The contribution of sympathetic mechanisms to postamputation phantom and residual limb pain: A pilot study

Journal of Pain

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 859-867

  Cohen, Steven P ^a,b   Gambel, Jeffrey M ^b   Raja, Srinivasa N ^a   Galvagno, Sam ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Amputation; phantom limb; residual limb; stump pain; sympathetic block; sympathetically maintained pain

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AMPUTATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; LIMB AMPUTATION; LIMB PAIN; MALE; PHANTOM PAIN; PILOT STUDY; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION;

ADJUVANTS, ANESTHESIA; ADULT; AGED; AMPUTATION; AMPUTEES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDAZOLAM; MIDDLE AGED; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PHANTOM LIMB; PILOT PROJECTS; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; SYMPATHOLYTICS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79961210654     PISSN: 15265900     EISSN: 15288447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. W.E. Ackerman, and J.M. Zhang Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade for the management of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome South Med J 99 2006 1084 1088
2. A.O. Akinpelu, and O.O. Olowe Correlative study of 3 pain rating scales among obstetric patients Afr J Med Med Sci 31 2002 123 126
3. Z. Ali, S.N. Raja, U. Wesselmann, P.N. Fuchs, M.A. Meyer, and J.N. Campbell Intradermal injection of norepinephrine provokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain Pain 88 2000 161 168
4. R. Amir, C.E. Argoff, G.J. Bennett, T.R. Cummins, M.E. Durieux, P. Gerner, M.S. Gold, F. Porreca, and G.R. Strichartz The role of sodium channels in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain J Pain 7 2006 S1 S29
5. A. Angrilli, and U. Koster Psychophysiological stress responses in amputees with and without phantom limb pain Physiol Behav 68 2000 699 706 (Pubitemid 30182470)
6. W.L. Blankenbaker The care of patients with phantom limb pain in a pain clinic Anesth Analg 56 1977 842 846 (Pubitemid 8235819)
7. D.F. Bossut, V.K. Shea, and E.R. Perl Sympathectomy induces adrenergic excitability of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors J Neurophysiol 75 1996 514 517 (Pubitemid 26072057)
8. A. Chaturvedi, and H.H. Dash Sympathetic blockade for the relief of chronic pain J Indian Med Assoc 99 2001 698 703
9. S.P. Cohen, R.W. Hurley, P.J. Christo, J. Winkley, M.M. Mohiuddin, and M.P. Stojanovic Clinical predictors of success and failure for lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation Clin J Pain 23 2007 45 52
10. S.P. Cohen, S. Kapur, and J.P. Rathmell Intravenous Infusions tests have limited utility for selecting long-term drug therapy in patients with chronic pain: A systematic review Anesthesiology 111 2009 416 431
11. M. Devor, W. Janig, and M. Michaelis Modulation of activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons by sympathetic activation in nerve-injured rats J Neurophysiol 71 1994 38 47 (Pubitemid 24058839)
12. A.M. Dick, D.A. Gabbott, and P.A. Hardy Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following single needle lumbar sympathectomy using two volumes of 0.25% bupivacaine plain solution Anaesthesia 51 1996 750 751 (Pubitemid 26278474)
13. A. Di Filippo, V. Natale, F. Del Po, M. Ciapetti, F. Bressan, and S. Falchi Skin temperature during sympathetic block: A clinical comparison of bupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.5% or 0.75% Anaesth Intensive Care 34 2006 334 337 (Pubitemid 43971041)
14. P.D. Drummond, S. Skipworth, and P.M. Finch Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin Clin Sci (Lond) 91 1996 73 77 (Pubitemid 26238299)
15. P.L. Ephraim, S.T. Wegener, E.J. MacKenzie, T.R. Dillingham, and L.E. Pezzin Phantom pain, residual limb pain, and back pain in amputees: Results of a national survey Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86 2005 1910 1919 (Pubitemid 41423616)
16. J. Fagius, M. Nordin, and M. Wall Sympathetic nerve activity to amputated lower leg in humans. Evidence of altered skin vasoconstrictor discharge Pain 98 2002 37 45 (Pubitemid 34722467)
