The Effect of sedation on the accuracy and treatment outcomes for diagnostic injections: A randomized, controlled, crossover study

Pain Medicine (United States)

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 588-602

  Cohen, Steven P ^a,c   Hameed, Haroon ^a   Kurihara, Connie ^b   Pasquina, Paul F ^c   Patel, Amit M ^d   Babade, Mosunmola ^e   Griffith, Scott R ^b   Erdek, Michael E ^a   Jamison, David E ^b   Hurley, Robert W ^f  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^d MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^e LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnostic block; False positive; Sacroiliac joint; Sedation; Specificity; Sympathetic block

Indexed keywords

FENTANYL; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ADULT; ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SACROILIAC JOINT; SEDATION; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; TEACHING HOSPITAL; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VALIDITY; AGED; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; INTRAARTICULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LOW BACK PAIN; MIDDLE AGED; NERVE BLOCK; PROCEDURES;

ADULT; AGED; ANESTHETICS, INTRAVENOUS; AUTONOMIC NERVE BLOCK; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS; FEMALE; FENTANYL; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRA-ARTICULAR; LOW BACK PAIN; MALE; MIDAZOLAM; MIDDLE AGED; SACROILIAC JOINT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84897992830     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pme.12389     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati V, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Analysis of growth of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain in the medicare population: A 10-year evaluation from 1997 to 2006. Pain Physician 2009;12:9-34.
2. Chou R, Atlas SJ, Stanos SP, Rosenquist RW. Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: A review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline. Spine 2009;34:1078-1093.
3. Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: An updated Cochrane review. Spine 2009;34:49-59.
4. Peterson C, Hodler J. Evidence-based radiology (part 1): Is there sufficient research to support the use of therapeutic injections for the spine and sacroiliac joints? Skeletal Radiol 2010;39:5-9.
5. Cohen SP, Gambel J, Raja SN, Galvagno S. The contribution of sympathetic mechanisms to postamputation phantom and residual limb pain: A pilot study. J Pain 2011;12:859-867.
6. Cohen SP, Hurley RW. The ability of diagnostic spinal injections to predict surgical outcomes. Anesth Analg 2007;105:1756-1775.
7. DePalma MJ, Ketchum JM, Saullo T. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role? Pain Med 2011;12:224-233.
8. Szadek KM, van der Wurff P, van Tulder MW, Zuurmond WW, Perez RS. Diagnostic validity of criteria for sacroiliac joint pain: A systematic review. J Pain 2009;10:354-368.
9. Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, etal. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J 2007;16:1539-1550.
10. Boas RA. Sympathetic nerve blocks: In search of a role. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:292-305.
11. Day M. Sympathetic blocks: The evidence. Pain Pract 2008;8:98-109.
12. Pateder DB, Berg JH, Thal R. Neck and shoulder pain: Differentiating cervical spine pathology from shoulder pathology. J Surg Orthop Adv 2009;18:170-174.
13. IHC IHSCS. International classification of headache disorders. The international classification of headache disorders. Cephalalgia 2004;24:1-160.
14. Patijn J, Mekhail N, Hayek S, etal. Meralgia paresthetica. Pain Pract 2011;11:302-308.
15. Miller TA, White KP, Ross DC. The diagnosis and management of piriformis syndrome: Myths and facts. Can J Neurol Sci 2012;39:577-583.
16. Yoong P, Guirguis R, Darrah R, Wijeratna M, Porteous MJ. Evaluation of ultrasound-guided diagnostic local anaesthetic hip joint injection for osteoarthritis. Skeletal Radiol 2012;41:981-985.
17. von Gaza W. Die Resektion der paravertebralen Nerven und die isolierte Durchschneidung des Ramus communicans. Arch Klin Chir 1924;133:479.
18. North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, Piantadosi S. Specificity of diagnostic nerve blocks: A prospective, randomized study of sciatica due to lumbosacral spine disease. Pain 1996;65:77-85.
19. Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, etal. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009;12:323-344.
20. Cohen SP, Huang JH, Brummett C. Facet joint pain- advances in patient selection and management. Nature Rev Rheumatol 2013;9:101-116.
21. Hogan QH, Erickson SJ, Haddox JD, Abram SE. The spread of solutions during stellate ganglion block. Reg Anesth 1992;17:78-83.
22. Schmid MR, Kissling RO, Curt A, Jaschko G, Hodler J. Sympathetic skin response: Monitoring of CT-guided lumbar sympathetic blocks. Radiology 2006;241:595-602.
