A comparative study of face landmarking techniques

Eurasip Journal on Image and Video Processing

Volumn 2013, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Çeliktutan, Oya ^a   Ulukaya, Sezer ^a   Sankur, Bülent ^a  

^a BOGAZICI UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMETRICS; COMPUTER VISION;

BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION; CHARACTERISTIC POINT; COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE; COMPARATIVE STUDIES; COMPUTER VISION PROBLEMS; CONCEPTUAL SIMPLICITY; DETECTION AND LOCALIZATION; STATE OF THE ART;

SURVEYS;

EID: 84898400300     PISSN: 16875176     EISSN: 16875281     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1687-5281-2013-13     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Y Cohn, J Tian, T Kanade, Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(2), 97-114 (2001)
2. M Pantic, LJM Rothkrantz, Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(12), 1424-1445 (2000)
3. K Liu, A Weissenfeld, J Ostermann, X Luo, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo. Robust AAM building for morphing in an image-based facial animation system (Hannover, Germany, 2008), pp. 933-936
4. S Ioannou, G Caridakis, K Karpouzis, S Kollias, Robust feature detection for facial expression recognition. J. Image Video Process. 2007(2), 5-5 (2007)
5. U Park, AK Jain, in Proc. of Int. Workshop on Video Processing for Security. 3D face reconstruction from stereo images (Quebec City, Canada, 2006), p. 41
6. AA Salah, N Alyuz, L Akarun, Registration of 3D face scans with average face models. J. Electron. Imag. 17(1), 011006 (2008)
7. N Pears, T Heseltine, M Romero, From 3D point clouds to pose-normalised depth maps. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 89(2), 152-176 (2010)
8. A Lanitis, CJ Taylor, TF Cootes, Automatic face idenitification system using flexible appearance models. Image Vis. Comput. 13(5), 393-401 (1995)
9. L Wiskott, JM Fellous, N Kruger, C von der Malsburg, Face recognition by elastic bunch graph. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 7, 775-779 (1997)
10. P Campadelli, R Lanzarotti, C Savazzi, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Image Analysis and Processing. A feature-based face recognition system (Mantova,Italy, 2003), pp. 68-73
11. F Dornaika, F Davoine, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, vol. 3. Online appearance-based face and facial feature tracking (Washington, DC, USA, 2004), pp. 814-817
12. J Cohn, A Zlochower, JJJ Lien, T Kanade, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Feature-point tracking by optical flow discriminates subtle differences in facial expression (Nara, Japan, 1998), pp. 396-401
13. H Cınar Akakın, B Sankur, in Proc. of Joint Cost 2101 & 2102 Int. Conf. on Biometric ID Management andMultimodal Communication. Analysis of head and facial gestures using facial landmark trajectories (Madrid, Spain, 2009), pp. 105-113
14. B Parkinson, Do facial movements express emotions or communicate motives? Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 9, 278-311 (2005)
15. P Ekman, WV Friesen, Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of FacialMovement. (Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978)
16. HC Akakın, B Sankur, Robust classification of face and head gestures in video. Image Video Comput. 29, 470-483 (2011)
17. J Bailenson, E Pontikakis, I Mauss, J Gross, M Jabon, C Hutcherson, C Nass, O John, Real-time classification of evoked emotions using facial feature tracking and physiological responses. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 66(5), 303-317 (2008)
18. A Pentland, B Moghaddam, T Starner, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. View-based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition (Seattle, Washington, 1994). pp. 84-91
19. B Heisele, P Ho, T Poggio, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer Vision. Face recognition with support vector machines: global versus component-based approaches (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2001), pp. 688-694
20. J Shi, A Samal, D Marx, How effective are landmarks and their geometry for face recognition? Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 102, 117-133 (2006)
21. Y Tong, Q Ji, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, vol. 1. Multiview facial feature tracking with a multi-modal probabilistic model (Washington, DC, USA, 2006), pp. 307-310
22. J Chen, B Tiddeman, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing. Robust facial feature tracking under various illuminations (Atlanta, GA, USA, 2006), pp. 2829-2832
23. RPW J Wieghardt, C von der Malsburg, in Proc. of European Conference on Computer Vision. Gabor-based feature point tracking with automatically learned constraints (Copenhagen, 2002)
24. L Teijeiro-Mosquera, JL Alba-Castro, Performance of active appearance model-based pose-robust face recognition. Comput. Vis. 5(6), 348-357 (2011)
