Cost-benefit analysis: The first real rule of fight club?

Frontiers in Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue 7 DEC, 2013, Pages

  Hillman, Kristin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Aggression; Competition; Competitive behavior; Cost benefit; Decision making; Utility

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA; BOLD SIGNAL; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; CONDITIONING; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ENDOWMENT EFFECT; FIGHTING; HUMAN; MESENCEPHALON; NEUROSCIENCE; NONHUMAN; POSTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS; REVIEW; STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING; SUBTHALAMUS;

EID: 84898037397     PISSN: 16624548     EISSN: 1662453X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00248     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Adey, W. R., Walter, D. O., and Lindsley, D. F. (1962). Subthalamic lesions. Effects on learned behavior and correlated hippocampal and subcortical slow-wave activity. Arch. Neurol. 6, 194-207. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1962.00450210022003
2. Anderson, S. W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., and Damasio, A. R. (1999). Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 1032-1037. doi: 10.1038/14833
3. Andy, O. J., Jurko, M. F., and Sias, F. R. Jr. (1963). Subthalamotomy in Treatment of Parkinsonian Tremor. J. Neurosurg. 20, 860-870. doi: 10.3171/jns.1963.20.10.0860
4. Asghar, A. U., Chiu, Y. C., Hallam, G., Liu, S., Mole, H., Wright, H., et al. (2008). An amygdala response to fearful faces with covered eyes. Neuropsychologia 46, 2364-2370. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.015
5. Assaf, M., Kahn, I., Pearlson, G. D., Johnson, M. R., Yeshurun, Y., Calhoun, V. D., et al. (2009). Brain activity dissociates mentalization from motivation during an interpersonal competitive game. Brain Imaging Behav. 3, 24-37. doi: 10.1007/s11682-008-9047-y
6. Azzi, J. C., Sirigu, A., and Duhamel, J. (2012). Modulation of value representation by social context in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 2126-2130. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111715109
7. Bard, P. (1928). A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. Am. J. Physiol. 84, 490-515.
8. Bard, P. (1934). On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Psychol. Rev. 41, 309-329. doi: 10.1037/h0070765
9. Bard, P., and Mountcastle, V. B. (1948). Some forebrain mechanisms involved in expression of rage with special reference to suppression of angry behavior. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27, 362-404.
10. Bayer, E. (1929). Beitrage zur Zweikomoponenten Theorie des Hungers. Psychology 112, 1-54.
11. Behrens, T. E. J., Hunt, L. T., Woorich, M. W., and Rushworth, M. F. S. (2008). Associative learning of social value. Nature 456, 245-249. doi: 10.1038/nature07538
12. Bickart, K. C., Hollenbeck, M. C., Barrett, L. F., and Dickerson, B. C. (2012). Intrinsic amygdala-cortical functional connectivity predicts social network size in humans. J. Neurosci. 32, 14729-14741. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1599-12.2012
13. Blair, R. J., Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., and Dolan, R. J. (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain 122(Pt 5), 883-893. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.5.883
14. Blakemore, S. J., and Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-making in the adolescent brain. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 1184-1191. doi: 10.1038/nn.3177
15. Blumberg, H. P., Stern, E., Ricketts, S., Martinez, D., de Asis, J., and White, T. (1999). Rostral and orbital prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the manic state of bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 156, 1986-1988.
16. Blumer, D., and Benson, D. F. (1975). "Personality changes with frontal lobe lesions," in Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease, eds D. F. Benson and D. Blumer (New York, NY: Grune and Stratton), 151-170.
17. Botvinick, M. M., Huffstetler, S., and McGuire, J. T. (2009). Effort discounting in human nucleus accumbens. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 9, 16-27. doi: 10.3758/CABN.9.1.16
18. Brady, J. V., and Nauta, W. J. (1953). Subcortical mechanisms in emotional behavior: affective changes following septal forebrain lesions in the albino rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 46, 339-346. doi: 10.1037/h0059531
19. Bunnell, B. N., Friel, J., and Flesher, C. K. (1966). Effects of median cortical lesions on the sexual behavior of the male hamster. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 61, 492-495. doi: 10.1037/h0023243
20. Cannon, W. B., and Britton, S. W. (1925). Pseudoaffective medulliadrenal secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 72, 283-294.