23. Rupert MP, Lee M, Manchikanti L, Datta S, Cohen SP. Evaluation of sacroiliac joint interventions: A systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician 2009;12:399-418.
24. Hong JH, Kim AR, Lee MY, Kim YC, Oh MJ. A prospective evaluation of psoas muscle and intravascular injection in lumbar sympathetic ganglion block. Anesth Analg 2010;111:802-807.
25. Maigne JY, Aivaliklis A, Pfefer F. Results of sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac pain provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain. Spine 1996;21:1889-1892.
26. Bogduk N. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with facet injections and radiofrequency neurotomy. Spine J 2008;8:56-64.
27. Cohen SP, Williams KA, Kurihara C, etal. Randomized, comparative cost-effectiveness study comparing 0, 1 and 2 medial branch blocks before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Anesthesiology 2010;113:395-405.
28. Novak S, Nemeth WC. RE: cost-effectiveness of diagnostic medial branch blocks before radiofrequency denervation. Spine J 2008;8:412-413.
29. Hogan QH, Abram SE. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis. A review. Anesthesiology 1997;86:216-241.
30. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron K. The role of placebo and nocebo effects of perioperative administration of sedatives and opioids in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2005;8:349-355.
31. Ackerman WE, Munir MA, Zhang JM, Ghaleb A. Are diagnostic lumbar facet injections influenced by pain of muscular origin? Pain Pract 2004;4:286-291.
32. Woolf CJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. The systemic administration of local anaesthetics produces a selective depression of C-afferent fibre evoked activity in the spinal cord. Pain 1985;23:361-374.
33. Dreyfuss P, Schwarzer AC, Lau P, Bogduk N. Specificity of lumbar medial branch and L5 dorsal ramus blocks. A computed tomography study. Spine 1997;22:895-902.
34. Cohen SP, Strassels SA, Kurihara C, etal. Randomized, double-blinded computed tomographic study evaluating the accuracy of 0.25mL and 0.5mL cervical facet joint nerve (medial branch) blocks. Anesthesiology 2010;112:144-152.
35. Rosenberg JM, Quint DJ, de Rosayro AM. Computerized tomographic localization of clinically-guided sacroiliac joint injections. Clin J Pain 2000;16:18-21.
36. Smith HS, Chopra P, Patel VB, Frey ME, Rastogi R. Systematic review of the role of sedation in diagnostic spinal interventional techniques. Pain Physician 2009;12:195-206.
37. Jasper JF. Effect of sedation on validity of diagnostic facet joint injections. Pain Physician 2001;4:285-286.
38. Kim N, Delport E, Cucuzzella T, Marley J, Pruitt C. Is sedation indicated before spinal injections? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:E748-752.
39. Cucuzzella TR, Delport EG, Kim N, etal. A survey: Conscious sedation with epidural and zygapophyseal injections: Is it necessary? Spine J 2006;6:364-369.
40. Hingorani K. Diazepam in backache. A double-blind controlled trial. Ann Phys Med 1966;8:303-306.
41. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron KS, etal. The effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of facet joint nerve blocks: An evaluation to assess similarities in population with involvement in cervical and lumbar regions. Pain Physician 2006;1:47-51.
42. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron KS, etal. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of cervical facet joint pain. Pain Physician 2004;7:301-309.
43. Manchikanti L, Damron KS, Rivera JJ, etal. Evaluation of the effect of sedation as a confounding factor in the diagnostic validity of lumbar facet joint pain: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pain Physician 2004;7:411-417.
44. Bruehl S. An update on the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Anesthesiology 2010;113:713-725.
45. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS, etal. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the "Budapest Criteria") for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain 2010;150:268-274.
46. Koshi EB, Short CA. Placebo theory and its implications for research and clinical practice: A review of the recent literature. Pain Pract 2007;7:4-20.
47. Carlino E, Pollo A, Benedetti F. Placebo analgesia and beyond: A melting pot of concepts and ideas for neuroscience. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011;24:540-544.
48. Flaten MA, Aslaksen PM, Lyby PS, Bjørkedal E. The relation of emotions to placebo responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011;366:1818-1827.
49. Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Buckenmaier CC 3rd, etal. Randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain. Anesthesiology 2008;109:279-288.
