Modifications in endoscopic practice for pediatric patients

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Volumn 79, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 699-710

  Lightdale, Jenifer R ^a   Acosta, Ruben ^a   Shergill, Amandeep K ^a   Chandrasekhara, Vinay ^a   Chathadi, Krishnavel ^a   Early, Dayna ^a   Evans, John A ^a   Fanelli, Robert D ^a   Fisher, Deborah A ^a   Fonkalsrud, Lisa ^a   Hwang, Joo Ha ^a   Kashab, Mouen ^a   Muthusamy, V Raman ^a   Pasha, Shabana ^a   Saltzman, John R ^a   Cash, Brooks D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLONOSCOPY; CONSENSUS; CONSULTATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DEVICES; ENDOSCOPIST; EQUIPMENT; FOREIGN BODY; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; INGESTION; INTESTINE PREPARATION; MEDICAL INFORMATION; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEDATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DEEP SEDATION; DIGESTIVE TRACT ENDOSCOPY; INFANT; NEWBORN; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; STANDARDS;

ANALGESIC AGENT; LAXATIVE;

ADOLESCENT; ANALGESICS; CATHARTICS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEEP SEDATION; ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; PERIOPERATIVE CARE;

EID: 84897989143     PISSN: 00165107     EISSN: 10976779     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.08.014     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. G.H. Guyatt, A.D. Oxman, and G.E. Vist et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations BMJ 336 2008 924 926
2. A.M. Leichtner, L.A. Gillis, and S. Gupta et al. NASPGHAN Guidelines for Training in Pediatric Gastroenterology J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56 Suppl 1 2013 S1 S8
3. J.O. Hayat, R. Sirohi, and D.A. Gorard Paediatric endoscopy performed by adult-service gastroenterologists Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 2008 648 652
4. Y. Vandenplas, C.D. Rudolph, and C. Di Lorenzo et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 49 2009 498 547
5. P.A. Rufo, L.A. Denson, and F.A. Sylvester et al. Health supervision in the management of children and adolescents with IBD: NASPGHAN recommendations J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 93 108
6. H.J. Lee, J.H. Lee, J.S. Lee, and Y.H. Choe Is colonoscopy necessary in children suspected of having colonic polyps? Gut Liver 4 2010 326 331
7. K. Thakkar, A. Alsarraj, and E. Fong et al. Prevalence of colorectal polyps in pediatric colonoscopy Dig Dis Sci 57 2012 1050 1055
8. M. Kori, V. Gladish, and N. Ziv-Sokolovskaya et al. The significance of routine duodenal biopsies in pediatric patients undergoing upper intestinal endoscopy J Clin Gastroenterol 37 2003 39 41
9. T.Z. Hummel, F.J. ten Kate, and J.B. Reitsma et al. Additional value of upper GI tract endoscopy in the diagnostic assessment of childhood IBD J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 2012 753 757
10. K. Badizadegan, and K.M. Thompson Value of information in nonfocal colonic biopsies J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53 2011 679 683
11. E. Volonaki, N.J. Sebire, and O. Borrelli et al. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and mucosal biopsy in the first year of life: indications and outcome J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 62 65
12. Y. Elitsur, J.E. Teitelbaum, and M. Rewalt et al. Clinical and endoscopic data in juvenile polyposis syndrome in preadolescent children: a multicenter experience from the United States J Clin Gastroenterol 43 2009 734 736
13. R. Romero, C.R. Abramowsky, and T. Pillen et al. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic gastroenteritis after pediatric liver transplantation Pediatr Transplant 7 2003 484 488
14. W. Kreisel, M. Dahlberg, and H. Bertz et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of acute intestinal GVHD following allogeneic hematopoietic SCT: a retrospective analysis in 175 patients Bone Marrow Transplant 47 2012 430 438
15. V. Fox Pediatric endoscopy M. Classen, G. Tytgat, C.J. Lightdale, Gastroenterological endoscopy 2002 Thieme New York (NY) 720 748
16. M. Agostoni, L. Fanti, and M. Gemma et al. Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience Gastrointest Endosc 74 2011 266 275
17. S. Buderus, H. Sonderkotter, and G. Fleischhack et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in children and adolescents with cancer Pediatr Hematol Oncol 29 2012 450 460