21. Chang, S. W., Gariepy, J. F., and Platt, M. L. (2013). Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 243-250. doi: 10.1038/nn.3287
22. Chen, S., Lee, A. Y., Bowens, N. M., Huber, R., and Kravitz, E. A. (2002). Fighting fruit flies: a model system for the study of aggression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 5664-5668. doi: 10.1073/pnas.082102599
23. Clemente, C. D., and Chase, M. H. (1973). Neurological substrates of aggressive behavior. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 35, 329-356. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.35.030173.001553
24. Coccaro, E. F., McCloskey, M. S., Fitzgerald, D. A., and Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biol. Psychiatry 62, 168-178. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.024
25. Cohen, M. X. (2008). Neurocomputational mechanisms of reinforcement-guided learning in humans: a review. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 8, 113-125. doi: 10.3758/CABN.8.2.113
26. Corbetta, M., Patel, G., and Shulman, G. L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron 58, 306-324. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017
27. Critchley, H. D., and Rolls, E. T. (1996). Hunger and satiety modify the responses of olfactory and visual neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 1673-1686.
28. Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M., and Larson, C. L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation-a possible prelude to violence. Science 289, 591-594. doi: 10.1126/science.289.5479.591
29. Delgado, J. M. (1963). Cerebral heterostimulation in a monkey colony. Science 141, 161-163. doi: 10.1126/science.141.3576.161
30. Delgado, J. M. (1966). Aggressive behavior evoked by radio stimulation in monkey colonies. Am. Zool. 6, 669-681.
31. Delgado, J. M. (1967). Social rank and radio-stimulated aggressiveness in monkeys. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 144, 383-390. doi: 10.1097/00005053-196705000-00006
32. Delgado, M. R., Schotter, A., Ozbay, E. Y., and Phelps, E. A. (2008). Understanding overbidding: using the neural circuitry of reward to design economic auctions. Science 321, 1849-1852. doi: 10.1126/science.1158860
33. Delville, Y., De Vries, G. J., and Ferris, C. F. (2000). Neural connections of the anterior hypothalamus and agonistic behavior in golden hamsters. Brain. Behav. Evol. 55, 53-76. doi: 10.1159/000006642
34. Dougherty, D. D., Shin, L. M., Alpert, N. M., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., and Lasko, M. (1999). Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 466-472. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00063-3
35. Dreifuss, J. J., Murphy, J. T., and Gloor, P. (1968). Contrasting effects of two identified amygdaloid efferent pathways on single hypothalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 237-248.
36. Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., and Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302, 290-292. doi: 10.1126/science.1089134
37. Elliott, R., Newman, J. L., Longe, O. A., and William Deakin, J. F. (2004). Instrumental responding for rewards is associated with enhanced neuronal response in subcortical reward systems. Neuroimage 21, 984-990. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.10.010
38. Etkin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D. M., Kandel, E. R., and Hirsch, J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron 51, 871-882. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029
39. Feather, N. T., McKee, I. R., and Bekker, N. (2011). Deservingness and emotions: testing a structural model that relates discrete emotions to the perceived deservingness of positive or negative outcomes. Motiv. Emot. 35, 1-13. doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9202-4
40. Fehr, E., and Camerer, C. F. (2007). Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 419-427. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.002
41. Fernandez De Molina, A., and Hunsperger, R. W. (1959). Central representation of affective reactions in forebrain and brain stem: electrical stimulation of amygdala, stria terminalis, and adjacent structures. J. Physiol. 145, 251-265.
42. Fernandez De Molina, A., and Hunsperger, R. W. (1962). Organization of the subcortical system governing defence and flight reactions in the cat. J. Physiol. 160, 200-213.
