Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don: A comparative review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 153, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-18

  Khyade, Mahendra S ^a   Kasote, Deepak M ^b   Vaikos, Nityanand P ^c  

^a Sangamner College   (India)

^b TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

^c DR BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Alstonia macrophylla; Alstonia scholaris; Pharmacology; Phytochemistry

Indexed keywords

ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA EXTRACT; ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS EXTRACT; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENT; ANTIPYRETIC AGENT; APHRODISIAC AGENT; ASTRINGENT AGENT; BERBERINE; PLANT EXTRACT; RADIOPROTECTIVE AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ALKALOID;

ABORTION; ALLOPATHY; ALSTONIA; ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA; ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY; ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY; APOCYNACEAE; ASCITES; ASTHMA; BERIBERI; BRONCHITIS; CHOLERA; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; COUGHING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOG BITE; DYSENTERY; DYSPEPSIA; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GONORRHEA; HEADACHE; HEPATOMEGALY; HUMAN; LEPROSY; MALARIA; MALAYSIA; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; NEOPLASM; NEURALGIA; NONHUMAN; OLIGOPHRENIA; PHILIPPINES; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PRURITUS; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SKIN DISEASE; SNAKEBITE; SPLENOMEGALY; STOMACH PAIN; STOMATITIS; THAILAND; TOOTH PAIN; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; TUBERCULOSIS; ULCER; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES;

ALSTONIA MACROPHYLLA; ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS; APOCYNACEAE;

ALKALOIDS; ALSTONIA; ANIMALS; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; HUMANS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS;

EID: 84897117005     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.025     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. F. Abe, R.F. Chen, T. Yamauchi, N. Marubayashi, and I. Ueda Alschomine and isoalschomine, new alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37 1989 887 890
2. H. Akhtar, O. Virmani, S. Popli, L. Misra, M. Gupta, G. Srivastava, J. Abraham, and A.K. Singh Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plants 1992 Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Lucknow, India (pp. 27).
3. M.S. Akhtar, and H. Bano Hypoglycemic effect of powdered Alstonia scholaris (Satona) Prof. Med. J. 9 2002 268 271
4. S.P. Ambasta The Useful Plants of India 1986 National Institute of Science Communication CSIR New Delhi 31 32
5. Anonymous Selected medicinal plants of India 1992 Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Export Promotion Council (CHEMEXCIL) Bombay, India 205 207
6. Anonymous The Wealth of India 1985 Publications and information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi 201 204
7. M. Antony, D.B. Menon, J. James, M.S. Lipin Dev, K. Arun, and V. Thankamani Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Alstonia scholaris Pharm. J. 3 2011 13 18
8. M. Antony, J. James, C.S. Misra, L.D. Mundursagadevan, A.K. Thaliyil Veettil, and V. Thankamani Anti-mycobacterial activity of the plant extracts of Alstonia scholaris Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 4 2012 40 42
9. N.J. Anurakkun, M.R. Bhandari, and J. Kawabata α-Glucosidase inhibitors from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris) Food Chem. 103 2007 319 1323
10. H. Arai, Y. Hirasawa, A. Rahman, I. Kusumawati, N.C. Zaini, S. Sato, C. Aoyama, J. Takeo, and H. Morita Alstiphyllanines E-H, picraline and ajmaline-type alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla inhibiting sodium glucose cotransporter Bioorg. and Med. Chem. 18 2010 2152 2158
11. K. Arora Sustainable management of tropical forest through indigenous knowledge: a case study of Shompens of great Nicobar Island J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 551 561
12. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, P. Ashok, and L.S. Narayanan In Vitro Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br Iran. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 6 2007 191 196
