Do physicians' implicit views of African Americans affect clinical decision making?

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 177-188

  Oliver, M Norman ^a   Wells, Kristen M ^a   Joy Gaba, Jennifer A ^c   Hawkins, Carlee Beth ^b   Nosek, Brian A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Health care disparities; Minority health; Race; Racial bias

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; COOPERATION; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; INTERNIST; NEGRO; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PHYSICIAN; QUESTIONNAIRE; RACISM; STEREOTYPY; TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; HEALTH CARE DISPARITIES; MINORITY HEALTH; RACE; RACIAL BIAS;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE; ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; DECISION MAKING; FAMILY PRACTICE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE SURVEYS; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; INTERNAL MEDICINE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHYSICIANS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RACISM; SELF REPORT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84896760476     PISSN: 15572625     EISSN: 15587118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2014.02.120314     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Hawker G, Wright J, Coyte P, et al. Health-related quality of life after knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80:163-73.
2. Lavernia CJ, Guzman JF, Gachupin-Garcia A. Cost effectiveness and quality of life in knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;(345):134-9. (Pubitemid 28007495)
3. Miyasaka KC, Ranawat CS, Mullaji A. 10- to 20-Year follow-up of total knee arthroplasty for valgus deformities. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;(345):29-37. (Pubitemid 28007483)
4. Anderson JJ, Felson DT. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Evidence for an association with overweight, race, and physical demands of work. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:179-89.
5. Forman MD, Malamet R, Kaplan D. A survey of osteoarthritis of the knee in the elderly. J Rheumatol 1983;10:282-7. (Pubitemid 13064183)
6. Weinstein J. The Dartmouth atlas of musculoskeletal health care. Chicago: American Hospital Association Press; 2000.
7. Wilson MG, May DS, Kelly JJ. Racial differences in the use of total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis among older Americans. Ethn Dis 1994;4:57-67.
8. Katz BP, Freund DA, Heck DA, et al. Demographic variation in the rate of knee replacement: a multiyear analysis. Health Serv Res 1996;31:125-40. (Pubitemid 26187266)
9. McBean AM, Gornick M. Differences by race in the rates of procedures performed in hospitals for Medicare beneficiaries. Health Care Financ Rev 1994;15:77-90. (Pubitemid 24368417)
10. Melzer D, Guralnik JM, Brock D. Prevalence and distribution of hip and knee joint replacements and hip implants in older Americans by the end of life. Aging Clin Exp Res 2003;15:60-6. (Pubitemid 36675439)
11. Dunlop DD, Song J, Manheim LM, Chang RW. Racial disparities in joint replacement use among older adults. Med Care 2003;41:288-98.
12. Jones A, Kwoh CK, Kelley ME, Ibrahim SA. Racial disparity in knee arthroplasty utilization in the Veterans' Health Administration. Arthritis Rheum 2005;53:979-81. (Pubitemid 41811141)
13. Suarez-Almazor ME, Souchek J, Kelly PA, et al. Ethnic variation in knee replacement: patient preferences or uninformed disparity? Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1117-24. (Pubitemid 40720735)
14. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, et al. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 2007;18:36-88.
15. Sabin J, Nosek BA, Greenwald A, Rivara FP. Physicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20:896-913.
16. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.
17. Maynard C, Fisher LD, Passamani ER, Pullum T. Blacks in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS): race and clinical decision making. Am J Public Health 1986;76:1446-8. (Pubitemid 17201574)
18. Furth SL, Garg PP, Neu AM, Hwang W, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Racial differences in access to the kidney transplant waiting list for children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. Pediatrics 2000;106:756-61.
19. Epstein AM, Ayanian JZ, Keogh JH, et al. Racial disparities in access to renal transplantation-clinically appropriate or due to underuse or overuse? N Engl J Med 2000;343:1537-44.
20. Ayanian JZ, Weissman JS, Chasan-Taber S, Epstein AM. Quality of care by race and gender for congestive heart failure and pneumonia. Med Care 1999;37:1260-9.
21. Einbinder LC SK. The effect of race on the referral process for invasive cardiac procedures. Med Care Res Rev 2000;57(Suppl 1):162-80.
22. Hannan EL, van Ryn M, Burke J, et al. Access to coronary artery bypass surgery by race/ethnicity and gender among patients who are appropriate for surgery. Med Care 1999;37:68-77.
23. Sedlis SP, Fisher VJ, Tice D, Esposito R, Madmon L, Steinberg EH. Racial differences in performance of invasive cardiac procedures in a Department of Veterans' Affairs medical center. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:899-901. (Pubitemid 27423519)
24. Whittle J, Conigliaro J, Good CB, Joswiak M. Do patient preferences contribute to racial differences in cardiovascular procedure use? J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:267-73. (Pubitemid 27212771)
25. Schulman KA, Berlin JA, Harless W, et al. The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:618-26. (Pubitemid 29093722)
26. Weisse CS, Sorum PC, Sanders KN, Syat BL. Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management? J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:211-7. (Pubitemid 32397667)
27. Lesko SM, Rosenberg L, Shapiro S. Family history and prostate cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:1041-7. (Pubitemid 26404810)
28. Nosek BA, Smyth FL. A multitrait-multimethod validation of the implicit association test: implicit and explicit attitudes are related but distinct constructs. Exp Psychol 2007;54:14-29.
29. Greenwald AG, Poehlman TA, Uhlmann EL, Banaji MR. Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009;97:17-41.
30. Green AR, Carney DR, Pallin DJ, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1231-8. (Pubitemid 47247298)
31. Haider AH, Sexton J, Sriram N, et al. Association of unconscious race and social class bias with vignette-based clinical assessments by medical students. JAMA 2011;306:942-51.
32. Greenwald A, McGhee D, Schwartz J. Measuring individual differences in implicit social cognition: the implicit association test. Am J Public Health 1998;74:1464-80. (Pubitemid 128658112)
33. Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR. The implicit association test at age 7: a methodological and conceptual review. In: Bargh JA, editor. Social psychology and the unconscious: the automaticity of higher mental processes. New York: Psychology Press; 2007. p. 265-92.
34. Nosek BA, Hawkins CB, Frazier RS. Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms. Trend Cogn Sci 2011;15:152-9.
35. Nosek BA, Hawkins CB, Frazier RS. Implicit social cognition. In: Fiske S, Macrae CN, editors. Handbook of social cognition. New York: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2012. p. 31-53.
36. Sabin JA, Marini M, Nosek BA. Implicit and explicit anti-fat bias among a large sample of medical doctors by BMI, race/ethnicity and gender. PLoS One 2012;7:e48448.
37. Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR. Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003;85:197-216. (Pubitemid 37394958)
38. Nosek BA, Sriram N, Umansky E. Presenting survey items one at a time compared to all at once decreases missing data without sacrificing validity in research with internet volunteers. PLoS One 2012;7:e36771.
39. Menatti A, Smyth FL, Teachman BA, Nosek BA. Reducing stigma toward individuals with mental illnesses: a brief, online manipulation. Stigma Res Action. In press.