., Fang, J., Friedlingstein, P., Luo, Y., and Wang, S.: Forest annual carbon cost: a global-scale analysis of autotrophic respiration, Ecology 91, 652-661, 2010.
88. Piao, S. L., Sitch, S., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., Wang, X. H., Ahlström, A., Anav, A., Canadell, J. G., Cong, N., Huntingford, C., Jung, M., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Li, J. S., Lin, X., Lomas, M. R., Lu, M., Luo, Y. Q., Ma, Y. C., Myneni, R. B., Poulter, B., Sun, Z. Z., Wang, T., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.: Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends, Glob. Change Biol., 19, 2117-2132, 2013.
89. Pinard, M. A., Putz, F. E., and Licona, J. C.: Tree mortality and vine proliferation following a wildfire in a subhumid tropical forest in eastern Bolivia, Forest Ecol. Manag., 116, 247-252, 1999. (Pubitemid 29139406)
90. Post,W. M., Pastor, J., Zinke, P. J., and Stangenberger, A.G.: Global patterns of soil-nitrogen storage, Nature, 317, 613-616, 1985.
91. Purves, D. and Pacala, S.: Predictive models of forest dynamics, Science, 320, 1452-1453, 2008. (Pubitemid 351929391)
92. Raynaud, X. and Leadley, P. W.: Soil characteristics play a key role in modeling nutrient competition in plant communities, Ecology, 85, 2200-2214, 2004. (Pubitemid 39471128)
93. Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., and Ellsworth, D. S.: Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems, Ecol. Monogr., 62, 365-392, 1992. (Pubitemid 23395605)
94. Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., and Ellsworth, D. S.: From tropics to tundra: global convergence in plant functioning, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 13730-13734, 1997. (Pubitemid 28009651)
95. Rothstein, D. E., Zak, D. R., Pregitzer, K. S., and Curtis, P. S.: Kinetics of nitrogen uptake by Populus tremuloides in relation to atmospheric CO2 and soil nitrogen availability, Tree Physiol., 20, 265-270, 2000. (Pubitemid 30343280)
96. Rousk, J. and Baath, E.: Fungal and bacterial growth in soil with plant materials of different C/N ratios, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 62, 258-267, 2007. (Pubitemid 350076065)
97. Running, S. W., Nemani, R. R., Heinsch, F. A., Zhao, M., Reeves, M., and Hashimoto, H.: A continous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production, BioScience, 54, 547-560, 2004. (Pubitemid 38751840)
98. Ryan, M. G.: Effects of climate change on plant respiration, Ecol. Appl., 1, 157-167, 1991.
99. Saugier, B. and Roy, J.: Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: converging towards a single number?, in: Terrestrial Global Productivity: Past, Present and Future, edited by: Roy, J., Saugier, B., and Mooney, H. A., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2001.
100. Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Gerten, D., Sitch, S., Cramer, W., and Prentice, I. C.: Terrestrial biosphere climate storage under alternative climate projections, Climatic Change, 74, 97-122, 2006. (Pubitemid 43760473)
101. Schlesinger, W. H.: Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change, 2nd edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.
102. Schloss, A. L., Kicklighter, D. W., Kaduk, J., Wittenberg, U., and The Participants of the Potsdam NPP Model Intercomparison: Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): comparison of NPP to climate and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Glob. Change Biol., 5 (suppl.), 25-34, 1999. (Pubitemid 29370529)
103. Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arnell, N. W., and Prentice, I. C.: A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 13116-13120, 2006. (Pubitemid 44338925)
104. Schulze, E.-D.: Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Springer, Berlin, 2000.
105. Schultz, M. G., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J. Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., Goldammer, J. G., Held, A. C., Pereira, J. M. C., and van het Bolscher, M.: Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2007GB003031, 2008.
106. Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Piao, S. L., Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C., and Woodward, F. I.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2015-2039, 2008.
107. Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M., Thonicke, K., and Venevsky, S.: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161-185, 2003. (Pubitemid 36294628)
108. Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., and Sykes, M. T.: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 10, 621-637, 2001.
109. Sokolov, A. P., Kicklighter, D. W., Melillo, J. M., Felzer, B. S., Schlosser, C. A., and Cronin, T. W.: Consequences of considering carbon-nitrogen Interactions on the feedbacks between climate and the terrestrial carbon cycle, J. Climate, 21, 3776-3796, 2008.