13. S. Arulmozhi, V.P. Rasal, L.S. Narayanan, and P. Ashok Screening of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br., for wound healing activity Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 7 2007 254 260
14. S. Arulmozhi, P. Mitra Mazumder, A. Purnima, and L. Sathiya Narayanan Pharmacological activities of Alstonia scholaris Linn. (Apocynaceae) - a review Pharm. Rev. 1 2007 163 170
15. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, V.A. Kangralkar, L. Sathiya Narayanan, and P. Thakurdesai Anti-Anxiety activity of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. Pharmacologyonline 3 2008 761 775
16. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, L.S. Narayanan, and P.A. Thakurdesai In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of fractions from Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br Int. Journal of PharmTech Res. 2 2010 18 25
17. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, S. Lohidasan, and P. Thakurdesai Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of leaves of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2 2010 23 32
18. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, L. Sathiyanarayanan, and A. Purnima Anti-Arthritic and antioxidant activity of leaves of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 3 2011 83 90
19. S. Arulmozhi, P.M. Mazumder, L. Sathiyanarayanan, and P.A. Thakurdesai Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of fractions from alstonia scholaris Pharmacologia 3 2012 132 137
20. G. Arunachalam, D. Chattopadhyay, S. Chatterjee, A.B. Mandal, T.K. Sur, and S.C. Mandal Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC. leaf extract Phytomedicine 9 2002 632 635
21. G. Arunachalam, P. Bag, and D. Chattopadhyay Phytochemical and phytotherapeutic evaluation of Mallotus peltatus (Geist.) Muell. Arg. var acuminatus and Alstonia macrophylla wall ex A. Two ethno medicine of Andaman Islands, India J. Pharm. Phytoth. (DC) 1 2009 001 013
22. L.V. Asolkar, K.K. Kakkar, and O.J. Chakre Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants With Active Principles. Part 1 1992 Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR New Delhi, India 51 52
23. A. Atta-ur-Rahman, M. Asif, M. Ghazala, J. Fatima, and K.A. Alvi Scholaricine, an alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 24 1985 2771 2773
24. F.R.S. Atta-ur-Rahman, K.A. Alvi, S.A. Abbas, and W. Voelter Isolation of 19,20-Z-vallesamine and 19,20-E-vallesamine from Alstonia scholaris Heterocycles 26 1987 413 419
25. b-demethylalstophylline oxindole an oxindole alkaloid from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla Phytochemistry 26 1987 865 868
26. Qureshi Atta-ur-Rahman, M.M. Muzaffar, and A. De Silva, K.T.D. Isolation and Structural Studies on the Alkaloids of Alstonia macrophylla Heterocycles 27 1988 725 732
27. Abbas Atta-ur-Rahman, S. Nighat, F. Ahmed, G. Choudhary, M.I. Alvi, K.A. Habib-ur-Rehman, K.T.D. De Silv, and L.S.R. Arambewela Chemical constituents of Alstonia macrophylla J. Nat. Prod. 54 1991 750 754
28. M.S. Baliga, G.C. Jagetia, J.N. Ulloor, M.P. Baliga, P. Venkatesh, R. Reddy, K.V.N.M. Rao, B.S. Baliga, S. Devi, S.K. Raju, V. Veeresh, T.K. Reddy, and L.K. Bairy The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats Toxicol. Lett. 151 2004 317 326
29. M.S. Baliga Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. in the treatment and prevention of cancer: past, present, and future Integr. Cancer Ther. 9 2010 261 269
30. M.S. Baliga Review of the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br (Saptaparna) Chin. J. Integr. Med. 19 2012 1 14
31. D. Bandawane, A. Juvekar, and M. Juvekar Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn. bark in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats Indian J. Pharm. Edu. Res. 45 2011 114 120
32. A. Banerji, and A.K. Siddhanta Scholarine: An indole alkaloid of Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 20 1981 540 542
33. G.K. Bani, M. Bawari, M.D. Choudhury, S. Choudhury, and G.D. Sharma Some anti-diabetic plants of Southern Assam Assam Univ. J. Sci. Technol. Biol. Environ. Sci. 5 2010 114 119
