Algorithms of whisker-mediated touch perception

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 25, Issue , 2014, Pages 176-186

  Maravall, Miguel ^a   Diamond, Mathew E ^b  

^a INSTITUTO DE NEUROCIENCIAS   (Spain)

^b SISSA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; FORCE; HAIR FOLLICLE; MECHANOTRANSDUCTION; MOTOR SYSTEM; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY SYSTEM; SIGNAL DETECTION; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; TOUCH; VIBRISSA; ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY; SENSORY NERVE CELL;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; NERVE NET; NEURONS, AFFERENT; TOUCH; TOUCH PERCEPTION; VIBRISSAE;

EID: 84896710295     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: 18736882     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.014     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Carandini M. From circuits to behavior: a bridge too far?. Nat Neurosci 2012, 15:507-509.
2. DiCarlo J.J., Zoccolan D., Rust N.C. How does the brain solve visual object recognition?. Neuron 2012, 73:415-434.
3. Diamond M.E., Arabzadeh E. Whisker sensory system - from receptor to decision. Prog Neurobiol 2013, 103:28-40.
4. Kleinfeld D., Ahissar E., Diamond M.E. Active sensation: insights from the rodent vibrissa sensorimotor system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006, 16:435-444.
5. Diamond M.E., von Heimendahl M., Knutsen P.M., Kleinfeld D., Ahissar E. 'Where' and 'what' in the whisker sensorimotor system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008, 9:601-612.
6. Bagdasarian K., Szwed M., Knutsen P.M., Deutsch D., Derdikman D., Pietr M., Simony E., Ahissar E. Pre-neuronal morphological processing of object location by individual whiskers. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:622-631.
7. Pammer L., O'Connor D.H., Hires S.A., Clack N.G., Huber D., Myers E.W., Svoboda K. The mechanical variables underlying object localization along the axis of the whisker. J Neurosci 2013, 33:6726-6741.
8. Williams C.M., Kramer E.M. The advantages of a tapered whisker. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e8806.
9. Hires S.A., Pammer L., Svoboda K., Golomb D. Tapered whiskers are required for active tactile sensation. Elife 2013, 2:e01350.
10. Voges D., Carl K., Klauer G.J., Uhlig R., Schilling C., Behn C., Witte H. Structural characterization of the whisker system of the rat. Sensor J IEEE 2012, 12:332-339.
11. Perkon I., Kosir A., Itskov P.M., Tasic J., Diamond M.E. Unsupervised quantification of whisking and head movement in freely moving rodents. J Neurophysiol 2011, 105:1950-1962.
12. Clack N.G., O'Connor D.H., Huber D., Petreanu L., Hires A., Peron S., Svoboda K., Myers E.W. Automated tracking of whiskers in videos of head fixed rodents. PLoS Comput Biol 2012, 8:e1002591.
13. Birdwell J.A., Solomon J.H., Thajchayapong M., Taylor M.A., Cheely M., Towal R.B., Conradt J., Hartmann M.J. Biomechanical models for radial distance determination by the rat vibrissal system. J Neurophysiol 2007, 98:2439-2455.
14. Quist B.W., Hartmann M.J. Mechanical signals at the base of a rat vibrissa: the effect of intrinsic vibrissa curvature and implications for tactile exploration. J Neurophysiol 2012, 107:2298-2312.
15. Boubenec Y., Shulz D.E., Debregeas G. Whisker encoding of mechanical events during active tactile exploration. Front Behav Neurosci 2012, 6:74.
16. Solomon J.H., Hartmann M.J. Radial distance determination in the rat vibrissal system and the effects of Weber's law. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011, 366:3049-3057.
17. Arabzadeh E., Zorzin E., Diamond M.E. Neuronal encoding of texture in the whisker sensory pathway. PLoS Biol 2005, 3:e17.
18. Jadhav S.P., Wolfe J., Feldman D.E. Sparse temporal coding of elementary tactile features during active whisker sensation. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12:792-800.
19. Morita T., Kang H., Wolfe J., Jadhav S.P., Feldman D.E. Psychometric curve and behavioral strategies for whisker-based texture discrimination in rats. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e20437.
20. Zuo Y., Perkon I., Diamond M.E. Whisking and whisker kinematics during a texture classification task. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011, 366:3058-3069.
21. Jadhav S.P., Feldman D.E. Texture coding in the whisker system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010, 20:313-318.
22. Lottem E., Azouz R. Mechanisms of tactile information transmission through whisker vibrations. J Neurosci 2009, 29:11686-11697.
23. Jones L.M., Depireux D.A., Simons D.J., Keller A. Robust temporal coding in the trigeminal system. Science 2004, 304:1986-1989.
24. Szwed M., Bagdasarian K., Blumenfeld B., Barak O., Derdikman D., Ahissar E. Responses of trigeminal ganglion neurons to the radial distance of contact during active vibrissal touch. J Neurophysiol 2006, 95:791-802.