25. Y Hu, M Zhou, Z Wu, A dense point-to-point alignment method for realistic 3D face morphing and animation. Int. J. Comput. Games Technol. 2009, 9 (2009)
26. PJ Phillips, PJ Flynn, T Scruggs, KW Bowyer, J Chang, K Hoffman, J Marques, J Min, W Worek, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1. Overview of the face recognition grand challenge, (2005), pp. 947-954
27. HC Akakın, B Sankur, in Proc. of Conf. on 3DTV. Robust 2D/3D face landmarking (Kos, Greece, 2007), pp. 1-4
28. H Dibeklioğlu, AA Salah, T Gevers, A statistical method for 2-D facial landmarking. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 21(2), 844-858 (2012)
29. KE Ko, KB Sim, in Proc. of Int. Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Development of advanced active appearance model for facial emotion recognition (Seoul, Korea, 2009), pp. 1019-1022
30. A Asthana, A Khwaja, R Goecke, in Image Processing (ICIP), 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on. Automatic frontal face annotation and AAM building for arbitrary expressions from a single frontal image only (Cairo, Egypt, 2009), pp. 2445-2448
31. S Milborrow, F Nicolls, in Proc. of European Conf. on Computer Vision. Locating facial features with an extended active shape model (Marseille, France, 2008), pp. 504-513
32. DG Lowe, Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 91-110 (2004)
33. N Dalal, B Triggs, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection (San Diego, CA, USA, 2005), pp. 886-893
34. K Seshadri, M Savvides, An analysis of the sensitivity of active shape models to initialization when applied to automatic facial landmarking. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7, 1255-1269 (2012)
35. Y Tie, L Guan, Automatic landmark point detection and tracking for human facial expressions. J. Image Video Process. 2013, 8 (2013)
36. E Meyers, L Wolf, Using biologically inspired features for face processing. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 76, 93-104 (2008)
37. X Xie, KM Lam, An efficient illumination normalization method for face recognition. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27(6), 609-617 (2006)
38. P Viola, M Jones, Robust real-time object detection. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 57(2), 137-154 (2001)
39. FY Shih, CF Chuang, Automatic extraction of head and face boundaries and facial features. Special Issue on Inf. Comput. Sci. Intell. Systs. Appl. 158, 117-130 (2004)
40. S Başkan, MM Bulut, V Atalay, Projection-based method for segmentation of human faces and its evaluation. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 23(14), 1623-1629 (2002)
41. S Arca, P Campadelli, R Lanzarotti, A face recognition system based on automatically determined facial fiducial points. Pattern Recogn. 39, 432-443 (2006)
42. C Boehnen, T Russ, in Application of Computer Vision,2005. WACV/MOTIONS ’05, vol. 1. A fast multi-modal approach to facial feature detection (Breckenridge, CO, USA 2005), pp. 135-142. doi:10.1109/ACVMOT.2005.5
43. A Gunduz, H Krim, in Facial feature extraction using topological methods,1:I-673-6. Proc. of Int. Conf. on Image Processing , (2003), pp. 14-17. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2003.1247051
44. D Vukadinovic, M Pantic, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Systems,Man and Cybernetics, vol. 2. Fully automatic facial feature point detection using gabor feature based boosted classifiers (Hawaii, 2005), pp. 1692-1698
45. W Hizem, Y Ni, B Dorizzi, Near infrared sensing and associated landmark detection for face recognition. J. Electron. Imag. 17, 11005 (2008)
46. S Tsekeridou, I Pitas, in Proc. of European Signal Processing Conf., vol. 1. Facial feature extraction in frontal views using biometric analogies (Island of Rhodes, 1998), pp. 315-318
47. B Martinez, MF Valstar, X Binefa, M Pantic, Local evidence aggregation for regression based facial point detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 99, 1 (2012)
48. R Hsu, AK Jain, Face detection in color images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(5), 696-706 (2002)
49. LZ Fang, YZ Sheng, AK Jain, WY Qiong, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computational Intelligence andMultimedia Applications. Face detection and facial feature extraction in color image (Xi’an, China, 2003), pp. 126-130
50. KH Seo, W Kim, C Oh, JJ Lee, in Industrial Electronics,ISIE 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on, vol. 2. Face detection and facial feature extraction using color snake, (2002), pp. 457-462. doi:10.1109/ISIE.2002.1026332
51. MH Mahoor, MA Mottaleb, AN Ansari, Improved active shape model for facial feature extraction in color images. J. Multimedia. 1(4), 21-28 (2006)
52. SL Wang, WH Lau, AWC Liew, SH Leung, Robust lip region segmentation for lip images with complex background. Pattern Recogn. 40, 3481-3491 (2007)