43. Fliessbach, K., Weber, B., Trautner, P., Dohmen, T., Sunde, U., Elger, C. E., et al. (2007). Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum. Science 318, 1305-1308. doi: 10.1126/science.1145876
44. Freud, S. (1922). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. New York, NY: Boni and Liveright. doi: 10.1037/11327-000
45. Fujii, N., Hihara, S., Nagasaka, Y., and Iriki, A. (2009). Social state representation in prefrontal cortex. Soc. Neurosci. 4, 73-84. doi: 10.1080/17470910802046230
46. Fuller, J. L., Rosvold, H. E., and Pribram, K. H. (1957). The effect on affective and cognitive behavior in the dog of lesions of the pyriformamygdala-hippocampal complex. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 50, 89-96. doi: 10.1037/h0045954
47. Gamer, M., and Buchel, C. (2009). Amygdala activation predicts gaze toward fearful eyes. J. Neurosci. 29, 9123-9126. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1883-09.2009
48. Ghashghaei, H. T., and Barbas, H. (2002). Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 115, 1261-1279. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00446-3
49. Giancola, P. R. (1995). Evidence for dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortical involvement in the expression of aggressive behavior. Aggress. Behav. 21, 431-450.
50. Goltz, F. (1892). Der hund ohne grosshirn. Siebente abhandlung uber die verrichtungen des grosshir. Arch. Gessamte Physiol. 51, 570-614. doi: 10.1007/BF01663506
51. Gottfried, J. A., O'Doherty, J., and Dolan, R. J. (2003). Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301, 1104-1107. doi: 10.1126/science.1087919
52. Halasz, J., Toth, M., Kallo, I., Liposits, Z., and Haller, J. (2006). The activation of prefrontal cortical neurons in aggression-a double labeling study. Behav. Brain Res. 175, 166-175. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.019
53. Halko, M. L., Hlushchuk, Y., Hari, R., and Schurmann, M. (2009). Competing with peers: mentalizing-related brain activity reflects what is at stake. Neuroimage 46, 542-548. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.063
54. Harlow, H. F. (1932). Social facilitation of feeding in the albino rat. J. Genet. Psychol. 41, 211-221.
55. Hernandez Lallement, J., Kuss, K., Trautner, P., Weber, B., Falk, A., and Fliessbach, K. (2013). Effort increases sensitivity to reward and loss magnitude in the human brain. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss147. [Epub ahead of print].
56. Hess, W. R. (1954). Diencephalon: Autonomic and Extrapyramidal Functions. New York, NY: Grune and Stratton.
57. Hess, W. R., and Brugger, M. (1943). Das subkorticale zentrum der affektiven abwehrreaktion. Helv. Physiol. Acta 1, 33-52.
58. Hillman, K. L., and Bilkey, D. K. (2010). Neurons in the rat anterior cingulate cortex dynamically encode cost-benefit in a spatial decision-making task. J. Neurosci. 30, 7705-7713. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1273-10.2010
59. Hillman, K. L., and Bilkey, D. K. (2012). Neural encoding of competitive effort in the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 1290-1297. doi: 10.1038/nn.3187
60. Holland, P. C., and Gallagher, M. (2004). Amygdala-frontal interactions and reward expectancy. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14, 148-155. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.007
61. Holst, E. V., and St. Paul, U. V. (1960). Vom wirkungsgefüge der triebe. Naturwissenschaften 47, 409-422. doi: 10.1007/BF00603494
62. Hosokawa, T., and Watanabe, M. (2012). Prefrontal neurons represent winning and losing during competitive video shooting games between monkeys. J. Neurosci. 32, 7662-7671. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6479-11.2012
63. Ingram, W. R., Ranson, S. W., and Hannett, F. I. (1932). The direct stimulation of the red nucleus in cats. J. Neurol. Psychopathol. 12, 219-230. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-12.47.219
64. Izuma, K., Saito, D. N., and Sadato, N. (2010). Processing of the incentive for social approval in the ventral striatum during charitable donation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 621-631. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21228
65. Johnson, A. W., and Gallagher, M. (2011). Greater effort boosts the affective taste properties of food. Proc. Biol. Sci. 278, 1450-1456. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1581
66. Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., and Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Am. J. Psychiatry 166, 95-102. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050
67. Jongen-Relo, A. L., and Amaral, D. G. (1998). Evidence for a GABAergic projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the brainstem of the macaque monkey: a combined retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 2924-2933. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1998.00299.x
68. Kable, J. W., and Glimcher, P. W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1625-1633. doi: 10.1038/nn2007
69. Kahn, M. W. (1951). The effect of severe defeat at various age levels on the aggressive behavior of mice. J. Genet. Psychol. 79, 117-130.
