Management of thrombocytopenia due to liver cirrhosis: A review

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 2595-2605

  Hayashi, Hiromitsu ^a   Beppu, Toru ^a   Shirabe, Ken ^b   Maehara, Yoshihiko ^b   Baba, Hideo ^a  

^a KUMAMOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Liver cirrhosis; Partial splenic embolization; Splenectomy; Thrombocytopenia; Thrombopoietin

Indexed keywords

ELTROMBOPAG; INTERLEUKIN 11; INTERLEUKIN 3; INTERLEUKIN 6; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; RIBAVIRIN; ROMIPLOSTIM; THROMBOPOIETIN;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BONE MARROW; CELL MATURATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NONHUMAN; PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS; SEVERE HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT; SPLEEN DISEASE; SPLEEN INFARCTION; SPLEEN SEQUESTRATION; SPLENECTOMY; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; ANIMAL; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84896890189     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2595     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Afdhal N, McHutchison J, Brown R, Jacobson I, Manns M, Poordad F, Weksler B, Esteban R. Thrombocytopenia associated with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2008; 48: 1000-1007 [PMID: 18433919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.009]
2. Peck-Radosavljevic M. Thrombocytopenia in liver disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14 Suppl D: 60D-66D [PMID: 11110614]
3. Cozzolino G, Lonardo A, Francica G, Amendola F, Cacciatore L. Differential diagnosis between hepatic cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis: specificity and sensitivity of physical and laboratory findings in a series from the Mediterranean area. Am J Gastroenterol 1983; 78: 442-445 [PMID: 6869354]
4. Giannini E, Botta F, Borro P, Risso D, Romagnoli P, Fasoli A, Mele MR, Testa E, Mansi C, Savarino V, Testa R. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio: proposal and validation of a non-invasive parameter to predict the presence of oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gut 2003; 52: 1200-1205 [PMID: 12865282]
5. Runyon BA. A Primer on Detecting Cirrhosis and Caring for These Patients without Causing Harm. Int J Hepatol 2011; 2011: 801983 [PMID: 22121492 DOI: 10.4061/2011/801983]
6. Udell JA, Wang CS, Tinmouth J, FitzGerald JM, Ayas NT, Simel DL, Schulzer M, Mak E, Yoshida EM. Does this patient with liver disease have cirrhosis? JAMA 2012; 307: 832-842 [PMID: 22357834 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.186]
7. Kaneko J, Sugawara Y, Matsui Y, Ohkubo T, Makuuchi M. Normal splenic volume in adults by computed tomography. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 1726-1727 [PMID: 12397778]
8. Aster RH. Pooling of platelets in the spleen: role in the pathogenesis of "hypersplenic" thrombocytopenia. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 645-657 [PMID: 5327481 DOI: 10.1172/JCI105380]
9. García-Suárez J, Burgaleta C, Hernanz N, Albarran F, Tobaruela P, Alvarez-Mon M. HCV-associated thrombocytopenia: clinical characteristics and platelet response after recombinant alpha2b-interferon therapy. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 98-103 [PMID: 10930984]
10. Kaushansky K. Thrombopoietin. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 746-754 [PMID: 9731092 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199809103391107]
11. Kuter DJ, Begley CG. Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood 2002; 100: 3457-3469 [PMID: 12411315 DOI: 10.1182/blood. V100.10.3457]
12. Nomura S, Ogami K, Kawamura K, Tsukamoto I, Kudo Y, Kanakura Y, Kitamura Y, Miyazaki H, Kato T. Cellular localization of thrombopoietin mRNA in the liver by in situ hybridization. Exp Hematol 1997; 25: 565-572 [PMID: 9216731]
13. Qian S, Fu F, Li W, Chen Q, de Sauvage FJ. Primary role of the liver in thrombopoietin production shown by tissuespecific knockout. Blood 1998; 92: 2189-2191 [PMID: 9731084]
14. Alexander WS, Roberts AW, Nicola NA, Li R, Metcalf D. Deficiencies in progenitor cells of multiple hematopoietic lineages and defective megakaryocytopoiesis in mice lacking the thrombopoietic receptor c-Mpl. Blood 1996; 87: 2162-2170 [PMID: 8630375]
15. Gurney AL, Carver-Moore K, de Sauvage FJ, Moore MW. Thrombocytopenia in c-mpl-deficient mice. Science 1994; 265: 1445-1447 [PMID: 8073287]
16. de Sauvage FJ, Carver-Moore K, Luoh SM, Ryan A, Dowd M, Eaton DL, Moore MW. Physiological regulation of early and late stages of megakaryocytopoiesis by thrombopoietin. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 651-656 [PMID: 8627177]