34. N. Bhargava Ethnobotanical studies of the tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India I. Onge Econ. Bot. 37 1983 110 119
35. K. Bhogayata, P.P. Sharma, and B.R. Patel A clinical evaluation of Saptaparna (Alstonia scholaris L.R. Br.) on essential hypertension Int. Q. J. Res. 30 2009 318 322
36. K. Biswas, and R.N. Chopra Common Medicinal Plants of Darjeeling and the Sikkim Himalayas 1982 Periodical Experts Book Agency Delhi (pp. 67)
37. W. Boonchuay, and W.E. Court Minor alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris root Phytochemistry 15 1976 821
38. I.M. Burkill A Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula 1966 Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Kuala Lumpur
39. X.H. Cai, Z.Z. Du, and X.D. Luo Unique monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris Org. Lett. 9 2007 1817 1820
40. X.H. Cai, Q.G. Tan, Y.P. Liu, T. Feng, Z.Z. Du, W.Q. Li, and X.D. Luo A cage-monoterpene indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris Org. Lett. 10 2008 577 580
41. X.H. Cai, Y.P. Liu, T. Feng, and X.D. Luo Picrinine-type alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris Chin. J. Nat. Med. 6 2008 20 22
42. M.D.R. Camacho, J.D. Phillipson, S.L. Croft, P.N. Solis, S.J. Marshall, and S.A. Ghazanfar Screening of plant extracts for antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities J. Ethnopharmacol. 89 2003 185 191
43. T. Chakraborty, and M.K. Vasudeva Rao Ethnobotanical studies of the shompen of Great Nicobar Islands J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 12 1988 43 54
44. D. Chakravarti, R.N. Chakravarti, and R. Ghose Triterpenes of Alstonia scholaris (dita-bark) Experiential 3 1957 277
45. K. Changwichit, N. Khorana, K. Suwanborirux, N. Waranuch, N. Limpeanchob, W. Wisuitiprot, N. Suphrom, and K. Ingkaninan Bisindole alkaloids and secoiridoids from Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don Fitoterapia 82 2011 798 804
46. S. Channa, A. Dar, S. Ahmed, and Atta-ur-Rahman Evaluation of Alstonia scholaris leaves for broncho-vasodilatory activity J. Ethnopharmacol. 97 2005 469 476
47. A. Chatterjee, B. Mukherjee, A.B. Ray, and B. Das The alkaloid of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br Tetrahedron Lett. 41 1965 3633 3637
48. D. Chattopadhyay, K. Maiti, A.P. Kundu, M.S. Chakraborty, R. Bhadra, S.C. Mandal, and A.B. Mandal Antimicrobial activity of Alstonia macrophylla: a folklore of bay J. Ethnopharmacol. 77 2001 49 55
49. D. Chattopadhyay, G. Arunachalam, L. Ghosh, and A.B. Mandal CNS activity of Alstonia macrophylla leaf extracts: an ethnomedicine of Onge of Bay Islands Fitoterapia 75 2004 673 682
50. D. Chattopadhyay, G. Arunachalam, T.K. Sur, S.K. Bhattacharya, and A.B. Mandal Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of Alstonia macrophylla and Mallotus peltatus leaf extracts: two popular ethnomedicines of Onge, A Nigrito Tribes of Little Andaman Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 5 2005 124 136
51. D. Chattopadhyay, G. Arunachalam, L. Ghosh, K. Rajendran, A.B. Mandal, and S.K. Bhattacharya Antipyretic activity of Alstonia macrophylla wall ex A. DC: an ethnomedicine of Andaman Islands J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 8 2005 558 564
52. D. Chattopadhyay, S.R. Dungdung, K. Das, S. Saha, A.B. Mandal, and G.C. Majumder Sperm motility inhibiting activity of a phytosterol from Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC. Leaf extract: a tribal medicine Indian J. Exp. Biol. 43 2005 1104 1109
53. D. Chattopadhyay, S.R. Dungdung, G.C. Majumder, S.K. Bhattacharya, and A.B. Mandal A potent sperm motility inhibiting bioflavonoids from an ethnomedicine of Onge, Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC. Leaf extract Contraception 71 2005 372 378
54. S. Chaudhary, and R. Kumar Some important Medicinal trees of district Bijnor Recent Res. Sci. Technol. 3 2011 96 100
55. S. Cheenpracha, T. Ritthiwigrom, and S. Laphookhieo Alstoniaphyllines A-C, unusual nitrogenous derivatives from the bark of Alstonia macrophylla J. Nat. Prod. 76 2013 723 726
56. R.N. Chopra, S.L. Nayer, and I.C. Chopra Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants 1956 CSIR New Delhi, India 13 14
57. Compiling Group of YunnanTraditional Chinese Medicine Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant 1977 Yunnan Peoples Press Kunming.