70. Kamback, M. C., and Rogal, R. (1973). The effects of frontal cortical ablations on alcohol selection and emotionality in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemistrina). Biol. Psychiatry 7, 173-177.
71. Kanak, N. J., and Davenport, D. G. (1967). Between-subject competition: a rat race. Psychon. Sci. 7, 87-88. doi: 10.3758/BF03328476
72. Katsyri, J., Hari, R., Ravaja, N., and Nummenmaa, L. (2013). Just watching the game ain't enough: striatal fMRI reward responses to successes and failures in a video game during active and vicarious playing. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7: 278. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00278
73. Kelly, A. H., Beaton, L. E., and Magoun, H. W. (1946). A midbrain mechanism for facio-vocal activity. J. Neurophysiol. 9, 181-189.
74. Kennard, M. A. (1955). Effect of bilateral ablation of cingulate area on behaviour of cats. J. Neurophysiol. 18, 159-169.
75. Kennerley, S. W., and Wallis, J. D. (2009). Evaluating choices by single neurons in the frontal lobe: outcome value encoded across multiple decision variables. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 2061-2073. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06743.x
76. Kimbrell, T. A., George, M. S., Parekh, P. I., Ketter, T. A., Podell, D. M., and Danielson, A. L. (1999). Regional brain activity during transient self-induced anxiety and anger in healthy adults. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 454-465. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00103-1
77. King, J. A., Blair, R. J., Mitchell, D. G., Dolan, R. J., and Burgess, N. (2006). Doing the right thing: a common neural circuit for appropriate violent or compassionate behavior. Neuroimage 30, 1069-1076. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.011
78. Kluver, H., and Bucy, P. C. (1939). Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 42, 979-1000. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270240017001
79. Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and World.
80. Luiten, P. G., Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S., and Koopmans, S. J. (1985). The cortico-medial amygdala in the central nervous system organization of agonistic behavior. Brain Res. 332, 283-297. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90597-9
81. Lukaszewska, I., Korczynski, R., Kostarczyk, E., and Fonberg, E. (1984). Food-motivated behavior in rats with cortico-basomedial amygdala damage. Behav. Neurosci. 98, 441-451. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.98.3.441
82. Magoun, H. W., Atlas, D., Ingersoll, E. H., and Ranson, S. W. (1937). Associated facial, vocal and respiratory components of emotional expression: an experimental study. J. Neurol. Psychopathol. 17, 241-255. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-17.67.241
83. Malhotra, D., Ku, G., and Murnighan, J. K. (2008). When winning is everything. Harv. Bus. Rev. 85, 78-86.
84. Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., Schuffelgen, U., Jbabdi, S., Toni, I., and Rushworth, M. F. (2012). Connectivity-based subdivisions of the human right "temporoparietal junction area": evidence for different areas participating in different cortical networks. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1897-1903. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr268
85. Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., et al. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 165, 712-720. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071145
86. Mass, R., and Kling, A. (1975). Social behavior in stump-tailed macaques (Macaca speciosa) after lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex. Primates 16, 239-252. doi: 10.1007/BF02381552
87. McClure, S. M., York, M. K., and Montague, P. R. (2004). The neural substrates of reward processing in humans: the modern role of FMRI. Neuroscientist 10, 260-268. doi: 10.1177/1073858404263526
88. McDonald, A. J., Shammah-Lagnado, S. J., Shi, C., and Davis, M. (1999). Cortical afferents to the extended amygdala. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 877, 309-338. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09275.x
89. Miller, E. K., and Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
90. Mitchell, J. P. (2008). Activity in right temporo-parietal junction is not selective for theory-of-mind. Cereb. Cortex 18, 262-271. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm051
91. Mojzisch, A., and Schulz-Hardt, S. (2007). Being fed up: a social cognitive neuroscience approach to mental satiation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1118, 186-205. doi: 10.1196/annals.1412.006
92. Mpakopoulou, M., Gatos, H., Brotis, A., Paterakis, K. N., and Fountas, K. N. (2008). Stereotactic amygdalotomy in the management of severe aggressive behavioral disorders. Neurosurg. Focus 25, E6. doi: 10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E6
93. O'Doherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., and Dolan, R. J. (2004). Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304, 452-454. doi: 10.1126/science.1094285
94. Ongur, D., An, X., and Price, J. L. (1998). Prefrontal cortical projections to the hypothalamus in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 401, 480-505.