18. M.A. Gilger, and B.D. Gold Pediatric endoscopy: new information from the PEDS-CORI project Curr Gastroenterol Rep 7 2005 234 239
19. M. Samer Ammar, M.D. Pfefferkorn, and Croffie et al. Complications after outpatient upper GI endoscopy in children: 30-day follow-up Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 1508 1511
20. C. Paris, J. Bejjani, and M. Beaunoyer et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is useful and safe in children J Pediatr Surg 45 2010 938 942
21. A.K. Otto, M.D. Neal, and A.N. Slivka et al. An appraisal of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for pancreaticobiliary disease in children: our institutional experience in 231 cases Surg Endosc 25 2011 2536 2540
22. B.H. Barnes, M.R. Narkewicz, and R.J. Sokol Spontaneous perforation of the bile duct in a toddler: the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in diagnosis and therapy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 43 2006 695 697
23. A.K. Otto, M.D. Neal, and G.V. Mazariegos et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is safe and effective for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary disease following abdominal organ transplant in children Pediatr Transplant 16 2012 829 834
24. S. Cho, P. Kamalaporn, and G. Kandel et al. 'Short' double-balloon enteroscope endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with a surgically altered upper gastrointestinal tract Can J Gastroenterol 25 2011 615 619
25. J.Y. Bang, and S. Varadarajulu Pediatrics: ERCP in children Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 8 2011 254 255
26. B.U. Wu, and D.L. Conwell Update in acute pancreatitis Curr Gastroenterol Rep 12 2010 83 90
27. J.Y. Jang, C.H. Yoon, and K.M. Kim Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pancreatic and biliary tract disease in Korean children World J Gastroenterol 16 2010 490 495
28. E. Makin, P. Harrison, and S. Patel et al. Pancreatic pseudocysts in children: treatment by endoscopic cystgastrostomy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 556 558
29. P. De Angelis, F. Foschia, and E. Romeo et al. Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in diagnosis and management of congenital choledochal cysts: 28 pediatric cases J Pediatr Surg 47 2012 885 888
30. C.W. Iqbal, T.H. Baron, and C.R. Moir et al. Post-ERCP pancreatitis in pediatric patients J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 49 2009 430 434
31. J.L. Buxbaum, M.A. Eloubeidi, and S. Varadarajulu Utility of EUS-guided FNA in the management of children with idiopathic fibrosing pancreatitis J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52 2011 482 484
32. S. Varadarajulu, C.M. Wilcox, and M.A. Eloubeidi Impact of EUS in the evaluation of pancreaticobiliary disorders in children Gastrointest Endosc 62 2005 239 244
33. N. Usui, S. Kamata, and H. Kawahara et al. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of congenital esophageal stenosis J Pediatr Surg 37 2002 1744 1746
34. T. Attila, D.G. Adler, and K. Hilden et al. EUS in pediatric patients Gastrointest Endosc 70 2009 892 898
35. P. Bocus, S. Realdon, and M.A. Eloubeidi et al. High-frequency miniprobes and 3-dimensional EUS for preoperative evaluation of the etiology of congenital esophageal stenosis in children (with video) Gastrointest Endosc 74 2011 204 207
36. T. Caldaro, E. Romeo, and P. De Angelis et al. Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry in children with anorectal malformations: new discoveries J Pediatr Surg 47 2012 956 963
37. M.J. Rosen, D.E. Moulton, and T. Koyama et al. Endoscopic ultrasound to guide the combined medical and surgical management of pediatric perianal Crohn's disease Inflamm Bowel Dis 16 2010 461 468
38. S. Gastineau, J. Viala, and D. Caldari et al. Contribution of capsule endoscopy to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome management in children Dig Liver Dis 44 2012 839 843
39. I.M. Gralnek, S.A. Cohen, and H. Ephrath et al. Small bowel capsule endoscopy impacts diagnosis and management of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study Dig Dis Sci 57 2012 465 471
40. S.A. Cohen, H. Ephrath, and J.D. Lewis et al. Pediatric capsule endoscopy: review of the small bowel and patency capsules J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 2012 409 413
41. M. Thomson, A. Fritscher-Ravens, and M. Mylonaki et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy in children: a study to assess diagnostic yield in small bowel disease in paediatric patients J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44 2007 192 197
