Nitrogen implantation of suspended graphene flakes: Annealing effects and selectivity of sp2 nitrogen species

Carbon

Volumn 73, Issue , 2014, Pages 371-381

  Scardamaglia, M ^a   Aleman, B ^b   Amati, M ^b   Ewels, C ^c   Pochet, P ^d   Reckinger, N ^e   Colomer, J F ^e   Skaltsas, T ^f   Tagmatarchis, N ^f   Snyders, R ^a   Gregoratti, L ^b   Bittencourt, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONS   (Belgium)

^b SINCROTRONE TRIESTE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

^d UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NAMUR   (Belgium)

^f THEORETICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANNEALING; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; GRAPHENE; ION IMPLANTATION; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

ANNEALING TEMPERATURES; CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION; ENERGY RESOLUTIONS; NITROGEN IMPLANTATION; NITROGEN ION IMPLANTATIONS; SPATIAL RESOLUTION; SUSPENDED GRAPHENE; X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

NITROGEN;

EID: 84897459792     PISSN: 00086223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.078     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and S.V. Dubonos et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 306 2004 666
2. A.K. Geim, and K.S. Novoselov The rise of graphene Nat Mater 6 2007 183 191
3. A.K. Geim Graphene: status and prospects Science 324 2009 1530 1534
4. I. Gierz, C. Riedl, U. Starke, C.R. Ast, and K. Kern Atomic hole doping of graphene Nano Lett 8 2008 4603 4607
5. J. Mao, H. Zhang, Y. Jiang, Y. Pan, M. Gao, and W. Xiao et al. Tunability of supramolecular kagome lattices of magnetic phthalocyanines using graphene-based moire patterns as templates J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 14136 14137
6. M. Scardamaglia, G. Forte, S. Lizzit, A. Baraldi, P. Lacovig, and R. Larciprete et al. Metal-phthalocyanine array on the moiré pattern of a graphene sheet J Nanopart Res 13 2011 6013 6020
7. D. Wei, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, L. Huang, and G. Yu Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties Nano Lett 9 2009 1752 1758
8. Y. Wang, Y. Shao, D.W. Matson, J. Li, and Y. Lin Nitrogen-doped graphene and its application in electrochemical biosensing ACS Nano 4 2010 1790
9. M. Reddy, A. Srivastava, S.R. Gowda, H. Gullapalli, M. Dubey, and P.M. Ajayan Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene films for lithium battery application ACS Nano 4 2010 6337 6342
10. B. Guo, Q. Liu, E. Chen, H. Zhu, L. Fang, and J.R. Gong Controllable N-doping of graphene Nano Lett 10 2010 4975 4980
11. G. Zhang, W. Duan, and B. Gu Effect of substitutional atoms in the tip on field-emission properties of capped carbon nanotubes Appl Phys Lett 80 2002 2589
12. T. Sharifi, G. Hu, X. Jia, and T. Wågberg Formation of active sites for oxygen reduction reactions by transformation of nitrogen functionalities in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes ACS Nano 6 2012 8904 8912
13. Z. Jin, J. Yao, C. Kittrell, and J.M. Tour Large-scale growth and characterizations of nitrogen-doped monolayer graphene sheets ACS Nano 5 2011 4112 4117
14. R. Podila, J. ChacoÍn-Torres, J.T. Spear, T. Pichler, P. Ayala, and A.M. Rao Spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen doped graphene Appl Phys Lett 101 2012 123108
15. H. Wang, T. Maiyalagan, and X. Wang Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications ACS Catal 2 2012 781 794
16. B. Ruelle, A. Felten, J. Ghijsen, W. Drube, R.L. Johnson, and D. Liang et al. Functionalization of MWCNTs with atomic nitrogen: electronic structure J Phys D Appl Phys 41 2008 045202
17. Y. Shao, S. Zhang, M.H. Engelhard, G. Li, G. Shao, and Y. Wang et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene and its electrochemical applications J Mater Chem 20 2010 7491
18. K.-J. Kim, H. Lee, J. Choi, H. Lee, M.C. Jung, and H.J. Shin et al. Surface property change of graphene using nitrogen ion J Phys: Condens Matter 22 2010 045005