95. Phillips, R. E., and Youngren, O. M. (1973). Electrical stimulation of the brain as a tool for study of animal communication. Behavior evoked in Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Brain. Behav. Evol. 8, 253-286. doi: 10.1159/000124358
96. Pickens, C. L., Saddoris, M. P., Setlow, B., Gallagher, M., Holland, P. C., and Schoenbaum, G. (2003). Different roles for orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in a reinforcer devaluation task. J. Neurosci. 23, 11078-11084.
97. Pietrini, P., Guazzelli, M., Basso, G., Jaffe, K., and Grafman, J. (2000). Neural correlates of imaginal aggressive behavior assessed by positron emission tomography in healthy subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1772-1781. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1772
98. Plewako, M., and Kostowski, W. (1984). The effects of lesions of the locus coeruleus and treatment with drugs affecting brain noradrenergic neurotransmission on dominant-subordinate behavior in rats competing for water. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 36, 555-560.
99. Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M., and LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol. Psychiatry 42, 495-508. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00362-9
100. Rilling, J., Gutman, D., Zeh, T., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G., and Kilts, C. (2002). A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron 35, 395-405. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00755-9
101. Rilling, J. K., Goldsmith, D. R., Glenn, A. L., Jairam, M. R., Elfenbein, H. A., Dagenais, J. E., et al. (2008). The neural correlates of the affective response to unreciprocated cooperation. Neuropsychologia 46, 1256-1266. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.033
102. Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., and Pribram, K. H. (1954). Influence of amygdalectomy on social behavior in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 47, 173-178. doi: 10.1037/h0058870
103. Rudebeck, P. H., Buckley, M. J., Walton, M. E., and Rushworth, M. F. (2006). A role for the macaque anterior cingulate gyrus in social valuation. Science 313, 1310-1312. doi: 10.1126/science.1128197
104. Saha, S., Batten, T. F., and Henderson, Z. (2000). A GABAergic projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the nucleus of the solitary tract: a combined anterograde tracing and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 99, 613-626. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00240-2
105. Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science 300, 1755-1758. doi: 10.1126/science.1082976
106. Sano, K., Mayanagi, Y., Sekino, H., Ogashiwa, M., and Ishijima, B. (1970). Results of stimulation and destruction of the posterior hypothalamus in man. J. Neurosurg. 33, 689-707. doi: 10.3171/jns.1970.33.6.0689
107. Santos, G. S., Nagasaka, Y., Fujii, N., and Nakahara, H. (2012). Encoding of social state information by neuronal activities in the macaque caudate nucleus. Soc. Neurosci. 7, 42-58. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.578465
108. Schoenbaum, G., Chiba, A. A., and Gallagher, M. (2000). Changes in functional connectivity in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during learning and reversal training. J. Neurosci. 20, 5179-5189.
109. Schultz, W. (1998). The phasic reward signal of primate dopamine neurons. Adv. Pharmacol. 42, 686-690. doi: 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60841-8
110. Schultz, W., Tremblay, L., and Hollerman, J. R. (2003). Changes in behavior-related neuronal activity in the striatum during learning. Trends Neurosci. 26, 321-328. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00122-X
111. Seymour, B., Singer, T., and Dolan, R. (2007). The neurobiology of punishment. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 300-311. doi: 10.1038/nrn2119
112. Siegel, A., and Chabora, J. (1971). Effects of electrical stimulation of the cingulate gyrus upon attack behavior elicited from the hypothalamus in the cat. Brain Res. 32, 169-177. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90161-2
113. Small, D. M., Gregory, M. D., Mak, Y. E., Gitelman, D., Mesulam, M. M., and Parrish, T. (2003). Dissociation of neural representation of intensity and affective valuation in human gustation. Neuron 39, 701-711. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00467-7
114. Soloff, P. H., Meltzer, C. C., Becker, C., Greer, P. J., Kelly, T. M., and Constantine, D. (2003). Impulsivity and prefrontal hypometabolism in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 123, 153-163. doi: 10.1016/S0925-4927(03)00064-7
115. Sterzer, P., and Stadler, C. (2009). Neuroimaging of aggressive and violent behaviour in children and adolescents. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3: 35. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.035.2009