17. Peck-Radosavljevic M, Zacherl J, Meng YG, Pidlich J, Lipinski E, Längle F, Steininger R, Mühlbacher F, Gangl A. Is inadequate thrombopoietin production a major cause of thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis of the liver? J Hepatol 1997; 27: 127-131 [PMID: 9252085]
18. Rios R, Sangro B, Herrero I, Quiroga J, Prieto J. The role of thrombopoietin in the thrombocytopenia of patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1311-1316 [PMID: 15929762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41543.x]
19. Hidaka H, Kokubu S, Saigenji K, Isobe Y, Maeda T. Restoration of thrombopoietin production after partial splenic embolization leads to resolution of thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2002; 23: 265 [PMID: 12191674]
20. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Gonçales FL, Häussinger D, Diago M, Carosi G, Dhumeaux D, Craxi A, Lin A, Hoffman J, Yu J. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 975-982 [PMID: 12324553 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020047]
21. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, Goodman ZD, Koury K, Ling M, Albrecht JK. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 958-965 [PMID: 11583749]
22. Akahoshi T, Tomikawa M, Kawanaka H, Furusyo N, Kinjo N, Tsutsumi N, Nagao Y, Hayashi J, Hashizume M, Maehara Y. Laparoscopic splenectomy with interferon therapy in 100 hepatitis-C-virus-cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism and thrombocytopenia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 286-290 [PMID: 21793908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06870.x]
23. Tahara H, Takagi H, Sato K, Shimada Y, Tojima H, Hirokawa T, Ohyama T, Horiuchi K, Naganuma A, Arai H, Kakizaki S, Mori M. A retrospective cohort study of partial splenic embolization for antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C with thrombocytopenia. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1010-1019 [PMID: 21594564 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-011-0407-9]
24. Bleibel W, Caldwell SH, Curry MP, Northup PG. Peripheral platelet count correlates with liver atrophy and predicts longterm mortality on the liver transplant waiting list. Transpl Int 2013; 26: 435-442 [PMID: 23356587 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12064]
25. Lesurtel M, Graf R, Aleil B, Walther DJ, Tian Y, Jochum W, Gachet C, Bader M, Clavien PA. Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration. Science 2006; 312: 104-107 [PMID: 16601191 DOI: 10.1126/science.1123842]
26. Nocito A, Georgiev P, Dahm F, Jochum W, Bader M, Graf R, Clavien PA. Platelets and platelet-derived serotonin promote tissue repair after normothermic hepatic ischemia in mice. Hepatology 2007; 45: 369-376 [PMID: 17256748 DOI: 10.1002/ hep.21516]
27. Watanabe M, Murata S, Hashimoto I, Nakano Y, Ikeda O, Aoyagi Y, Matsuo R, Fukunaga K, Yasue H, Ohkohchi N. Platelets contribute to the reduction of liver fibrosis in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 78-89 [PMID: 18624898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05497.x]
28. Ohmoto K, Yoshioka N, Tomiyama Y, Shibata N, Takesue M, Yoshida K, Kuboki M, Yamamoto S. Improved prognosis of cirrhosis patients with esophageal varices and thrombocytopenia treated by endoscopic variceal ligation plus partial splenic embolization. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 352-358 [PMID: 16534680 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-3137-8]
29. Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL, Bernstein S, Elting LS, Goldsmith M, Goldstein M, Hume H, McCullough JJ, McIntyre RE, Powell BL, Rainey JM, Rowley SD, Rebulla P, Troner MB, Wagnon AH. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1519-1538 [PMID: 11230498]
30. McCullough J. Current issues with platelet transfusion in patients with cancer. Semin Hematol 2000; 37: 3-10 [PMID: 10831283]
31. Perrotta PL, Snyder EL. Non-infectious complications of transfusion therapy. Blood Rev 2001; 15: 69-83 [PMID: 11409907 DOI: 10.1054/blre.2001.0151]
32. Vadhan-Raj S, Patel S, Bueso-Ramos C, Folloder J, Papadopolous N, Burgess A, Broemeling LD, Broxmeyer HE, Benjamin RS. Importance of predosing of recombinant human thrombopoietin to reduce chemotherapy-induced early thrombocytopenia. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3158-3167 [PMID: 12915607 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2003.08.003]