42. A. Fritscher-Ravens, T. Cuming, and B. Jacobsen et al. Feasibility and safety of endoscopic full-thickness esophageal wall resection and defect closure: a prospective long-term survival animal study Gastrointest Endosc 69 2009 1314 1320
43. B.A. Barth, K. Donovan, and V.L. Fox Endoscopic placement of the capsule endoscope in children Gastrointest Endosc 60 2004 818 821
44. R. Shen, B. Sun, and B. Gong et al. Double-balloon enteroscopy in the evaluation of small bowel disorders in pediatric patients Dig Endosc 24 2012 87 92
45. K. Uchida, S. Yoshiyama, and M. Inoue et al. Double balloon enteroscopy for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease Pediatr Int 2012 806 809
46. G. Di Nardo, L. de Ridder, and S. Oliva et al. Enteroscopy in paediatric Crohn's disease Dig Liver Dis 45 2013 351 355
47. G. Soccorso, A. Sarkhy, and R.M. Lindley et al. Idiopathic small bowel diaphragm disease identified by laparoscopic-assisted double-balloon enteroscopy in a child: an integrated successful definitive therapeutic method J Pediatr Surg 47 2012 1622 1625
48. S.O. Ikenberry, T.L. Jue, and M.A. Anderson et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions Gastrointest Endosc 73 2011 1085 1091
49. T. Litovitz, N. Whitaker, and L. Clark et al. Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implications Pediatrics 125 2010 1168 1177
50. D.E. Brumbaugh, S.B. Colson, and J.A. Sandoval et al. Management of button battery-induced hemorrhage in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52 2011 585 589
51. A.T. George, and S. Motiwale Magnet ingestion in children-a potentially sticky issue? Lancet 379 2012 2341 2342
52. J.P. Otjen, C.A. Rohrmann Jr., and R.S. Iyer Imaging pediatric magnet ingestion with surgical-pathological correlation Pediatr Radiol 43 2013 851 859
53. S.Z. Hussain, A. Bousvaros, and M. Gilger et al. Management of ingested magnets in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 239 242
54. M.J. Wilsey Jr., A.O. Scheimann, and M.A. Gilger The role of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of caustic ingestion, esophageal strictures, and achalasia in children Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 11 2001 767 787 vii-viii
55. S.K. Gupta, J.M. Croffie, and J.F. Fitzgerald Is esophagogastroduodenoscopy necessary in all caustic ingestions? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 2001 50 53
56. American Association of Poison Control Centers American Association of Poison Control Centers 2013. Available at http://www.aapcc.org. Accessed January 8, 2013.
57. A. Temiz, P. Oguzkurt, and S.S. Ezer et al. Predictability of outcome of caustic ingestion by esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children World J Gastroenterol 18 2012 1098-1103
58. T. Lamireau, L. Rebouissoux, and D. Denis et al. Accidental caustic ingestion in children: is endoscopy always mandatory? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 33 2001 81 84
59. J.W. Poley, E.W. Steyerberg, and E.J. Kuipers et al. Ingestion of acid and alkaline agents: outcome and prognostic value of early upper endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 60 2004 372 377
60. D. Baskin, N. Urganci, and L. Abbasoglu et al. A standardised protocol for the acute management of corrosive ingestion in children Pediatr Surg Int 20 2004 824 828
61. T. Tiryaki, Z. Livanelioglu, and H. Atayurt Early bougienage for relief of stricture formation following caustic esophageal burns Pediatr Surg Int 21 2005 78 80
62. L. Mahajan, R. Wyllie, and R. Steffen et al. The effects of a psychological preparation program on anxiety in children and adolescents undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 27 1998 161 165
63. J.A. Friedlander, G.S. Loeben, and P.K. Finnegan et al. A novel method to enhance informed consent: a prospective and randomised trial of form-based versus electronic assisted informed consent in paediatric endoscopy J Med Ethics 37 2011 194 200
64. C.J. Cote, and S. Wilson Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update Pediatrics 118 2006 2587 2602
65. G.M. Hoffman, R. Nowakowski, and T.J. Troshynski et al. Risk reduction in pediatric procedural sedation by application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists process model Pediatrics 109 2002 236 243
66. W. Wilson, K.A. Taubert, and M. Gewitz et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation 116 2007 1736 1754