116. Sutton, R. S., and Barto, A. G. (1998). Reinforcement Learning: an Introduction. Cambridge: MIT Press.
117. Takahashi, H., Kato, M., Matsuura, M., Mobbs, D., Suhara, T., and Okubo, Y. (2009). When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude. Science 323, 937-939. doi: 10.1126/science.1165604
118. Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies. New York, NY: Macmillan. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.55072
119. Toth, M., Fuzesi, T., Halasz, J., Tulogdi, A., and Haller, J. (2010). Neural inputs of the hypothalamic "aggression area" in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 215, 7-20. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.050
120. Turner, B. H. (1970). Neural structures involved in the rage syndrome of the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 71, 103-113. doi: 10.1037/h0029113
121. van den Bos, W., Li, J., Lau, T., Maskin, E., Cohen, J. D., Montague, P. R., et al. (2008). The value of victory: social origins of the winner's curse in common value auctions. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 3, 483-492.
122. van den Bos, W., Talwar, A., and McClure, S. M. (2013). Neural correlates of reinforcement learning and social preferences in competitive bidding. J. Neurosci. 33, 2137-2146. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3095-12.2013
123. Vostroknutov, A., Tobler, P. N., and Rustichini, A. (2012). Causes of social reward differences encoded in human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 107, 1403-1412. doi: 10.1152/jn.00298.2011
124. Wallis, J. D., and Miller, E. K. (2003). Neuronal activity in primate dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex during performance of a reward preference task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2069-2081. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02922.x
125. Walton, M. E., Rudebeck, P. H., Bannerman, D. M., and Rushworth, M. F. (2007). Calculating the cost of acting in frontal cortex. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1104, 340-356. doi: 10.1196/annals.1390.009
126. Wang, F., Zhu, J., Zhu, H., Zhang, Q., Lin, Z., and Hu, H. (2011). Bidirectional control of social hierarchy by synaptic efficacy in medial prefrontal cortex. Science 334, 693-697. doi: 10.1126/science.1209951
127. Washburn, D. A., Hopkins, W. D., and Rumbaugh, D. M. (1990). Effects of competition on video-task performance in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Comp. Psychol. 104, 115-121. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.104.2.115
128. Watanabe, M. (1996). Reward expectancy in primate prefrontal neurons. Nature 382, 629-632. doi: 10.1038/382629a0
129. Watson, K. K., and Platt, M. L. (2012). Social signals in primate orbitofrontal cortex. Curr. Biol. 22, 2268-2273. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.016
130. Wheeler, L., and Davis, H. (1967). Social disruption of performance on a DRL schedule. Psychon. Sci. 7, 39-40. doi: 10.3758/BF03331100
131. Winstanley, C. A., Theobald, D. E., Cardinal, R. N., and Robbins, T. W. (2004). Contrasting roles of basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice. J. Neurosci. 24, 4718-4722. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5606-03.2004
132. Wood, C. D. (1958). Behavioral changes following discrete lesions of temporal lobe structures. Neurology 8, 215-220. doi: 10.1212/WNL.8.3.215
133. Woodworth, R. S., and Sherrington, C. S. (1904). A pseudaffective reflex and its spinal path. J. Physiol. 31, 234-243.
134. Yurkovic, A., Wang, O., Basu, A. C., and Kravitz, E. A. (2006). Learning and memory associated with aggression in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 17519-17524. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608211103
135. Zagrodzka, J., Brudnias-Stepowska, Z., and Fonberg, E. (1983). Impairment of social behavior in amygdalar cats. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 43, 63-77.
136. Zink, C. F., Pagnoni, G., Martin-Skurski, M. E., Chappelow, J. C., and Berns, G. S. (2004). Human striatal responses to monetary reward depend on saliency. Neuron 42, 509-517. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00183-7
137. Zink, C. F., Tong, Y., Chen, Q., Bassett, D. S., Stein, J. L., and Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). Know your place: neural processing of social hierarchy in humans. Neuron 58, 273-283. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.025