What Makes a Young Assertive Bystander? The Effect of Intergroup Contact, Empathy, Cultural Openness, and In-Group Bias on Assertive Bystander Intervention Intentions

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 167-182

  Abbott, Nicola ^a   Cameron, Lindsey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE; ETHNICITY; FUTURE PROSPECT; RESEARCH WORK; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; THEORETICAL STUDY;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84896796134     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/josi.12053     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Aboud, F. E., & Joong, A. (2008). Intergroup name-calling and conditions for creating assertive bystanders. In S. R. Levy & M. Killen (Eds.), Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (pp. 249-260). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Abrams, D., & Killen, M. (2014). Social exclusion of children: Developmental origins of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 1-11.
3. Abrams, D., Rutland, A., Cameron, L., & Marques, J. (2003). The development of subjective group dynamics: When in-group bias gets specific. Developmental Psychology, 21, 155-176.
4. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
5. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
6. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
7. Atlas, R., & Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. American Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86-99.
8. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
9. Bettencourt, B. A., Brewer, M. B., Rogers-Croak, M., & Miller, N. (1992). Co-operation and the reduction of intergroup bias: The role of reward structure and social orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 301-319.
10. Black, J. S. (1990). The relationship of personal characteristics to adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. Management International Review, 30, 119-134.
11. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 253-267.
12. Cameron, L., Rutland, A., & Brown, R. (2007). Promoting children's positive intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized groups: Extended contact and multiple classification skills training. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(5), 454-466. doi:10.1177/0165025407081474
13. Bryant, B. (1982). An index of empathy children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413-425.
14. Caravita, C.S.C., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140-163.
15. Craig, W. M., & Pepler, D. J. (1995). Peer processes in bullying and victimisation: An observational study. Exceptionality Education Canada, 5, 81-95.
16. Crisp, R., & Turner, R. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions?: Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist, 64, 231-240.
17. Derek, D., Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359-371.
18. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Shnabel, N., Sagay, T., & Johnson, J. (2010). Recategorisation and prosocial behavior: Common in-group identity and dual identity. In S. Stürmer & M. Snyder (Eds.). The psychology of prosocial behavior. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
19. Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Gaertner, S. L., Schroeder, D. A., & Clark, R. D., III (1991). The arousal/cost-reward model and the process of intervention: A review of the evidence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Prosocial behavior (pp. 86-118). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
20. Drapela, V. J. (1975). Comparative guidance through international study. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 53, 438-445.
21. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman and Hall: New York, London.
22. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: conceptionization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149.
23. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
24. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents' active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93-105.
25. Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D. J., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10, 512-527.
26. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420.
27. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Wills, H. (2002). Intergroup Bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
28. Hewstone, M., & Swart, H. (2011). Fifty-odd years of inter-group contact: From hypothesis to integrated theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 374-386.
29. Killen, M. (2007). Children's social and moral reasoning about exclusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 32-36.
30. Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221-229.
31. McKenney, K. S., Pepler, D., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2006). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment: The experiences of Canadian immigrant youth. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9, 239-264.
32. Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 387-410. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.00267
33. Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2094-2100. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
34. Nesdale, D., Griffiths, J., Durkin, K., & Maass, A., (2005). Empathy, group norms and children's ethnic attitudes. Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 623-637.
35. Nesdale, D., & Todd, P. (2000). Effect of contact on intercultural acceptance: a field study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 341-360.
36. Nigbur, D., Brown, R., Cameron, L., Hossain, R., Landau, A. R., Le Touze, D. S., Rutland, A., & Watters, C. (2008). Acculturation, well-being and classroom behavior among white British and British Asian primary-school children in the south-east of England: Validating a child-friendly measure of acculturation attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 493-504.
37. Ofsted. (2012). No place for bullying: How schools create a positive culture and prevent and tackle bullying (Publication No.110179). Retrieved July 4, 2012, from http://www.schools-out.org.uk/policy/docs/No%20place%20for%20bullying.pdf.
38. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
39. Oxman-Martinez, J., Rummens, A. J., Moreau, J., Choi, Y. R., Beiser, M., Ogilvie, L., & Armstring, R. (2012). Perceived ethnic discrimination and social exclusion: Newcomer immigrant children in Canada. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 376-388.
40. Palmer, S., & Cameron, L. (2010, July). Bystander intervention in subtle and explicit racist incidents. Paper session presented at the meeting of Developmental Perspectives on Intergroup Prejudice: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Intervention, EASP Small Group Meeting, Lisbon, Portugal.
41. Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807-814.
42. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922-934.
43. Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 271-280.
44. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling procedures for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
45. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K. M., Björkqvist, K., Öösterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
46. Smith, J. R., & McSweeney, A. (2007). Charitable giving: The effectiveness of a revised theory of planned behavior model in predicting donating intentions and behavior. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17(5), 363-386.
47. Smith, P. K., & Shu, S. (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a survey in English schools after a decade of research and action. Childhood, 7, 193-212.
48. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-176. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x
49. Strohmeier, D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors for peer victimization in immigrant youth in Finland. Developmental Psychology, 47, 248-258.
50. Thijs, J., Verkuyten, M., & Grundel, M. (2014). Ethnic classroom composition and peer victimization: The moderating role of classroom attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 134-150.
51. Tropp, L. R., O'Brien, T. C., & Migacheva, K. (2014). How peer norms of inclusion and exclusion predict children's interest in cross-ethnic friendships. Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 151-166.
52. Turner, R. N., West, K., & Christie, Z. (2013). Out-group trust, intergroup anxiety, and out-group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 196-205.
53. Twenge, J. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Social exclusion increases aggression and self-defeating behavior while reducing intelligent thought and prosocial behavior. In D. Abrams, M. Hogg & J. Marques (Eds.). The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion (pp. 27-47). Psychology Press: New York.
54. Verkuyten, M., & Thijs, J. (2002). Racist victimization among children in The Netherlands: The effect of ethnic group and school. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25, 310-331.