33. Vadhan-Raj S, Cohen V, Bueso-Ramos C. Thrombopoietic growth factors and cytokines. Curr Hematol Rep 2005; 4: 137-144 [PMID: 15720963]
34. Basser RL, Rasko JE, Clarke K, Cebon J, Green MD, Grigg AP, Zalcberg J, Cohen B, O'Byrne J, Menchaca DM, Fox RM, Begley CG. Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled phase I trial of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor with filgrastim after doseintensive chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. Blood 1997; 89: 3118-3128 [PMID: 9129014]
35. Basser RL, Rasko JE, Clarke K, Cebon J, Green MD, Hussein S, Alt C, Menchaca D, Tomita D, Marty J, Fox RM, Begley CG. Thrombopoietic effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) in patients with advanced cancer. Lancet 1996; 348: 1279-1281 [PMID: 8909381 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(96)04471-6]
36. Hunt P, Li YS, Nichol JL, Hokom MM, Bogenberger JM, Swift SE, Skrine JD, Hornkohl AC, Lu H, Clogston C. Purification and biologic characterization of plasma-derived megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Blood 1995; 86: 540-547 [PMID: 7541666]
37. Basser RL, O'Flaherty E, Green M, Edmonds M, Nichol J, Menchaca DM, Cohen B, Begley CG. Development of pancytopenia with neutralizing antibodies to thrombopoietin after multicycle chemotherapy supported by megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Blood 2002; 99: 2599-2602 [PMID: 11895799]
38. Li J, Yang C, Xia Y, Bertino A, Glaspy J, Roberts M, Kuter DJ. Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin. Blood 2001; 98: 3241-3248 [PMID: 11719360]
39. Vial T, Descotes J. Clinical toxicity of cytokines used as haemopoietic growth factors. Drug Saf 1995; 13: 371-406 [PMID: 8652081]
40. Tepler I, Elias L, Smith JW, Hussein M, Rosen G, Chang AY, Moore JO, Gordon MS, Kuca B, Beach KJ, Loewy JW, Garnick MB, Kaye JA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human interleukin-11 in cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia due to chemotherapy. Blood 1996; 87: 3607-3614 [PMID: 8611684]
41. Neben TY, Loebelenz J, Hayes L, McCarthy K, Stoudemire J, Schaub R, Goldman SJ. Recombinant human interleukin-11 stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis and increases peripheral platelets in normal and splenectomized mice. Blood 1993; 81: 901-908 [PMID: 8427998]
42. Gordon MS, McCaskill-Stevens WJ, Battiato LA, Loewy J, Loesch D, Breeden E, Hoffman R, Beach KJ, Kuca B, Kaye J, Sledge GW. A phase I trial of recombinant human interleukin-11 (neumega rhIL-11 growth factor) in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. Blood 1996; 87: 3615-3624 [PMID: 8611685]
43. Ghalib R, Levine C, Hassan M, McClelland T, Goss J, Stribling R, Seu P, Patt YZ. Recombinant human interleukin-11 improves thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1165-1171 [PMID: 12717398 DOI: 10.1053/ jhep.2003.50160]
44. Cantor SB, Elting LS, Hudson DV, Rubenstein EB. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of oprelvekin (recombinant human interleukin-11) for secondary prophylaxis of thrombocytopenia in solid tumor patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 2003; 97: 3099-3106 [PMID: 12784347 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11447]
45. Kuter DJ. Thrombopoietin and thrombopoietin mimetics in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Annu Rev Med 2009; 60: 193-206 [PMID: 19642221]
46. Wang B, Nichol JL, Sullivan JT. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of AMG 531, a novel thrombopoietin receptor ligand. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 76: 628-638 [PMID: 15592334 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.010]
47. Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, George JN, McMillan R, Aledort LM, Conklin GT, Lichtin AE, Lyons RM, Nieva J, Wasser JS, Wiznitzer I, Kelly R, Chen CF, Nichol JL. AMG 531, a thrombopoiesis-stimulating protein, for chronic ITP. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1672-1681 [PMID: 17050891 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054626]
48. Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Lyons RM, Pullarkat V, Gernsheimer TB, Senecal FM, Aledort LM, George JN, Kessler CM, Sanz MA, Liebman HA, Slovick FT, de Wolf JT, Bourgeois E, Guthrie TH, Newland A, Wasser JS, Hamburg SI, Grande C, Lefrère F, Lichtin AE, Tarantino MD, Terebelo HR, Viallard JF, Cuevas FJ, Go RS, Henry DH, Redner RL, Rice L, Schipperus MR, Guo DM, Nichol JL. Efficacy of romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371: 395-403 [PMID: 18242413 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60203-2]