58. H.S. Dagar, and J.C. Dagar Plant folk medicines among the Nicobarese of Katchal Islands, India Econ. Bot. 45 1991 114 119
59. S. Das, T. Shuja, and A.B. Mandal Ethnobotanical uses of certain plants from Bay Islands Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 5 2006 207 211
60. A.K. Das, B.K. Dutta, and G.D. Sharma Medicinal plants used by different tribes of Cachar district, Assam Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 7 2008 446 454
61. J.F. Dastur Medicinal plants of India and Pakistan 1962 Taraporewala and Co. Pvt. Ltd. Bombay (pp. 18)
62. A. Dey, and J.N. De A survey of potential antiophidian botanicals from the Baruipur sub-division of the district South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants 1 2011 219 227
63. N.X. Dung, R.H. Ngoc, D.D. Rang, N.T. Nhan, N. Klinkby, and P.A. Leclercq Chemical composition of the volatile concentrate from the flowers of Vietnamese Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Apocynaceae J. Essent. Oil Res. 13 2001 424 426
64. S.C. Dutta, S.K. Bhattacharya, and A.B. Ray Flower alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris Planta Med. 30 1976 86 90
65. R. Elanchezhian, R. Senthil Kumar, S.J. Beena, and M.A. Suryanarayana Ethnobotany of Shompens - a primitive tribe of Great Nicobar Island Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 6 2007 342 345
66. H.I. El-Askary, M.M. El-Olemy, M.M. Salama, A.A. Sleem, and M.H. Amer Bioguided isolation of pentacyclic triterpenes from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. growing in Egypt Nat. Prod. Res. 26 2012 1755 1758
67. T. Feng, X.H. Cai, Z.Z. Du, and X.D. Luo Iridoids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris Helv. Chim. Acta 91 2008 2247 2251
68. T. Feng, X.H. Cai, P.J. Zhao, Z.Z. Du, W.Q. Li, and X.D. Luo Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris Planta Med. 75 2009 1537 1541
69. M. Gandhi, and V.K. Vinayak Preliminary evaluation of extracts of Alstonia scholaris bark for in vivo antimalarial activity in mice J. Ethnopharmacol. 29 1990 51 57
70. R. Ghosh, and P. Roychowdury The structure of an Alkaloid. Picrine, from Alstonia scholaris Acta Crystallogr. 44 1988 2151 2154
71. Guhabakshi, D.N., Sensarma, P., Pal, D.C., 1999. A Lexicon of Medicinal Plant in India, vol. 2, Naya Prakash, Calcutta.
72. R.S. Gupta, R. Sharma, A. Sharma, A.K. Bhatnager, M.P. Dobhal, Y.C. Joshi, and M.C. Sharma Effect of Alstonia scholaris bark extract on testicular function of Wistar rats Asian J. Androl. 4 2002 175 178
73. U. Gupta, S. Jahan, R. Chaudhary, and P.K. Goyal Melioration of radiation-induced hematological and biochemical alterations by Alstonia scholaris (a Medicinal Plant) extract Integr. Cancer Ther. 7 2008 155 161
74. U. Gupta, R. Chaudhary, and P.K. Goyal Post-treatment effects of Alstonia scholaris extract against radiation-induced biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice Iran. J. Radiat. Res. 8 2010 169 177
75. S. Hadi, and J.B. Bremner Initial studies on alkaloids from Lombok Medicinal Plants Molecules 6 2001 117 129
76. Leena K. Harsha, S. Kambhoja, and V. Upadhyay Evaluation of antibacterial activity of the stem bark of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br Res. J. Pharm. phytochem. 3 2011 180 183
77. A.A. Herrera, A.O. Dee, and L.A. Ipulan Detection of congenital anomalies in Mus musculus induced by crude leaf extracts of Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merr. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don J. Med. Plants Res. 4 2010 327 334
78. Y. Hirasawa, S. Miyama, N. Kawahara, Y. Goda, A. Rahman, and W. Ekasari et al. Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris Heterocycles 79 2009 1107 1112
79. Y. Hirasawa, H. Arai, K. Zaima, R. Oktarina, A. Rahman, W. Ekasari, A. Widyawaruyanti, G. Indrayanto, N.C. Zaini, and H. Morita Alstiphyllanines A-D, indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla J. Nat. Prod. 27 2009 304 307
80. T. Hui, T. Sun, L. Zhu, W. Guo, and G. Rao Flavonoids in leaves of Alstonia scholaris Zhongguo Zhong Za Zhi 34 2009 1111 1113
81. A. Hussain, M.K.A. Zaman, and M. Ramteke Antibacterial activity of trunk bark of Alstonia scholaris Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 3 2010 46 47
82. S. Ignacimuthu, M. Ayyanar, and S.K. Sivaraman Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu (India) J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2 2006 25