67. S. Di Filippo Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease in the context of recent modified guidelines Arch Cardiovasc Dis 105 2012 454 460
68. S.D. Cook-Sather, and R.S. Litman Modern fasting guidelines in children Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 20 2006 471 481
69. A. Hunter, and P. Mamula Bowel preparation for pediatric colonoscopy procedures J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 51 2010 254 261
70. D. Turner, E.I. Benchimol, and H. Dunn et al. Pico-Salax versus polyethylene glycol for bowel cleanout before colonoscopy in children: a randomized controlled trial Endoscopy 41 2009 1038 1045
71. U.P. Phatak, S. Johnson, and S.Z. Husain et al. Two-day bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol 3350 and bisacodyl: a new, safe, and effective regimen for colonoscopy in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 53 2011 71 74
72. M.I. Abbas, C.M. Nylund, and C.J. Bruch et al. Prospective evaluation of 1-day polyethylene glycol-3350 bowel preparation regimen in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56 2013 220 224
73. R. Jibaly, J. LaChance, and N.A. Lecea et al. The utility of PEG3350 without electrolytes for 2-day colonoscopy preparation in children Eur J Pediatr Surg 21 2011 318 321
74. N.A. Terry, M.L. Chen-Lim, and E. Ely et al. Polyethylene glycol powder solution vs. senna for bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children: a prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded trial J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56 2013 215 219
75. C. Jimenez-Rivera, D. Haas, and M. Boland et al. Comparison of two common outpatient preparations for colonoscopy in children and youth Gastroenterol Res Pract 2009 2009 518932
76. D. Turner, A. Levine, and B. Weiss et al. Evidence-based recommendations for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy in children: a report from a national working group Endoscopy 42 2010 1063 1070
77. S.D. Wexner, D.E. Beck, and T.H. Baron et al. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) Gastrointest Endosc 63 2006 894 909
78. E. Hassall, and T.E. Lobe Risks of oral sodium phosphate for pre-colonoscopy bowel preparation in children Dis Colon Rectum 50 2007 1099 1101 author reply 102-3
79. S.D. Wexner, L. Rosen, and T.H. Baron Risks of oral sodium phosphate for pre-colonoscopy bowel preparation in children: response to Drs. Hassall and Lobe Surg Endosc 21 2007 1040 1041
80. D.S. Pashankar, A. Uc, and W.P. Bishop Polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes: a new safe, effective, and palatable bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children J Pediatr 144 2004 358 362
81. S. Safder, Y. Demintieva, and M. Rewalt et al. Stool consistency and stool frequency are excellent clinical markers for adequate colon preparation after polyethylene glycol 3350 cleansing protocol: a prospective clinical study in children Gastrointest Endosc 68 2008 1131 1135
82. T. Adamiak, M. Altaf, and M.K. Jensen et al. One-day bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol 3350: an effective regimen for colonoscopy in children Gastrointest Endosc 71 2010 573 577
83. M.E. Fredette, and J.R. Lightdale Endoscopic sedation in pediatric practice Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 18 2008 739 751
84. E.J. van Beek, and P.L. Leroy Safe and effective procedural sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 2012 171 185
85. R. Lewis Claar, L.S. Walker, and J.A. Barnard Children's knowledge, anticipatory anxiety, procedural distress, and recall of esophagogastroduodenoscopy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 34 2002 68 72
86. C.A. Liacouras, M. Mascarenhas, and C. Poon et al. Placebo-controlled trial assessing the use of oral midazolam as a premedication to conscious sedation for pediatric endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 47 1998 455 460
87. G.A. Paspatis, I. Charoniti, and M. Manolaraki et al. Synergistic sedation with oral midazolam as a premedication and intravenous propofol versus intravenous propofol alone in upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in children: a prospective, randomized study J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 43 2006 195 199
88. M. Fishbein, R.A. Lugo, and J. Woodland et al. Evaluation of intranasal midazolam in children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 25 1997 261 266