53. S Phimoltares, C Lursinsap, K Chamnongthai, Face detection and facial feature localization without considering the appearance of image context. Image Vis. Comput. 25, 741-753 (2007)
54. E Bagherian, R Rahmat, in Information Technology, 2008. ITSim 2008. International Symposium on, vol. 2. Facial feature extraction for face recognition: a review (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008), pp. 1-9
55. D Xi, SW Lee, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition. Face detection and facial feature extraction using support vector machines, vol. 4, (2002), pp. 209-221
56. T Celik, H Ozkaramanlı, H Demirel, Facial feature extraction using complex dual-tree wavelet transform. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 111, 229-246 (2008)
57. RS Feris, J Gemmell, K Toyama, V Kruger, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Hierarchical wavelet networks for facial feature localization (Washington, DC, USA, 2002), pp. 118-123
58. AA Salah, H Cınar, L Akarun, B Sankur, Robust facial landmarking for registration. Annals Telecommun. 62(1-2), 83-108 (2006)
59. F Smeraldi, J Bigun, Retinal vision applied to facial features detection and face authentication. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 23, 463-475 (2002)
60. EF Ersi, JS Zelek, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Image Analysis and Recognition, vol. 3656. Rotation-invariant facial feature detection using gabor wavelet and entropy (Toronto, Canada, 2005), pp. 1040-1047
61. M Zobel, A Gebhard, D Paulus, J Denzler, H Niemann, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Robust facial feature localization by coupled features (Grenoble, France, 2000), pp. 2-7
62. GV Antonini, Popovici, JP Thiran, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Audio and Vide-based Biometric Person Authentication. Independent component analysis and support vector machine for face feature extraction (Guildford, UK, 2003), pp. 111-118
63. S Duffner, C Garcia, in Compression et Représentation des Signaux Audiovisuels (CORESA). A Hierarchical Approach for Precise Facial Feature Detection (Rennes, France, 2005), pp. 29-34
64. HC Akakın, AA Salah, L Akarun, B Sankur, in Proc. SPIE 6064, Image Processing: Algorithms and Systems, Neural Networks, and Machine Learning, 60641D (March 15, 2006). doi:10.1117/12.643099; [http://dx. doi.org/10.1117/12.643099]
65. R Brunelli, T Poggio, Template matching: matched spatial filters and beyond. Tech. Rep. Report No. 1549 MIT (1995)
66. GN Votsis, AI Drosopoulos, SD Kollias, A modular approach to facial feature segmentation on real sequences. Signal Process. Image Commun. 18, 67-89 (2003)
67. K Sobottka, I Pitas, A novel method for automatic face segmentation, facial feature extraction and tracking. Signal Process. Image Commun. 12, 263-281 (1998)
68. L Ding, AM Martinez, Features versus context: an approach for precise and detailed detection and delineation of faces and facial features. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 32(11), 2022-2038 (2010)
69. M Zhu, A Martinez, Subclass discriminant analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28, 1274-1286 (2006)
70. M Valstar, B Martinez, X Binefa, M Pantic, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Facial point detection using boosted regression and graph models (San Francisco, CA, USA, 2010), pp. 2729-2736
71. B Heisele, P Ho, J Wu, T Poggio, Face recognition: component-based versus global approaches. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 91, 6-21 (2003)
72. AL Yuille, D Cohen, P Hallinan, in Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates (San Diego, CA, USA, 1989), pp. 104-109
73. B Zhang, Q Ruan, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Signal Processing, vol. 4. Facial feature extraction using improved deformable templates, (2006)
74. R Cesar, E Bengoetxea, I Bloch, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, vol. 2. Inexact graph matching using stochastic optimization techniques for facial feature recognition (Quebec, 2002), pp. 465-468
75. Y Ryu, S Oh, Automatic extraction of eye and mouth fields from a face image using eigenfeatures and multilayer perceptrons. Pattern Recogn. 34, 2459-2466 (2001)
76. TK Leung, MC Burl, P Perona, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computer Vision. Finding faces in cluttered scenes using random labeled graph matching (Boston, MA, USA, 1995), pp. 637-644
77. Z Zhu, Q Ji, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, vol. 1. Robust pose invariant facial feature detection and tracking in real-time, (2006), pp. 1092-1095
78. GM Beumer, AMB Q Tao, RNJ Veldhuis, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. A landmark paper in face recognition (Southampton, UK, 2006)
79. T Cootes, G Edwards, C Taylor, in Proc. of European Conf. on Computer Vision, vol. 2. Active appearance models, (1998), pp. 484-498