83. M.I. Iwo, A.A. Soemardji, D.S. Retnoningrum, and U.M. Sukrasno Immunostimulating effect of pule (Alstonia scholaris L.R. Br., Apocynaceae) bark extracts Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 23 2000 177 183
84. G.C. Jagetia, M.S. Baliga, and P. Venkatesh Effect of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris Linn) in modulating the benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice Toxicol. Lett. 144 2003 183 193
85. G.C. Jagetia, and M.S. Baliga Induction of developmental toxicity in mice treated with Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) In utero Reprod. Toxicol. 68 2003 472 478
86. G.C. Jagetia, and M.S. Baliga The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: a preliminary study J. Med. Food 7 2004 343 348
87. G.C. Jagetia, and M.S. Baliga The effect of seasonal variation on the antineoplastic activity of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. in HeLa cells J. Ethnopharmacol. 96 2005 37 42
88. G.C. Jagetia, and M.S. Baliga Evaluation of anticancer activity of the alkaloid fraction of Alstonia scholaris (Sapthaparna) in vitro and in vivo Phytother. Res. 20 2006 103 109
89. S.K. Jain Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany 1991 Deep Publications New Delhi
90. L. Jain, M.B. Pandey, S. Singh, A.K. Singh, and V.B. Pandey A new indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris Nat. Prod. Res. 23 2009 1599 1602
91. J. James, A.K. Thaliyil Veettil, P. Kumar, C.S. Misra, M.S. Lipin Dev, and V. Thankamani In vitro antioxidant activity of flowers and fruits of Alstonia scholaris Int. J. Phytomed. 3 2011 475 479
92. N. Jong-Anurakkun, M.R. Bhandari, and J. Kawabata α-Glucosidase inhibitors from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris) Food Chem. 103 2007 1319 1323
93. S.G. Joshi Medicinal Plants 2000 Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 40 41
94. C.P. Kala Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 1 2005 11
95. T.S. Kam, K.T. Nyeoh, K.M. Sim, and K. Yoganathyan Alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 45 1997 1303 1305
96. T. Kam, I. Iek, and Y. Choo Alkaloids from the stem-bark of Alstonia macrophylla Phytochemistry 51 1999 839 844
97. T. Kam, and Y. Choo Novel Macroline Oxindoles from a Malayan Alstonia Tetrahedron 56 2000 6143 6150
98. T. Kam, Y. Choo, and K. Komiyama Unusual spirocyclic macroline alkaloids, nitrogenous derivatives, and a cytotoxic bisindole from Alstonia Tetrahedron 60 2004 3957 3966
99. T.S. Kam, and Y.M. Choo New indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla J. Nat. Prod. 67 2004 547 552
100. P. Kamarajan, N. Sekar, V. Mathuram, and S. Govindasamy Antitumor effect of echitamine chloride on methylcholonthrene induced fibrosarcoma in rats Biochem. Int. 25 1991 491 498
101. P. Kamarajan, N. Ramamurthy, and S. Govindasamy In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effects of echitamine chloride on fibrosarcoma cells J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 18 1995 65 71
102. D.M. Kasote Flaxseed phenolics as natural antioxidants: a review Int. Food Res. J. 20 2013 1797 1804
103. M.S. Karawya, N.M. Ammar, M.S. Hifnawy, S.Y. Al-okbi, A.M. Doha, and A.A. El-Anssary Phytochemical study and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of some medicinal plants growing in Egypt Med. J. Islamic World Acad. Sci. 18 2010 139 150
104. N. Keawpradub, and P.J. Houghton Indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla Phytochemistry 46 1997 757 762
105. N. Keawpradub, P.J. Houghton, E. Eno-Amooquaye, and P.J. Burke Activity of extracts and alkaloids of Thai Alstonia species against human lung cancer cell lines Planta Med. 63 1997 97 101
106. N. Keawpradub, G.C. KirbyKirby, J.C.P. Steele, and P.J. Houghto Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and alkaloids of three Alstonia species from Thailand Planta Med. 65 1999 690 694
107. N. Keawpradub, E. Eno-Amooquaye, P.J. Burke, and P.J. Houghton Cytotoxic activity of indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla Planta Med. 65 1999 311 315
108. M.R. Khan, A.D. Omoloso, and M. Kihara Antibacterial activity of Alstonia scholaris and Leea tetramera Fitoterpia 74 2003 736 740
109. J.B. Khan, and G.P. Singh Ethno-medicinal active plants for treating cold and cough in the vicinity of Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaipur, India Our Nat. 8 2010 225 230
110. C.P. Khare Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary 2007 Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin 38 39