110. Thomas, R. Q., Bonan, G. B., and Goodale, C. L.: Insights into mechanisms governing forest carbon response to nitrogen deposition: a model-data comparison using observed responses to nitrogen addition, Biogeosciences, 10, 3869-3887, doi:10.5194/bg-10-3869-2013, 2013.
111. Thonicke, K., Venevsky, S., Sitch, S., and Cramer, W.: The role of fire disturbance for global vegetation dynamics: coupling fire into a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 10, 661-677, 2001.
112. Thonicke, K., Spessa, A., Prentice, I. C., Harrison, S. P., Dong, L., and Carmona-Moreno, C.: The influence of vegetation, fire spread and fire behaviour on biomass burning and trace gas emissions: results from a process-based model, Biogeosciences, 7, 1991-2011, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1991-2010, 2010.
113. Thornton, P. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Rosenbloom, N., and Mahowald, N. M.: Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO2 fertilization and climate variability, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB4018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002868, 2007. (Pubitemid 351386640)
114. Usoltsev, V. A.: Biomass of Forests in Northern Eurasia: Database and Geography (in Russian), Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg, Russia, 2001.
115. van derWerf, G R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys.10, 11707-11735 doi:10.5194/acp- 10-11707-2010 2010.
116. Vergutz, L., Manzoni, S., Porporato, A., Novais, R. F., and Jackson, R. B.: Global resorption efficiencies and concentrations of carbon and nutrients in leaves of terrestrial plants, Ecol. Monogr., 82, 205-220, 2012.
117. Wang, Y.-P. and Houlton, B. Z.: Nitrogen constraints on terrestrial carbon uptake: implications for the global carbon-climate feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24403, doi:10.1029/2009GL041009, 2009.
118. Wang, Y. P., Law, R. M., and Pak, B.: A global model of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles for the terrestrial biosphere, Biogeosciences, 7, 2261-2282, doi:10.5194/bg-7-2261-2010, 2010.
119. Warlind, D., Smith, B., Hickler, T., and Arneth, A.: Nitrogen feedbacks increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 151-185, doi:10.5194/bgd-11-151-2014, 2014.
120. Westoby, M.: The self-thinning rule, Adv. Ecol. Res., 14, 167-225, 1984.
121. White, M. A., Thornton, P. E., Running, S., and Nemani, R.: Parameterisation and sensitivity analysis of the BIOME-BGC terrestrial ecosystem model: net primary production controls, Earth Interact., 4, 1-55, 2000.
122. Wolf, A., Ciais, P., Bellassen, V., Delbart, N., Field, C. B., and Berry, J. A.: Forest biomass allometry in global land surface models, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB3015, doi:10.1029/2010gb003917, 2011.
123. Wramneby, A., Smith, B., Zaehle, S., and Sykes, M. T.: Parameter uncertainties in the modelling of vegetation dynamics - effects on tree community structure and ecosystem functioning in European forest biomes, Ecol. Model., 216, 277-290, 2008.
124. 1Xu-Ri and Prentice I C.: Terrestrial nitrogen cycle simulation with a dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol. 14,1745-1764 2008. (Pubitemid 352005791)
125. Yang, X. J., Wittig, V., Jain, A. K., and Post, W.: Integration of nitrogen cycle dynamics into the Integrated Science Assessment Model for the study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 121-149, 2009.
126. Zaehle, S. and Dalmonech, D.: Carbon-nitrogen interactions on land at global scales: understanding in modelling climate biosphere feedbacks, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sust., 3, 311-320, 2011.
127. Zaehle, S., Friedlingstein, P., and Friend, A. D.: Terrestrial nitrogen feedbacks may acccelerate future climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01401, doi:10.1029/2009GL041345, 2010.
128. Zaehle, S. and Friend, A. D.: Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2009GB003521, 2010.
129. Zaehle, S., Medlyn, B. E., De Kauwe, M. G., Walker, A. P., Dietze, M. C., Hickler, T., Luo, Y., Wang, Y.-P., El-Masri, B., Thornton, P., Jain, A.,Wang, S., Warlind, D.,Weng, E., Parton,W., Iversen, C. M., Gallet-Budynek, A., McCarthy, H., Finzi, A., Hanson, P. J., Prentice, I. C., Oren, R., and Norby, R. J.: Evaluation of 11 terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle models against observations from two temperate Free-Air CO2 Enrichment studies, New Phytol., in press, doi:10.1111/nph.12697, 2014.
130. Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Chen, H., and Adams, J.: Global pattern of NPP to GPP ratio derived from MODIS data: effects of ecosystem type, geographical location and climate, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 18, 280-290, 2009.