49. Kuter DJ, Rummel M, Boccia R, Macik BG, Pabinger I, Selleslag D, Rodeghiero F, Chong BH, Wang X, Berger DP. Romiplostim or standard of care in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1889-1899 [PMID: 21067381 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002625]
50. Bussel JB, Buchanan GR, Nugent DJ, Gnarra DJ, Bomgaars LR, Blanchette VS, Wang YM, Nie K, Jun S. A randomized, double-blind study of romiplostim to determine its safety and efficacy in children with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011; 118: 28-36 [PMID: 21502541 DOI: 10.1182/ blood-2010-10-313908]
51. Perez Ruixo JJ, Doshi S, Wang YM, Mould DR. Romiplostim dose-response in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75: 1445-1454 [PMID: 23171070 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12041]
52. Greenberg PL, Garcia-Manero G, Moore M, Damon L, Roboz G, Hu K, Yang AS, Franklin J. A randomized controlled trial of romiplostim in patients with low-or intermediaterisk myelodysplastic syndrome receiving decitabine. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54: 321-328 [PMID: 22906162 DOI: 10.3109/1 0428194.2012.713477]
53. Kantarjian H, Fenaux P, Sekeres MA, Becker PS, Boruchov A, Bowen D, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Larson RA, Lyons RM, Muus P, Shammo J, Siegel R, Hu K, Franklin J, Berger DP. Safety and efficacy of romiplostim in patients with lowerrisk myelodysplastic syndrome and thrombocytopenia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 437-444 [PMID: 20008626 DOI: 10.1200/ JCO.2009.24.7999]
54. Moussa MM, Mowafy N. Preoperative use of romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 335-341 [PMID: 22849409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07246.x]
55. Bussel JB, Cheng G, Saleh MN, Psaila B, Kovaleva L, Meddeb B, Kloczko J, Hassani H, Mayer B, Stone NL, Arning M, Provan D, Jenkins JM. Eltrombopag for the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2237-2247 [PMID: 18046028 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa073275]
56. Jenkins JM, Williams D, Deng Y, Uhl J, Kitchen V, Collins D, Erickson-Miller CL. Phase 1 clinical study of eltrombopag, an oral, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Blood 2007; 109: 4739-4741 [PMID: 17327409 DOI: 10.1182/ blood-2006-11-057968]
57. McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Shiffman ML, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sigal S, Bourliere M, Berg T, Gordon SC, Campbell FM, Theodore D, Blackman N, Jenkins J, Afdhal NH. Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2227-2236 [PMID: 18046027 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa073255]
58. Afdhal NH, Giannini EG, Tayyab G, Mohsin A, Lee JW, Andriulli A, Jeffers L, McHutchison J, Chen PJ, Han KH, Campbell F, Hyde D, Brainsky A, Theodore D. Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 716-724 [PMID: 22913681 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1110709]
59. Maddison F. Embolic therapy of hypersplenism. Invest Radiol 1973; 8: 280-281 [DOI: 10.1097/00004424-197307000-00054]
60. Spigos DG, Jonasson O, Mozes M, Capek V. Partial splenic embolization in the treatment of hypersplenism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979; 132: 777-782 [PMID: 107745 DOI: 10.2214/ ajr.132.5.777]
61. Tajiri T, Onda M, Yoshida H, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Kumazaki T. Long-term hematological and biochemical effects of partial splenic embolization in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 1445-1448 [PMID: 12239963]
62. Hayashi H, Beppu T, Okabe K, Masuda T, Okabe H, Ishiko T, Baba H. Therapeutic factors considered according to the preoperative splenic volume for a prolonged increase in platelet count after partial splenic embolization for liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 554-559 [PMID: 20047119 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0185-9]
63. Hirai K, Kawazoe Y, Yamashita K, Kumagai M, Tanaka M, Sakai T, Inoue R, Eguchi S, Majima Y, Abe M. Transcatheter partial splenic arterial embolization in patients with hypersplenism: a clinical evaluation as supporting therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 1986; 33: 105-108 [PMID: 3017829]
64. Nishida O, Moriyasu F, Nakamura T, Ban N, Miura K, Sakai M, Uchino H, Miyake T. Interrelationship between splenic and superior mesenteric venous circulation manifested by transient splenic arterial occlusion using a balloon catheter. Hepatology 1987; 7: 442-446 [PMID: 3570155]