80. D Cristinacce, T Cootes, in Proc. of BritishMachine Vision Conference, vol. 1. Facial feature detection using adaboost with shape constraints, (2003), pp. 231-240
81. D Cristinacce, T Cootes, in Proc. of Int. BritishMachine Vision Conf., vol. 2. Boosted regression active shape models, (2007), pp. 880-889
82. D Cristinacce, T Cootes, I Scott, in Proc. of Conf. on British Machine Vision. A multi-stage approach to facial feature detection (Kingston University London, UK, 2004), pp. 277-286
83. D Cristinacce, T Cootes, Automatic feature localisation with constrained local models. Pattern Recogn. 41, 3054-3067 (2008)
84. T Cootes, CJ Taylor, DH Cooper, J Grahama, Active shape models: their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 91, 38-59 (1995)
85. JM Saragih, S Lucey, JF Cohn, Deformable model fitting by regularized landmark mean-shift. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 91, 200-215 (2011)
86. E Vezzetti, F Marcolin, 3D human face description: landmarks measures and geometrical features. Image Vis. Comput. 30, 698-712 (2012)
87. B Gokberk, MO Irfanoğlu, L Akarun, 3D shape-based face representation and feature extraction for face recognition. Image Vis. Comput. 24(8), 857-869 (2006)
88. X Lu, AK Jain, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Automatic feature extraction for multiview 3D face recognition (Southsampson, UK, 2006)
89. D Colbry, G Stockman, A Jain, in Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Detection of anchor points for 3D face verification (San Diego, CA, USA, 2005), p. 118
90. H Dibeklioğlu, AA Salah, L Akarun, in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems. 3D facial landmarking under expression, pose and occlusion variations (Washington DC, 2008)
91. E Akagunduz, I Ulusoy, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computer Vision. 3D object representation using transform and scale invariant 3D features (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007), pp. 1-8
92. MP Segundo, L Silva, ORP Bellon, CC Queirolo, Automatic face segmentation and facial landmark detection in range image. IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernet. 40, 1319-1330 (2010)
93. P Nair, A Cavallaro, in IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 11. 3D face detection, localization, landmark, and registration using a point distribution model, (2009), pp. 611-623
94. C Conde, LJ Rodriguez-Aragon, E Cabello, Automatic 3D face feature points extraction with spin images. Image Anal. Recogn. LNCS, Springer-Verlag. 4142, 317-328 (2006)
95. AA Salah, L Akarun, 3D facial feature localization for registration. Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security. LNCS Springer Verlang. 4105, 338-345 (2006)
96. FM Sukno, JL Waddington, PF Whelan, in Computer Vision-ECCV 2012. Workshops and Demonstrations Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7583. 3D facial landmark localization using combinatorial search and shape regression (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012), pp. 32-41
97. X Cao, Y Wei, F Wen, J Sun, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Face alignment by explicit shape regression (Providence, RI, USA, 2012), pp. 2887-2894
98. T Kozakaya, T Shibata, M Yuasa, O Yamaguchi, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Facial feature localization using weighted vector concentration approach (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008), pp. 1-6
99. X Zhu, D Ramanan, in Proc. of. Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild (Providence, RI, USA, 2012), pp. 2879-2886
100. P Felzenszwalb, R Girshick, D McAllester, D Ramanan, Object detection with discriminatively trained part-based models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 32(9), 1627-1645 (2009)
101. A Torralba, KP Murphy, WT Freeman, Sharing visual features for multiclass and multiview object detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(5), 854-869 (2007)
102. M Everginham, J Sivic, A Zisserman, in Proc. of BritishMachine Vision Conf. “Hello! My name is...Buffy”-automatic naming of characters in TV video (Edinburgh, 2006)
103. M Uricar, V Franc, V Hlavac, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, vol. 1. Detector of facial landmarks learned by the structured output SVM (Rome, Italy, 2012), pp. 547-556
104. M Dantone, J Gall, G Fanelli, LV Gool, in Proc. of. Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Real-time facial feature detection using conditional regression forests (Providence, RI, USA, 2012), pp. 2578-2585
105. B Efraty, C Huang, S Shah, I Kakadiaris, in Proc. of Int. Joint Conf. on Biometrics. Facial landmark detection in uncontrolled conditions (Washington, DC, 2011), pp. 1-8
106. PN Belhumeur, DW Jacobs, DJ Kriegman, N Kumar, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars (Providence, RI,USA, 2011), pp. 545-552