50. Cohen SP, Neufeld N, Chen Y. Sacroiliac joint pain: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2013;13:99-116.
51. Kim WH, Kim SK, Lee CJ, Kim TH, Sim WS. Determination of adequate entry angle of lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in Korean. Korean J Pain 2010;23:11-17.
52. Murata Y, Takahashi K, Yamagata M, etal. Variations in the number and position of human lumbar sympathetic ganglia and rami communicantes. Clin Anat 2003;16:108-113.
53. Dick AM, Gabbott DA, Hardy PA. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following single needle lumbar sympathectomy using two volumes of 0.25% bupivacaine plain solution. Anaesthesia 1996;51:750-751.
54. Di Filippo A, Natale V, Del Po F, etal. Skin temperature during sympathetic block: A clinical comparison of bupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.5% or 0.75%. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006;34:334-337.
55. Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 1980;66:271-273.
56. Rathmell JP, Michna E, Fitzgibbon DR, etal. Injury and liability associated with cervical procedures for chronic pain. Anesthesiology 2011;114:918-926.
57. Kaptchuk TJ, Stason WB, Davis RB, etal. Sham device v inert pill: Randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments. BMJ 2006;332:391-397.
58. Rudolph U, Knoflach F. Beyond classical benzodiazepines: Novel therapeutic potential of GABA-A receptor subtypes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10:685-697.
59. Schweizer E, Rickels K. Placebo response on generalized anxiety: Its effect on the outcome of clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58(suppl 11):30-38.
60. Safeer RS, Keenan J. Health literacy: The gap between physicians and patients. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:463-468.
61. Schwartz PH, Edenberg E, Barrett PR, etal. Patient understanding of benefits, risks, and alternatives to screening colonoscopy. Fam Med 2013;45:83-89.
62. Hanchak NA, Patel MB, Berlin JA, Strom BL. Patient misunderstanding of dosing instructions. J Gen Intern Med 1996;11:325-328.
63. Sasso RC, Macadaeg K, Nordmann D, Smith M. Selective nerve root injections can predict surgical outcome for lumbar and cervical radiculopathy: Comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005;18:471-478.
64. Anderberg L, Annertz M, Brandt L, Saveland H. Selective diagnostic cervical nerve root block-correlation with clinical symptoms and MRI-pathology. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146:559-565.
65. Osler GE. Cervical analgesic discography. A test for diagnosis of the painful disc syndrome. S Afr Med J 1987;71:363.
66. Ohtori S, Kinoshita T, Yamashita M, etal. Results of surgery for discogenic low back pain: A randomized study using discography vs discoblock for diagnosis. Spine 2009;34:1345-1348.
67. Wise CL, Dall BE. Minimally invasive sacroiliac arthrodesis: Outcomes of a new technique. J Spinal Disord Tech 2008;21:579-584.
68. Buchowski JM, Kebaish KM, Sinkov V, etal. Functional and radiographic outcome of sacroiliac arthrodesis for the disorders of the sacroiliac joint. Spine J 2005;5:520-528.
69. Lum YW, Brooke BS, Likes K, etal. Impact of anterior scalene lidocaine blocks on predicting surgical success in older patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1370-1375.
70. Lim JT, Acornley A, Dodenhoff RM. Recovery after arthroscopic subacromial decompression: Prognostic value of the subacromial injection test. Arthroscopy 2005;21:680-683.
71. Lovely TJ, Rastogi P. The value of provocative facet blocking as a predictor of success in lumbar spine fusion. J Spinal Disord 1997;10:512-517.
72. Kim D, Saidov A, Mandhare V, Shuster A. Role of pretrial systemic opioid requirements, intrathecal trial dose, and non-psychological factors as predictors of outcome for intrathecal pump therapy: One clinician's experience with lumbar postlaminectomy pain. Neuromodulation 2011;14:165-175.
73. Saper JR, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, etal. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable chronic migraine headache: ONSTIM feasibility study. Cephalalgia 2011;31:271-285.
74. Huang JH, Galvagno S, Hameed H, etal. Occipital nerve pulsed radiofrequency treatment: A multi-center study evaluating predictors of outcome. Pain Med 2012;13:489-497.
75. Dooley JF, McBroom RJ, Taguchi T, Macnab I. Nerve root infiltration in the diagnosis of radicular pain. Spine 1988;13:79-83.
76. Haueisen DC, Smith BS, Myers SR, Pryce ML. The diagnostic accuracy of spinal nerve injection studies. Their role in the evaluation of recurrent sciatica. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985;198:179-183.
77. Umscheid CA, Margolis DJ, Grossman CE. Key concepts of clinical trials: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2011;123:194-204.