65. Porter BA, Frey CF, Link DP, Lantz BM, Pimstone NR. Splenic embolization monitored by the video dilution technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 141: 1063-1065 [PMID: 6353891 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.141.5.1063]
66. Mukaiya M, Hirata K, Yamashiro K, Katsuramaki T, Kimura H, Denno R. Changes in portal hemodynamics and hepatic function after partial splenic embolization (PSE) and percutaneous transhepatic obliteration (PTO). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 33 Suppl: S37-S41 [PMID: 8137483]
67. Bárcena R, Moreno A, Foruny JR, Moreno A, Sánchez J, Gil-Grande L, Blázquez J, Nuño J, Fortún J, Rodriguez-Gandía MA, Otón E. Improved graft function in liver-transplanted patients after partial splenic embolization: reversal of splenic artery steal syndrome? Clin Transplant 2006; 20: 517-523 [PMID: 16842531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2006.00516.x]
68. Foruny JR, Blázquez J, Moreno A, Bárcena R, Gil-Grande L, Quereda C, Pérez-Elías MJ, Moreno J, Sánchez J, Muriel A, Rodriguez-Sagrado MA, Moreno S. Safe use of pegylated interferon/ribavirin in hepatitis C virus cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism after partial splenic embolization. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 1157-1164 [PMID: 16215426]
69. Shimizu T, Tajiri T, Yoshida H, Yokomuro S, Mamada Y, Taniai N, Kawano Y, Takahashi T, Arima Y, Aramaki T, Kumazaki T. Hand-assisted laparoscopic hepatectomy after partial splenic embolization. Surg Endosc 2003; 17: 1676 [PMID: 14702967 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-003-4210-4]
70. Firat A, Boyvat F, Moray G, Aytekin C, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Comparison of two different percutaneous splenic artery interventions in the treatment of hypersplenism: preliminary report. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1094-1098 [PMID: 15848633 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.171]
71. Sockrider CS, Boykin KN, Green J, Marsala A, Mladenka M, McMillan R, Zibari GB. Partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism before and after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2002; 16 Suppl 7: 59-61 [PMID: 12372046]
72. Hayashi H, Beppu T, Masuda T, Mizumoto T, Takahashi M, Ishiko T, Takamori H, Kanemitsu K, Hirota M, Baba H. Predictive factors for platelet increase after partial splenic embolization in liver cirrhosis patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 1638-1642 [PMID: 17683504 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1440-1746.2007.05090.x]
73. Hayashi H, Beppu T, Okabe K, Masuda T, Okabe H, Baba H. Risk factors for complications after partial splenic embolization for liver cirrhosis. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 744-750 [PMID: 18412294 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6081]
74. N'Kontchou G, Seror O, Bourcier V, Mohand D, Ajavon Y, Castera L, Grando-Lemaire V, Ganne-Carrie N, Sellier N, Trinchet JC, Beaugrand M. Partial splenic embolization in patients with cirrhosis: efficacy, tolerance and long-term outcome in 32 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 179-184 [PMID: 15674095]
75. Sakai T, Shiraki K, Inoue H, Sugimoto K, Ohmori S, Murata K, Takase K, Nakano T. Complications of partial splenic embolization in cirrhotic patients. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 388-391 [PMID: 11855556]
76. Han MJ, Zhao HG, Ren K, Zhao DC, Xu K, Zhang XT. Partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism concomitant with or after arterial embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma in 30 patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1997; 20: 125-127 [PMID: 9030503]
77. Sangro B, Bilbao I, Herrero I, Corella C, Longo J, Beloqui O, Ruiz J, Zozaya JM, Quiroga J, Prieto J. Partial splenic embolization for the treatment of hypersplenism in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 18: 309-314 [PMID: 8340060]
78. Alwmark A, Bengmark S, Gullstrand P, Joelsson B, Lunderquist A, Owman T. Evaluation of splenic embolization in patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism. Ann Surg 1982; 196: 518-524 [PMID: 7125739]
79. Hashimoto N, Akahoshi T, Tomikawa M, Kawanaka H, Konishi K, Uehara H, Kinjo N, Korenaga D, Takenaka K, Maehara Y. Value of laparoscopic splenectomy as salvage treatment for relapsed thrombocytopenia after partial splenic arterial embolization. Dig Surg 2010; 27: 515-520 [PMID: 21196735 DOI: 10.1159/000320331]
80. Delaitre B, Maignien B. Laparoscopic splenectomy--technical aspects. Surg Endosc 1992; 6: 305-308 [PMID: 1448752]