89. K. Thakkar, H.B. El-Serag, and N. Mattek et al. Complications of pediatric EGD: a 4-year experience in PEDS-CORI Gastrointest Endosc 65 2007 213 221
90. A.R. Tait, and S. Malviya Anesthesia for the child with an upper respiratory tract infection: still a dilemma? Anesth Analg 100 2005 59 65
91. J.R. Lightdale, D.A. Goldmann, and H.A. Feldman et al. Microstream capnography improves patient monitoring during moderate sedation: a randomized, controlled trial Pediatrics 117 2006 1170 1178
92. M.A. Gilger, S.D. Jeiven, and J.O. Barrish et al. Oxygen desaturation and cardiac arrhythmias in children during esophagogastroduodenoscopy using conscious sedation Gastrointest Endosc 39 1993 392 395
93. J.R. Lightdale, C. Valim, and L.B. Mahoney et al. Agitation during procedural sedation and analgesia in children Clin Pediatr (Phila) 49 2010 35 42
94. S.M. Schwarz, J.R. Lightdale, and C.A. Liacouras Sedation and anesthesia in pediatric endoscopy: one size does not fit all J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44 2007 295 297
95. J.J. Vargo, M.H. Delegge, and A.D. Feld et al. Multisociety sedation curriculum for gastrointestinal endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 76 2012 e1 e25
96. D. Wengrower, D. Gozal, and Y. Gozal et al. Complicated endoscopic pediatric procedures using deep sedation and general anesthesia are safe in the endoscopy suite Scand J Gastroenterol 39 2004 283 286
97. B.A. Barth, S. Banerjee, and Y.M. Bhat et al. Equipment for pediatric endoscopy Gastrointest Endosc 76 2012 8 17
98. L.M. Benaroch, and C.D. Rudolph Introduction to pediatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy and enteroscopy Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 4 1994 121 142
99. S.A. Rodriguez, S. Banerjee, and D. Desilets et al. Ultrathin endoscopes Gastrointest Endosc 71 2010 893 898
100. R. Wyllie, and M.H. Kay Colonoscopy and therapeutic intervention in infants and children Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 4 1994 143 160
101. M. Thomson Colonoscopy and enteroscopy Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 11 2001 603 639 vi
102. D. Garewal, S. Powell, and S.J. Milan et al. Sedative techniques for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 2012 CD007274
103. C. Best, B. Sudel, and J.E. Foker et al. Esophageal stenting in children: indications, application, effectiveness, and complications Gastrointest Endosc 70 2009 1248 1253
104. E.G. Pearson, E.C. Downey, and D.C. Barnhart et al. Reflux esophageal stricture-a review of 30 years' experience in children J Pediatr Surg 45 2010 2356 2360
105. C.I. de Bie, A. Paerregaard, and S. Kolacek et al. Disease phenotype at diagnosis in pediatric Crohn's disease: 5-year analyses of the EUROKIDS registry Inflamm Bowel Dis 19 2013 378 385
106. M. Lakhdar-Idrissi, K. Khabbache, and M. Hida Esophageal endoscopic dilations J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 2012 744 747
107. S. Spiliopoulos, T. Sabharwal, and M. Krokidis et al. Fluoroscopically guided dilation of esophageal strictures in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: long-term results AJR Am J Roentgenol 199 2012 208 212
108. M.H. Kay, and R. Wyllie Therapeutic endoscopy for nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 45 2007 157 171
109. S.A. Zargar, G. Javid, and B.A. Khan et al. Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction Hepatology 36 2002 666 672
110. V.L. Bandika, E.A. Goddard, and R.D. De Lacey et al. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for bleeding varices in children with intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: benefit of injection tract embolisation S Afr Med J 102 2012 884 887
111. T.L. Avitsland, C. Kristensen, and R. Emblem et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children: a safe technique with major symptom relief and high parental satisfaction J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 43 2006 624 628
112. J.E. Fortunato, A.L. Troy, and C. Cuffari et al. Outcome after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and young adults J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50 2010 390 393
113. R. Srinivasan, T. Irvine, and M. Dalzell Indications for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and procedure-related outcome J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 49 2009 584 588
114. M.E. McSweeney, H. Jiang, and A.J. Deutsch et al. Long-term outcomes of infants and children undergoing Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr Epub 2013 Jun 15