107. Y Tong, X Liu, FW Wheelerb, PH Tub, Semi-supervised facial landmark annotation. Comput. Vis. Image Understand. 116(8), 922-935 (2012)
108. V Rapp, T Senechal, K Bailly, L Prevost, in Automatic Face Gesture Recognition andWorkshops (FG 2011), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. Multiple kernel learning SVM and statistical validation for facial landmark detection (Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 2011), pp. 265-271
109. R Gross, I Matthews, J Cohn, T Kanade, S Baker, Multi-PIE. Image Vis. Comput. 28(5), 807-813 (2010)
110. A Savran, N Alyuz, H Dibeklio ˇ glu, O Celiktutan, B Gokberk, B Sankur, L Akarun, in Proc. of COST 2101 Workshop on Biometrics and Identity Management (BIOID), vol. 5372, ed. by B Schouten, J NielsChristian, A Drygajlo, and M Tistarelli. Bosphorus database for 3D face analysis (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Roskilde University, Denmark, 2008), pp. 47-56
111. A Martinez, R Benavente, The AR face database. Tech. Rep. 24 CVC Technical Report (1998)
112. K Messer, J Matas, J Kittler, J Luettin, G Maitre, in Proc. of Audio- and Video-Based Person Authentication. XM2VTS: the extended M2VTS database (Washington, DC, 1999)
113. T Kanade, JF Cohn, Y Tian, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis (Grenoble, France, 2000), pp. 46-53
114. P Lucey, JF Cohn, T Kanade, J Saragih, Z Ambadar, I Matthews, in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on. The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): a complete facial expression dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression, (2010)
115. I Matthews, S Baker, Active appearance models revisited. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60, 135-164 (2004)
116. A Savran, B Sankur, T Bilge, 3D modality for automatic detection of facial action units. Pattern Recogn. 45, 767-782 (2012)
117. P Phillips, H Wechsler, J Huang, P Rauss, The feret database and evaluation procedure for face-recognition algorithms. Image Vis. Comput. 16(5), 295-306 (1998)
118. M Pantic, M Valstar, R Rademaker, L Maat, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo. Web-based database for facial expression analysis (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005), pp. 317-321
119. Lab, UCB, UHDB11 face database, 317-321 (2009). http://cbl.uh.edu/URxD/datasets/
120. O Jesorsky, KJ Kirchberg, RW Frischholz, in Proc. of Conf. on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, Springer. Robust face detection using the Hausdorff distance (Hilton Rye Town, NY ,USA, 2001), pp. 90-95
121. M Kostinger, P Wohlhart, PM Roth, H Bischof, in Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. Annotated facial landmarks in the wild: a large-scale, real-world database for facial landmark localization (Barcelona, Spain, 2011), pp. 2144-2151
122. G Huang, M Ramesh, T Berg, E Learned-Miller, Labeled faces in the wild: A database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments. Tech. rep. Technical report, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (2007)
123. L Liang, R Xiao, F Wen, J Sun, in Proc. of European Conf. on Computer Vision, vol. 5303. Face alignment via component-based discriminative search (Marseille, France, 2008), pp. 72-85
124. PA Tresadern, H Bhaskar, SA Adeshina, CJ Taylor, TF Cootes, in Proc. of BritishMachine Vision Conf. Combining local and global shape models for deformable object matching (2009)
125. JM Saragih, S Lucey, JF Cohn, Deformable model fitting by regularized landmark mean-shift. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 91, 200-215 (2011)
126. HA Rowley, S Baluja, T Kanade, Neural network-based face detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20, 23-38 (1998)
127. J Mairal, F Bach, J Ponce, G Sapiro, A Zisserman, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Discriminative learned dictionaries for local image analysis (Anchorage, Alaska, 2008), pp. 1-8
128. M Yang, L Zhang, X Feng, D Zhang, in Proc. of Int. Conf. on Computer Vision. Fisher discrimination dictionary for sparse representation (Barcelona, Spain, 2011), pp. 543-550
129. R Salakhutdinov, A Torralba, J Tenenbaum, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Learning to share visual appearance for multiclass object detection (Colorado Springs, USA, 2011), pp. 1481-1488
130. M Black, Y Yacoob, A Jepson, D Fleet, in Proc. of Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Learning parameterized models of image motion (San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1997), pp. 561-567
131. H Wang, MM Ullah, A Klaser, I Laptev, C Schmid, in Proc. of BritishMachine Vision Conf. Evaluation of local spatio-temporal features for action recognition (London, UK, 2009), p. 127
132. D McDuff, R el Kaliouby, R Picard, Crowdsourcing facial responses to online videos. IEEE Trans. Affective Comput. 99, 456-468 (2012)