81. Owera A, Hamade AM, Bani Hani OI, Ammori BJ. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy for massive splenomegaly: a comparative study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2006; 16: 241-246 [PMID: 16796432 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2006.16.241]
82. Zhu JH, Wang YD, Ye ZY, Zhao T, Zhu YW, Xie ZJ, Liu JM. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy for hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2009; 19: 258-262 [PMID: 19542858 DOI: 10.1097/ SLE.0b013e3181a6ec7c]
83. Ahad S, Gonczy C, Advani V, Markwell S, Hassan I. True benefit or selection bias: an analysis of laparoscopic versus open splenectomy from the ACS-NSQIP. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 1865-1871 [PMID: 23355143 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2727-0]
84. Ohta M, Nishizaki T, Matsumoto T, Shimabukuro R, Sasaki A, Shibata K, Matsusaka T, Kitano S. Analysis of risk factors for massive intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic splenectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005; 12: 433-437 [PMID: 16365814 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-005-1027-7]
85. Yoshida D, Nagao Y, Tomikawa M, Kawanaka H, Akahoshi T, Kinjo N, Uehara H, Hashimoto N, Hashizume M, Maehara Y. Predictive factors for platelet count after laparoscopic splenectomy in cirrhotic patients. Hepatol Int 2011; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 21959984 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9315-6]
86. Hashizume M, Tomikawa M, Akahoshi T, Tanoue K, Gotoh N, Konishi K, Okita K, Tsutsumi N, Shimabukuro R, Yamaguchi S, Sugimachi K. Laparoscopic splenectomy for portal hypertension. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 847-852 [PMID: 12064005]
87. Kercher KW, Carbonell AM, Heniford BT, Matthews BD, Cunningham DM, Reindollar RW. Laparoscopic splenectomy reverses thrombocytopenia in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis and portal hypertension. J Gastrointest Surg 2004; 8: 120-126 [PMID: 14746844]
88. Watanabe Y, Horiuchi A, Yoshida M, Yamamoto Y, Sugishita H, Kumagi T, Hiasa Y, Kawachi K. Significance of laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with hypersplenism. World J Surg 2007; 31: 549-555 [PMID: 17308852 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0504-8]
89. Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 147-156 [PMID: 21751907 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1011170]
90. Shah NL, Northup PG, Caldwell SH. A clinical survey of bleeding, thrombosis, and blood product use in decompensated cirrhosis patients. Ann Hepatol 2012; 11: 686-690 [PMID: 22947530]
91. Ferro D, Angelico F, Caldwell SH, Violi F. Bleeding and thrombosis in cirrhotic patients: what really matters? Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44: 275-279 [PMID: 22119620 DOI: 10.1016/ j.dld.2011.10.016]
92. Northup PG, Caldwell SH. New concepts of coagulation and bleeding in liver disease. Intern Emerg Med 2010; 5: 3-6 [PMID: 20082189 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-009-0345-1]
93. Kinjo N, Kawanaka H, Akahoshi T, Tomikawa M, Yamashita N, Konishi K, Tanoue K, Shirabe K, Hashizume M, Maehara Y. Risk factors for portal venous thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 910-916 [PMID: 20474001 DOI: 10.1002/ bjs.7002]
94. Danno K, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Sugimoto T, Takemasa I, Yamamoto H, Doki Y, Monden M, Mori M. Diameter of splenic vein is a risk factor for portal or splenic vein thrombosis after laparoscopic splenectomy. Surgery 2009; 145: 457-464; discussion 465-466 [PMID: 19375602 DOI: 10.1016/ j.surg.2008.06.030]
95. Kawanaka H, Akahoshi T, Kinjo N, Konishi K, Yoshida D, Anegawa G, Yamaguchi S, Uehara H, Hashimoto N, Tsutsumi N, Tomikawa M, Maehara Y. Impact of antithrombin III concentrates on portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis and hypersplenism. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 76-83 [PMID: 19864937 DOI: 10.1097/ SLA.0b013e3181bdf8ad]
96. King H, Shumacker HB. Splenic studies. I. Susceptibility to infection after splenectomy performed in infancy. Ann Surg 1952; 136: 239-242 [PMID: 14953147]
97. Voican CS, Naveau S, Perlemuter G. Successful antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-induced cirrhosis after an increase in the platelet count with romiplostim: two case reports. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 24: 1455-1458 [PMID: 22890208 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328357d5f2]