17. J.T. Farrar, R.K. Portenoy, J.A. Berlin, J.L. Kinman, and B.L. Strom Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures Pain 88 2000 287 294
18. G.C. Feigl, W. Rosmarin, A. Stelzl, B. Weninger, and R. Likar Comparison of different injectate volumes for stellate ganglion block: An anatomic and radiologic study Reg Anesth Pain Med 32 2007 203 208 (Pubitemid 46818076)
19. J. Finoff Differentiation and treatment of phantom sensation, phantom pain, and residual-limb pain J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91 2001 23 33
20. H. Flor Phantom-limb pain: Characteristics, causes, and treatment Lancet Neurol 1 2002 182 189 (Pubitemid 37163487)
21. G. Gamal, M. Helaly, and Y.M. Labib Superior hypogastric block: Transdiscal versus classic posterior approach in pelvic cancer pain Clin J Pain 22 2006 544 547 (Pubitemid 44350440)
22. R.N. Harden, C.M. Gagnon, M. Gallizzi, A.S. Khan, and D. Newman Residual limbs of amputees are significantly cooler than contralateral intact limbs Pain Pract 8 2008 342 347
23. R.W. Irwin, T. Watson, R.P. Minick, and W.T. Ambrosius Age, body mass index, and gender differences in sacroiliac joint pathology Am J Phys Med Rehabil 86 2007 37 44 (Pubitemid 46360562)
24. E. Isakov, Z. Susak, and A. Korzets Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the stump in below-knee amputees Clin J Pain 8 1992 270 275
25. T.S. Jensen, B. Krebs, J. Nielsen, and P. Rasmussen Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation Pain 17 1983 243 256 (Pubitemid 14201149)
26. T.S. Jensen, B. Krebs, J. Nielsen, and P. Rasmussen Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain Pain 21 1985 267 278 (Pubitemid 15134760)
27. J. Katz Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs Can J Psychiat 37 1992 282 298
28. W.H. Kim, S.K. Kim, C.J. Lee, T.H. Kim, and W.S. Sim Determination of adequate entry angle of lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in Korean Korean J Pain 23 2010 11 17
29. D. Koren, D. Norman, A. Cohen, J. Berman, and E.M. Klein Increased PTSD risk with combat-related injury: A matched comparison study of injured and uninjured soldiers experiencing the same combat events Am J Psychiatry 162 2005 276 282 (Pubitemid 40216207)
30. K. Kuch Psychological factors and the development of chronic pain Clin J Pain 17 Suppl 4 2001 S33 S38
31. E. Lin, S. Horasek, S. Agarwal, C.L. Wu, and S.N. Raja Local administration of norepinephrine in the stump evokes dose-dependent pain in amputees Clin J Pain 22 2006 482 486 (Pubitemid 44350458)
32. X. Liu, K. Chung, and J.M. Chung Ectopic discharges and adrenergic sensitivity of sensory neurons after spinal nerve injury Brain Res 849 1999 244 247
33. W.K. Livingston Fantom limb pain. A report of ten cases in which it was treated by injections of procaine hydrochloride near the thoracic sympathetic ganglions Archives of Surgery 37 1938 353 370
34. D.R. Longmire An electrophysiological approach to the evaluation of regional sympathetic dysfunction: A proposed classification Pain Physician 9 2006 69 82 (Pubitemid 43263667)
35. W.A. Macrae Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on Br J Anaesth 101 2008 77 86
36. Mailis A, Furlan A: Sympathectomy for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002918, 2003
37. L. Manchikanti, and V. Singh Managing phantom pain Pain Physician 7 2004 365 375 (Pubitemid 39206376)
38. M. Martinez-Lavin Is fibromyalgia a generalized reflex sympathetic dystrophy? Clin Exp Rheumatol 19 2001 1 3 (Pubitemid 32203837)
39. E.M. McLachlan, W. Janig, M. Devor, and M. Michaelis Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia Nature 363 1993 543 546 (Pubitemid 23186640)
40. P.M. Meier, D. Zurakowski, C.B. Berde, and N.F. Sethna Lumbar sympathetic blockade in children with complex regional pain syndromes: A double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial Anesthesiology 111 2009 372 380
41. S. Mirkhil, and P.M. Kent The diagnostic accuracy of brief screening questions for psychosocial risk factors of poor outcome from an episode of pain: A systematic review Clin J Pain 25 2009 340 348
42. S. Mitchell Injuries of the Nerves and Their Consequences 1872 JB Lippincott & Co Philadelphia, PA
43. Y. Murata, K. Takahashi, M. Yamagata, Y. Takahashi, Y. Shimada, and H. Moriya Variations in the number and position of human lumbar sympathetic ganglia and rami communicantes Clin Anat 16 2003 108 113 (Pubitemid 36255223)