111. Khyade, M.S., 2006. Pharmacognostic studies of some plants of Aurangabd district- II. Thesis in Botany, Faculty of Science, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
112. M.S. Khyade, and N.P. Vaikos Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br J. Pharm. Res. 2 2009 858 861
113. M.S. Khyade, and N.P. Vaikos Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of leaves of Alstonia scholaris R. Br Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 2009 6434 6436
114. M.S. Khyade, and N.P. Vaikos Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the leaf of Alstonia macrophylla J. Herb. Med. Toxicol. 3 2009 127 132
115. M.S. Khyade, and N.P. Vaikos Comparative phytochemical and antibacterial studies on the bark of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don Pharm. J. 2 2010 125 127
116. K.R. Kirtikar, and B.D. Basu M.B. Sudhindra Nath Basu, Indian Medicinal Plants vol. II 1918 Indian Press Allahabad, India 786 790
117. M.P. Kulkarni, and A.R. Juvekar Effect of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. on stress and cognition in mice Indian J. Exp. Biol. 47 2008 47 52
118. A. Kumar, R. Kaur, and S. Arora Free radical scavenging potential of some Indian medicinal plants J. Med. Plants Res. 4 2010 2034 2042
119. S.-H. Lim, S.-J. Tan, Y.-Y. Low, and T.-S. Kam Lumutinines A-D, linearly fused macroline-macroline and macroline-sarpagine bisindoles from Alstonia macrophylla J. of Nat. Prod. 74 2011 2556 2562
120. S.C. Lin, C.C. Lin, Y.H. Lin, S. Supriyatna, and S.L. Pan The protective effect of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. on hepatotoxin-induced acute liver damage Am. J. Chin. Med. 24 1996 153 164
121. V. Lipipun, M. Kurokawa, R. Suttisri, P. Taweechotipatr, P. Pramyothin, M. Hattori, and K. Shiraki Efficacy of Thai medicinal plants extracts against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo Antiviral Res. 60 2003 175 180
122. A.P.G. Macabeo, K. Krohn, D. Gehle, R.W. Read, J.J. Brophy, G.A. Cordell, S.G. Franzblau, and A.M. Aguinaldo Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Philippine Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 66 2005 1158 1162
123. C.S. Misra, K. Pratyush, Lipin, M.S. Dev, J. James, A.T. Veettil, and V. Thankamani A comparative study on phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of roots of Alstonia scholaris with the root, leaves and stem barks Int. J. Res. Phytochem. Pharmacol. 1 2011 77 82
124. S.P. Mohapatra, and H.P. Sahoo An Ethno-medico-botanical study of Bolangir, Orissa, India: native plant remedies against gynaecological diseases Ethnobot. Leafl. 12 2008 846 850
125. S. Mukherjee, A. Dey, and T. Das In vitro antibacterial activity of n-Hexane fraction of methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris L. R. Br. stem bark against some multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacteria Eur. J. Med. Plants 2 2012 1 10
126. P. Mukherjee, and U. Roy Neuropharmacological profile of a herbal medicine formulation 'Trasina' with special reference to antistress activity Indian J. Med. Res. 84 1990 227 232
127. A.K. Nadkarni Indian Materia Medica third ed. 1976 Popular Press Ltd. Mumbai, India 80 83.
128. V.N. Naik Flora of Marathwada Vol. I 1998 Amrut Prakashan Aurangabad (MS), India 528 529.
129. M. Nath, and M.D. Choudhury Ethno-medico-botanical aspects of Hmar tribe of Cachar district, Assam (Part I) Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 760 764
130. T.H. Pardo de Tavera The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines 2008 P. Blakistons Son and Co. Philadelphia.
131. M. Parveen, Z. Khanam, A. Akhtar, and S.M. Ahmad A novel antimicrobial flavonoidic glycoside from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla Wall ex A. DC (Apocynaceae) Chin. Chem. Lett. 21 2010 593 595
132. S. Patil, A.R. Juvekar, S.N. Joglekar, P.B. Shamkuwar, and S.R. Nimbkar Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of Alstonia scholaris bark Indian Drugs 36 1999 464 465
133. G.G. Patil, P.Y. Mali, and V.V. Bhadane Folk remedies used against respiratory disorders in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra Nat. Prod. Radiance 7 2008 354 358
134. M.V. Patil, and D.A. Patil Ethnobotany of Nasik District Maharashtra 2006 Daya Publishing House Delhi, India 45 46
135. P.G. Penchala, G. Sudarsanam, B. Jyothi, and G.P. Prasad Ethnic practices on urinary disorders and jaundice from the tribes of Nellore District Andhra Pradesh, India Ethnobot. Leafl. 14 2010 976 985