19. K. Kim, S. Yang, Y. Park, M. Lee, B. Kim, and H. Lee Annealing effects after nitrogen ion casting on monolayer and multilayer graphene J Phys Chem C 117 2013 2129 2134
20. A. Kumar, A. Ganguly, and P. Papakonstantinou Thermal stability study of nitrogen functionalities in a graphene network J Phys: Condens Matter 24 2012 235503
21. W. Zhao, O. Ho, K. Gotterbarm, J.F. Zhu, C. Papp, and H. Steinru Production of nitrogen-doped graphene by low-energy nitrogen implantation J Phys Chem C 116 2012 5062 5066
22. A.V. Krasheninnikov, and F. Banhart Engineering of nanostructured carbon materials with electron or ion beams Nat Mater 6 2007 723 733
23. E.H. Åhlgren, J. Kotakoski, and A.V. Krasheninnikov Atomistic simulations of the implantation of low-energy boron and nitrogen ions into graphene Phys Rev B 83 2011 115424
24. O. Lehtinen, J. Kotakoski, A.V. Krasheninnikov, A. Tolvanen, K. Nordlund, and J. Keinonen Effects of ion bombardment on a two-dimensional target: Atomistic simulations of graphene irradiation Phys Rev B 81 2010 153401
25. P. Ayala, R. Arenal, M. Rümmeli, A. Rubio, and T. Pichler The doping of carbon nanotubes with nitrogen and their potential applications Carbon N Y 48 2010 575 586
26. S. Van Dommele, A. Romero-Izquirdo, R. Brydson, K.P. de Jong, and J.H. Bitter Tuning nitrogen functionalities in catalytically grown nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes Carbon N Y 46 2008 138 148
27. R. Lv, Q. Li, A.R. Botello-Méndez, T. Hayashi, B. Wang, and A. Berkdemir et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene: beyond single substitution and enhanced molecular sensing Sci Rep 2 2012 586
28. R. Arrigo, M. Hävecker, R. Schlögl, and D.S. Su Dynamic surface rearrangement and thermal stability of nitrogen functional groups on carbon nanotubes Chem Commun 2008 4891 4893
29. L. Lai, J.R. Potts, D. Zhan, L. Wang, C.K. Poh, and C. Tang et al. Exploration of the active center structure of nitrogen-doped graphene-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction Energy Environ Sci 5 2012 7936
30. Z. Luo, S. Lim, Z. Tian, J. Shang, L. Lai, and B. MacDonald et al. Pyridinic N doped graphene: synthesis, electronic structure, and electrocatalytic property J Mater Chem 21 2011 8038
31. L.G. Bulusheva, O.V. Sedelnikova, and A.V. Okotrub Substitutional sites of nitrogen atoms in carbon nanotubes and their influence on field-emission characteristics Int J Quantum Chem 111 2010 2696 2704
32. U.A. Palnitkar, R.V. Kashid, M.A. More, D.S. Joag, L.S. Panchakarla, and C.N.R. Rao Remarkably low turn-on field emission in undoped, nitrogen-doped, and boron-doped graphene Appl Phys Lett 97 2010 063102
33. T. Skaltsas, N. Karousis, H.-J. Yan, C.-R. Wang, S. Pispas, and N. Tagmatarchis Graphene exfoliation in organic solvents and switching solubility in aqueous media with the aid of amphiphilic block copolymers J Mater Chem 22 2012 21507
34. N.R. Wilson, A.J. Marsden, M. Saghir, C.J. Bromley, R. Schaub, and G. Costantini et al. Weak mismatch epitaxy and structural Feedback in graphene growth on copper foil Nano Res 6 2013 99 112
35. L. Zhao, R. He, K.T. Rim, T. Schiros, K.S. Kim, and H. Zhou et al. Visualizing individual nitrogen dopants in monolayer graphene Science 333 2011 999 1003
36. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, and D. Yang et al. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils Science 324 2009 1312 1314
37. N. Reckinger, A. Felten, C.N. Santos, B. Hackens, and J.-F. Colomer The influence of residual oxidizing impurities on the synthesis of graphene by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition Carbon N Y 63 2013 84 91
38. T. Skaltsas, X. Ke, C. Bittencourt, and N. Tagmatarchis Ultrasonication induces oxygenated species and defects onto exfoliated graphene J Phys Chem C 117 2013 23272 23278