44. S. Ponce de Leon, C. Lara-Muñoz, A.R. Feinstein, and C.K. Wells A comparison of three rating scales for measuring subjective phenomena in clinical research. II. Use of experimentally controlled visual stimuli Arch Med Res 35 2004 157 162 (Pubitemid 38316836)
45. B.K. Potter, T.C. Burns, A.P. Lacap, R.R. Granville, and D.A. Gajewski Heterotopic ossification following traumatic and combat-related amputations. Prevalence, risk factors, and preliminary results of excision J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 89 2007 476 486 (Pubitemid 46365347)
46. D.D. Price, S. Long, B. Wilsey, and A. Rafii Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients Clin J Pain 14 1998 216 226 (Pubitemid 28427900)
47. S.N. Raja, and H.T. Benzon Phantom pain H.T. Benzon, S.N. Raja, R.E. Molloy, S.S. Liu, S.M. Fishman, Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia 2nd ed 2005 Elsevier Inc Philadelphia, PA 394 398
48. S.N. Raja, K.D. Davis, and J.N. Campbell The adrenergic pharmacology of sympathetically-maintained pain J Reconstr Microsurg 8 1992 63 69
49. M.T. Schley, P. Wilms, S. Toepfner, H.P. Schaller, M. Schmelz, C.J. Konrad, and N. Birbaumer Painful and nonpainful phantom and stump sensations in acute traumatic amputees J Trauma 65 2008 858 864
50. A.C. Schwarzer, C.N. Aprill, R. Derby, J. Fortin, G. Kine, and N. Bogduk The false-positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophysial joints Pain 58 1994 195 200 (Pubitemid 24263612)
51. R.A. Sherman Stump and phantom limb pain Neurol Clin 7 1989 249 264 (Pubitemid 19126944)
52. R.A. Sherman, J.G. Arena, C.J. Sherman, and J.L. Ernst The mystery of phantom pain: Growing evidence for psychophysiological mechanisms Biofeedback Self Regul 14 1989 267 280
53. H.S. Smith, I. Lalani, and C.E. Argoff Phantom pain S.M. Fishman, J.C. Ballantyne, J.P. Rathmell, Bonica's Management of Pain 4th ed 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, PA 331 338
54. E. Torebjork, L. Wahren, G. Wallin, and M. Koltzenburg Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia Pain 63 1995 11 20
55. E.R. Tunks, J. Crook, and R. Weir Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: Prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis Can J Psychiatry 53 2008 224 234 (Pubitemid 351838516)
56. E.R. Vickers, and M.J. Cousins Neuropathic orofacial pain. Part 2-Diagnostic procedures, treatment guidelines and case reports Aust Endod J 26 2000 53 63
57. J.E. Ware Jr., C.D. Sherbourne, and M.O.S. The 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection Med Care 30 1992 473 483
58. M.R. Wassef Phantom pain with probably reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Efficacy of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion Reg Anesth 22 1997 287 290
59. S.M. Weinstein Phantom limb pain and related disorders Neurol Clin 16 1998 919 936
60. A. Weyland, W. Weyland, H.P. Carduck, J. Hildebrandt, and D. Kettler Optimization of the image intensifier-assisted technique of lumbar sympathetic block. Computed tomographic simulation of a paravertebral puncture access Anaesthetist 42 1993 710 718 (in German) (Pubitemid 23316024)
61. L.R. Wolfer, R. Derby, J.E. Lee, and S.H. Lee Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta-analysis of false-positive rates Pain Physician 11 2008 513 538
62. C.J. Woolf Pain: Moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management Ann Intern Med 140 2004 441 451 (Pubitemid 38327332)
63. C.J. Woolf, and M.B. Max Mechanism-based pain diagnosis: Issues for analgesic drug development Anesthesiology 95 2001 241 249 (Pubitemid 32623017)
64. C.L. Wu, P. Tella, P.S. Staats, R. Vaslav, D.A. Kazim, U. Wesselmann, and S.N. Raja Analgesic effects of intravenous lidocaine and morphine on postamputation pain: A randomized double-blind, active placebo-controlled, crossover trial Anesthesiology 96 2002 841 848 (Pubitemid 34266676)
65. B.M. Yan, and R.P. Myers Neurolytic celiac plexus block for pain control in unresectable pancreatic cancer Am J Gastroenterol 102 2007 430 438 (Pubitemid 46160557)
66. I. Yucel, Y. Demiraran, K. Ozturan, and E. Degirmenci Complex regional pain syndrome type I: Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade J Orthop Traumatol 10 2009 179 183