136. L.M. Perry, and J. Metzger Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia 1980 MIT Press Cambridge.
137. H.M. Prakasha, M. Krishnappa, Y.L. Krishnamurthy, and S.V. Poornima Folk medicine of NR Pura taluk in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 55 60
138. R.L. Prior, and G. Cao Antioxidant phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables: diet and health implications Hortic. Sci. 35 2000 588 592
139. A.B. Prusti, and K.K. Behera Ethobotanical exploration of Malkangiri District of Orissa, India Ethnobot. Leafl. 11 2007 122 140
140. A.U. Rahman, M. Asif, M. Ghazala, J. Fatima, and K.A. Alvi Scholaricine an alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 24 1985 2771 2773
141. A.U. Rahman, K.A. Alvi, and A. Muzaffar Isolation and 1H/13C-NMR studies on 19, 20-dihydrocondylocarpine: an alkaloid from the leaves of Ervatamia coronaria and Alstonia scholaris Planta Med. 4 1986 325 326
142. A.U. Rahman, and K.A. Alvi Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 26 1987 2139 2142
143. A.U. Rahman, K.A. Alvi, S.A. Abbas, and W. Voelter Isolation of 19, 20-Z Vallesamine and 19, 20-E Vallesamine from Alstonia scholaris Heterocycles 26 1987 413 420
144. N. Rajakumar, and M.B. Shivanna Traditional herbal medicinal knowledge in Sagar taluk of Shimoga District, Karnataka, India Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour. 1 2010 102 108
145. R.R. Rao, and N.S. Jamir Ethnobotanical studies in Nagaland 1 medicinal plants Econ. Bot. 36 1982 171 181
146. K. Ravi Shankar, K.V.R.N.S. Ramesh, and P. Naveena Free radical scavenging activity of the flower and fruit extracts of Alstonia scholaris Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia 5 2008 493 494
147. C. Rice-Evans Flavonoids and isoflavones: absorption, metabolism and bioactivity Free Radic. Biol. Med. 36 2004 827 828
148. S.D. Rout, and H.N. Thatoi Ethnomedicinal practices of Kol tribes in Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India Ethnobot. Leafl. 13 2009 379 387
149. P.K. Sahu Plants used by Gond and Baiga women in ethnogynaecological disorders in Achanakmar wild life sanctuary, Bilaspur, C.G Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci. 2 2011 559 561
150. A.P. Saikia, V.K. Ryakala, P. Sharma, P. Goswami, and U. Bora Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and cosmetics J. Ethnopharmacol. 106 2006 149 157
151. A.L. Sajem, and K. Gosai Traditional use of medicinal plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assam, northeast India J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2 2006 1 7
152. A.L. Sajem, J. Rout, and M. Nath Traditional Tribal knowledge and Status of some Rare and Endemic Medicinal Plants of North Cachar Hills District of Assam, Northeast India Ethnobot. Leafl. 12 2008 261 275
153. A.L. Sajem, and K. Gosai Ethnobotanical investigations among the Lushai tribes in North Cachar Hills district of Assam, Northeast India Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 108 113
154. A.A. Salim, M.J. Garson, and D.J. Craik New indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris J. Nat. Prod. 67 2004 1591 1594
155. V. Saraswathi, N. Ramamoorthy, S. Subramaniam, V. Mathuram, P. Gunasekaran, and S. Govindasamy Inhibition of glycolysis and respiration of sarcoma-180 cells by echitamine chloride Chemotherapy 44 1998 198 205
156. V. Saraswathi, V. Mathuram, S. Subramanian, and S. Govindasamy Modulation of the impaired drug metabolism in sarcoma-180-bearing mice by echitamine chloride Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 17 1999 79 88
157. N.Z. Sayed, R. Deo, and U. Mukundan Herbal remedies used by Warlis of Dahanu to induce lactation in nursing mothers Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 6 2007 602 605
158. A.J. Shah, S.A. Gowani, A.J. Zuberi, M.N. Ghayur, and A.H. Gilani Antidiarrhoel and spasmolytic activities of the methanolic crude extract of Alstonia scholaris L. are mediated through calcium channel blockade Phytother. Res. 24 2010 28 32
159. J.H. Shang, X.H. Cai, T. Feng, Y.L. Zhao, J.K. Wang, L.Y. Zhang, M. Yan, and X.D. Luo Pharmacological evaluation of Alstonia scholaris: anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects J. Ethnopharmacol. 129 2010 174 181
160. J.H. Shang, X.H. Cai, Y.L. Zhao, T. Feng, and X.D. Luo Pharmacological evaluation of Alstonia scholaris: anti-tussive, anti-Asthmatic and expectorant activities J. Ethnopharmacol. 129 2010 293 298
