Gilbert's syndrome and the risk of death: A population-based cohort study

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1643-1647

  Horsfall, Laura J ^a   Nazareth, Irwin ^a   Pereira, Stephen P ^a   Petersen, Irene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bilirubin; Bilirubin uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase 1A1; Cohort; Database; Gilbert disease; Mortality

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; BILIRUBIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GILBERT DISEASE; HUMAN; LIVER FUNCTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; READ CODE; SMOKING; SOCIAL ISOLATION;

BILIRUBIN; BILIRUBIN URIDINE-DIPHOSPHOGLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE 1A1; COHORT; DATABASE; GILBERT DISEASE; MORTALITY;

ADULT; ANTIOXIDANTS; BILIRUBIN; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GILBERT DISEASE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK;

EID: 84897599946     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: 14401746     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12279     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C etal. The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert's syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333: 1171-1175.
2. Owens D, Evans J. Population studies on Gilbert's syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 1975; 12: 152-156.
3. Buyukasik Y, Akman U, Buyukasik NS etal. Evidence for higher red blood cell mass in persons with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and Gilbert's syndrome. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2008; 335: 115-119.
4. Cleary KJ, White PD. Gilbert's and chronic fatigue syndromes in men. Lancet 1993; 341: 842.
5. Ashraf W, van Someren N, Quigley EM, Saboor SA, Farrow LJ. Gilbert's syndrome and Ramadan: exacerbation of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia by religious fasting. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1994; 19: 122-124.
6. Powell LW, Hemingway E, Billing BH, Sherlock S. Idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's syndrome). A study of 42 families. N. Engl. J. Med. 1967; 277: 1108-1112.
7. Bakhotmah MA, Gasem AA, Bairotee B. Asymptomatic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert syndrome) among Saudis in Jeddah. Ann. Saudi Med. 1995; 15: 422-423.
8. Teich N, Lehmann I, Rosendahl J, Troltzsch M, Mossner J, Schiefke I. The inverse starving test is not a suitable provocation test for Gilbert's syndrome. BMC Res. Notes 2008; 1: 35.
9. Metreau JM, Yvart J, Dhumeaux D, Berthelot P. Role of bilirubin overproduction in revealing Gilbert's syndrome: is dyserythropoiesis an important factor? Gut 1978; 19: 838-843.
10. Olsson R, Stigendal L. Clinical experience with isolated hyperbilirubinemia. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1989; 24: 617-622.
11. Buch S, Schafmayer C, Volzke H etal. Loci from a genome-wide analysis of bilirubin levels are associated with gallstone risk and composition. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1942-1951 e2.
12. Chaar V, Keclard L, Diara JP etal. Association of UGT1A1 polymorphism with prevalence and age at onset of cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia. Haematologica 2005; 90: 188-199.
13. Passon RG, Howard TA, Zimmerman SA, Schultz WH, Ware RE. Influence of bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A promoter polymorphisms on serum bilirubin levels and cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell anemia. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 2001; 23: 448-451.
14. Hu ZY, Yu Q, Zhao YS. Dose-dependent association between UGT1A1*28 polymorphism and irinotecan-induced diarrhoea: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Cancer 2010; 46: 1856-1865.
15. Ehmer U, Kalthoff S, Fakundiny B etal. Gilbert syndrome redefined: a complex genetic haplotype influences the regulation of glucuronidation. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1912-1921.
16. Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 1987; 235: 1043-1046.
17. Lin JP, O'Donnell CJ, Schwaiger JP etal. Association between the UGT1A1*28 allele, bilirubin levels, and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2006; 114: 1476-1481.
18. Yesilova Z, Serdar M, Ercin CN etal. Decreased oxidation susceptibility of plasma low density lipoproteins in patients with Gilbert's syndrome. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 23: 1556-1560.
19. Chen YH, Hung SC, Tarng DC. Serum bilirubin links UGT1A1*28 polymorphism and predicts long-term cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011; 6: 567-574.
20. Lin R, Wang Y, Fu W etal. Common variants of four bilirubin metabolism genes and their association with serum bilirubin and coronary artery disease in Chinese Han population. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 2009; 19: 310-318.
21. Booth N. What are the read codes? Health Libr. Rev. 1994; 11: 177-182.
22. Bourke A, Dattani H, Robinson M. Feasibility study and methodology to create a quality-evaluated database of primary care data. Inform. Prim. Care 2004; 12: 171-177.
23. Blak BT, Thompson M, Dattani H, Bourke A. Generalisability of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database: demographics, chronic disease prevalence and mortality rates. Inform. Prim. Care 2011; 19: 251-255.
24. Khan NF, Harrison SE, Rose PW. Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2010; 60: e128-136.
25. Maguire A, Blak BT, Thompson M. The importance of defining periods of complete mortality reporting for research using automated data from primary care. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2009; 18: 76-83.
26. Dave S, Petersen I. Creating medical and drug code lists to identify cases in primary care databases. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2009; 18: 704-707.
27. Sedlak TW, Saleh M, Higginson DS, Paul BD, Juluri KR, Snyder SH. Bilirubin and glutathione have complementary antioxidant and cytoprotective roles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009; 106: 5171-5176.
28. Sedlak TW, Snyder SH. Bilirubin benefits: cellular protection by a biliverdin reductase antioxidant cycle. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1776-1782.
29. Dennery PA, McDonagh AF, Spitz DR, Rodgers PA, Stevenson DK. Hyperbilirubinemia results in reduced oxidative injury in neonatal Gunn rats exposed to hyperoxia. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995; 19: 395-404.
30. Frei B, Stocker R, Ames BN. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1988; 85: 9748-9752.
31. Neuzil J, Stocker R. Free and albumin-bound bilirubin are efficient co-antioxidants for alpha-tocopherol, inhibiting plasma and low density lipoprotein lipid peroxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16712-16719.
32. Stender S, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, Grande P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Genetically elevated bilirubin and risk of ischaemic heart disease: three Mendelian randomization studies and a meta-analysis. J. Intern. Med. 2013; 273: 59-68.
33. Najib F. Defensive role of bilirubinemia in pneumococcal infection. Lancet 1937; 229: 505-506.