39. M. Marsi, L. Casalis, L. Gregoratti, S. Gu, A. Kolmakov, and J. Kovac et al. ESCA Microscopy at ELETTRA: what it is like to perform spectromicroscopy experiments on a third generation synchrotron radiation source J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 84 1997 73 83
40. M.K. Abyaneh, L. Gregoratti, M. Amati, M. Dalmiglio, and M. Kiskinova Scanning photoelectron microscopy: a powerful technique for probing micro and nano-structures E-J. Surf Sci Nanotechnol 9 2011 158 162
41. C. Bittencourt, G. Van Lier, X. Ke, I. Suarez-Martinez, A. Felten, and J. Ghijsen et al. Spectroscopy and defect identification for fluorinated carbon nanotubes ChemPhysChem 10 2009 920 925
42. J.J. Adjizian, P. De Marco, I. Suarez-Martinez, A.A. El Mel, R. Snyders, and R.Y.N. Gengler et al. Platinum and palladium on carbon nanotubes: experimental and theoretical studies Chem Phys Lett 571 2013 44 48
43. D. Usachov, O. Vilkov, A. Gruneis, D. Haberer, A. Fedorov, and V.K. Adamchuk et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene: efficient growth, structure, and electronic properties Nano Lett 11 2011 5401 5407
44. B.M. Terrones, P. Redlich, N. Grobert, S. Trasobares, W. Hsu, and H. Terrones et al. Carbon nitride nanocomposites: formation of aligned CxNy nanofibers Adv Mater 11 1999 655 658
45. C. Ronning, H. Feldermann, R. Merk, H. Hofsass, P. Reinke, and J.U. Thiele Carbon nitride deposited using energetic species: a review on XPS studies Phys Rev B 58 1998 2207
46. Å. Johansson, and S. Stafstrom A Δ-self-consistent-field study of the nitrogen 1s binding energies in carbon nitrides J Chem Phys 111 1999 3203
47. R. Czerw, M. Terrones, J. Charlier, X. Blase, B. Foley, and M. Ru et al. Identification of electron donor states in N-doped carbon nanotubes Nano Lett 1 2001 457 460
48. L. Chan, K. Hong, D. Xiao, T. Lin, S. Lai, and W. Hsieh et al. Resolution of the binding configuration in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes Phys Rev B 70 2004 125408
49. J.R. Pels, F. Kapteijn, J.A. Moulijn, Q. Zhu, and K.M. Thomas Evolution of nitrogen functionalities in carbonaceous materials during pyrolysis Carbon N Y 33 1995 1641 1653
50. C.V. Rao, C.R. Cabrera, and Y. Ishikawa In search of the active site in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction J Phys Chem Lett 1 2010 2622 2627
51. F. Xu, M. Minniti, P. Barone, A. Sindona, A. Bonanno, and A. Oliva Nitrogen doping of single walled carbon nanotubes by low energy ion implantation Carbon N Y 46 2008 1489 1496
52. M. Scardamaglia, C. Struzzi, S. Lizzit, M. Dalmiglio, P. Lacovig, and A. Baraldi et al. Energetics and hierarchical interactions of metal-phthalocyanines adsorbed on graphene/Ir(111) Langmuir 29 2013 10440 10447
53. A. Krasheninnikov, K. Nordlund, and J. Keinonen Production of defects in supported carbon nanotubes under ion irradiation Phys Rev B 65 2002 165423
54. x determined by photoelectron spectroscopy Phys Rev B 57 1998 2536 2540
55. S. Niyogi, M.A. Hamon, D.E. Perea, C.B. Kang, B. Zhao, and S.K. Pal Ultrasonic dispersions of single-walled carbon nanotubes J Phys Chem B 107 2003 8799 8804
56. D.S. Kim, D. Nepal, and K.E. Geckeler Individualization of single-walled carbon nanotubes: is the solvent important? Small 1 2005 1117 1124
57. K.R. Moonoosawmy, and P. Kruse To dope or not to dope: the effect of sonicating single-wall carbon nanotubes in common laboratory solvents on their electronic structure J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 13417 13424
58. C.E. Hamilton, J.R. Lomeda, Z. Sun, J.M. Tour, and A.R. Barron High-yield organic dispersions of unfunctionalized graphene Nano Lett 9 2009 3460 3462
59. H. Hibino, H. Kageshima, M. Kotsugi, F. Maeda, F.-Z. Guo, and Y. Watanabe Dependence of electronic properties of epitaxial few-layer graphene on the number of layers investigated by photoelectron emission microscopy Phys Rev B 79 2009 125437
60. A. Barinov, L. Gregoratti, P. Dudin, S. La Rosa, and M. Kiskinova Imaging and spectroscopy of multiwalled carbon nanotubes during oxidation: defects and oxygen bonding Adv Mater 21 2009 1916 1920
61. x films Phys Rev B 64 2001 235416