161. S. Shanmugam, M. Annadurai, and K. Rajendran Ethnomedicinal plants used to cure diarrhoea and dysentery in Pachalur hills of Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu, Southern India J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 1 2011 94 97
162. H.K. Sharma, L. Chhangte, and A.K. Dolui Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India Fitoterapia 72 2001 146 161
163. R. Sharma, and H.K. Sharma Ethnomedicines of Sonapur, Kamrup District, Assam Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 163 165
164. V. Sharma, S.A. Mallick, and A.K. Tiku Anticancer activity of Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris Linn.) leaves on Human cancer cell lines Indian J. Agric. Biochem. 23 2010 63 65
165. D.L. Shrisha, A. Koteshwara, and R. Nagabhushan Bioprospecting of selected medicinal plants for antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria J. Med. Plants Res. 5 2011 4087 4093
166. H. Sies Antioxidants in Disease, Mechanisms and Therapy 1996 Academic Press New York
167. B. Singh, and P. Sangwan Taxonomy, ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Carissa carandas L. and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Int. J. Biotechnol. Biosci. 1 2011 102 112
168. P.K. Singh, Vinod Kumar, R.K. Tiwari, A. Sharma, C.V. Rao, and R.H. Singh Medico-Ethnobotany of 'Chatara' block of District Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh, India Adv. Biol. Res. 4 2010 65 80
169. N. Sultana, and M. Saleem Phytochemical studies on Alstonia scholaris Z. Naturforsch. 65 2010 203 210
170. P. Surya Surendren, G. Jayanthi, and K.R. Smitha In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effect of methanolic extract of Alstonia scholaris leaves on mammary carcinoma J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2 2012 142 149
171. P. Tamuli, and P. Sharma Ethno-medico-botany of the Dimasa Kachari of North Cachar Hills district of Assam Ind. J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 718 720
172. V.I. Thankamani Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Alstonia scholaris flowers (L.) R. Br. FAM: Apocynaceae Int. J. Pharm. Res. Dev. 3 2011 172 178
173. P.S. Thomas, A. Kanaujia, D. Ghosh, R. Duggar, and C.K. Katiyar Alstonoside, a secoiridoid glucoside from Alstonia scholaris Ind. J. Chem. Sect. B Org. Med. Chem. 47 2008 1298 1302
174. C. Verma, S. Bhatia, and S. Srivastava Traditional medicine of the Nicobarese Ind. J. Tradit. Knowl. 9 2010 779 785
175. D. Vikneshwaran, M. Viji, and L.K. Raja A survey of the ethnomedicinal Flora of the Sirumalai Hills, Dindugul District, India Ethnobot. Leafl. 12 2008 948 953
176. V.V. Wagh, and A.K. Jain Traditional herbal remedies among Bheel and Bhilala tribes of Jhabua District Madhya Pradesh Int. J. Biol. Technol. 1 2010 20 24
177. F. Wang, F.C. Ren, and J.K. Liu Alstonic acids A and B, unusual 2,3-secofernane triterpenoids from Alstonia scholaris Phytochemistry 70 2009 650 654
178. P.K. Warrier, V.P.K. Nambiar, and C. Ramankutty Indian Medicinal Plants vol. 5 1996 Orient Longman Ltd., Hyderabad India 225 228
179. Wealth of India, 1960. Raw Materials, vol. 43. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, pp. 337-346.
180. WHO, 2009. Medicinal Plants in Papua New Guinea, Geneva, pp. 19-20.
181. Christophe Wiart Medicinal Plants of the Asia-Pacific: Drugs for the Future 2006 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Singapore 447 450
182. W. Wong, P. Lim, and C. Chuah Oxindole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla Phytochemistry 41 1996 313 315
183. S. Wongseripipatana, L. Chaisri, B. Sritularak, and K. Likhitwitayawuid Indole alkaloids from the fruits of Alstonia scholaris Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 28 2004 173 180
184. T. Yamauchi, F. Abe, R.F. Chen, G.I. Nonaka, T. Santisuk, and W.G. Padolina Alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris in Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines Phytochemistry 29 1990 3547 3552
185. T. Yamauchi, F. Abe, W.G. Padolina, and F.M. Dayrit Alkaloids from leaves and bark of Alstonia scholaris in the Philippines Phytochemistry 29 1990 3321 3326
186. H. Zhou, H.P. He, X.D. Luo, Y.H. Wang, X.W. Yang, Y.T. Di, and X.J. Hao Three new indole alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris Helv. Chim. Acta 88 2005 2508 2512