25. Stuttgen M.C., Kullmann S., Schwarz C. Responses of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons to longitudinal whisker stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:1879-1884.
26. Bale M.R., Petersen R.S. Transformation in the neural code for whisker deflection direction along the lemniscal pathway. J Neurophysiol 2009, 102:2771-2780.
27. Szwed M., Bagdasarian K., Ahissar E. Encoding of vibrissal active touch. Neuron 2003, 40:621-630.
28. Leiser S.C., Moxon K.A. Responses of trigeminal ganglion neurons during natural whisking behaviors in the awake rat. Neuron 2007, 53:117-133.
29. Khatri V., Bermejo R., Brumberg J.C., Keller A., Zeigler H.P. Whisking in air: encoding of kinematics by trigeminal ganglion neurons in awake rats. J Neurophysiol 2009, 101:1836-1846.
30. Bale M.R., Davies K., Freeman O.J., Ince R.A.A., Petersen R.S. Low-dimensional sensory feature representation by trigeminal primary afferents. J Neurosci 2013, 33:12003-12012.
31. Sakurai K., Akiyama M., Cai B., Scott A., Han B.X., Takatoh J., Sigrist M., Arber S., Wang F. The organization of submodality-specific touch afferent inputs in the vibrissa column. Cell Rep 2013, 5:87-98.
32. Jones L.M., Lee S., Trageser J.C., Simons D.J., Keller A. Precise temporal responses in whisker trigeminal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2004, 92:665-668.
33. Lottem E., Azouz R. A unifying framework underlying mechanotransduction in the somatosensory system. J Neurosci 2011, 31:8520-8532.
34. Arabzadeh E., Panzeri S., Diamond M.E. Deciphering the spike train of a sensory neuron: counts and temporal patterns in the rat whisker pathway. J Neurosci 2006, 26:9216-9226.
35. von Heimendahl M., Itskov P.M., Arabzadeh E., Diamond M.E. Neuronal activity in rat barrel cortex underlying texture discrimination. PLoS Biol 2007, 5:e305.
36. Prescott T.J., Diamond M.E., Wing A.M. Active touch sensing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011, 366:2989-2995.
37. Lee S., Carvell G.E., Simons D.J. Motor modulation of afferent somatosensory circuits. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11:1430-1438.
38. Matyas F., Sreenivasan V., Marbach F., Wacongne C., Barsy B., Mateo C., Aronoff R., Petersen C.C. Motor control by sensory cortex. Science 2010, 330:1240-1243.
39. Kleinfeld D., Deschenes M. Neuronal basis for object location in the vibrissa scanning sensorimotor system. Neuron 2011, 72:455-468.
40. Huber D., Gutnisky D.A., Peron S., O'Connor D.H., Wiegert J.S., Tian L., Oertner T.G., Looger L.L., Svoboda K. Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning. Nature 2012, 484:473-478.
41. Petreanu L., Gutnisky D.A., Huber D., Xu N.L., O'Connor D.H., Tian L., Looger L., Svoboda K. Activity in motor-sensory projections reveals distributed coding in somatosensation. Nature 2012, 489:299-303.
42. Grant R.A., Mitchinson B., Fox C.W., Prescott T.J. Active touch sensing in the rat: anticipatory and regulatory control of whisker movements during surface exploration. J Neurophysiol 2009, 101:862-874.
43. Jenks R.A., Vaziri A., Boloori A.R., Stanley G.B. Self-motion and the shaping of sensory signals. J Neurophysiol 2010, 103:2195-2207.
44. Hutson K.A., Masterton R.B. The sensory contribution of a single vibrissa's cortical barrel. J Neurophysiol 1986, 56:1196-1223.
45. Carvell G.E., Simons D.J. Biometric analyses of vibrissal tactile discrimination in the rat. J Neurosci 1990, 10:2638-2648.
46. Knutsen P.M., Pietr M., Ahissar E. Haptic object localization in the vibrissal system: behavior and performance. J Neurosci 2006, 26:8451-8464.
47. O'Connor D.H., Clack N.G., Huber D., Komiyama T., Myers E.W., Svoboda K. Vibrissa-based object localization in head-fixed mice. J Neurosci 2010, 30:1947-1967.
48. Yu C., Horev G., Rubin N., Derdikman D., Haidarliu S., Ahissar E. Coding of object location in the vibrissal thalamocortical system. Cereb Cortex 2013, first published online September 22, 2013. 10.1093/cercor/bht241.
49. Stuttgen M.C., Ruter J., Schwarz C. Two psychophysical channels of whisker deflection in rats align with two neuronal classes of primary afferents. J Neurosci 2006, 26:7933-7940.
50. Stuttgen M.C., Schwarz C. Psychophysical and neurometric detection performance under stimulus uncertainty. Nat Neurosci 2008, 11:1091-1100.
51. Adibi M., Arabzadeh E. A comparison of neuronal and behavioral detection and discrimination performances in rat whisker system. J Neurophysiol 2011, 105:356-365.
52. Adibi M., Diamond M.E., Arabzadeh E. Behavioral study of whisker-mediated vibration sensation in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:971-976.
53. Mayrhofer J.M., Skreb V., von der Behrens W., Musall S., Weber B., Haiss F. Novel two-alternative forced choice paradigm for bilateral vibrotactile whisker frequency discrimination in head-fixed mice and rats. J Neurophysiol 2013, 109:273-284.
54. Miyashita T., Feldman D.E. Behavioral detection of passive whisker stimuli requires somatosensory cortex. Cereb Cortex 2013, 23:1655-1660.
55. Krupa D.J., Matell M.S., Brisben A.J., Oliveira L.M., Nicolelis M.A. Behavioral properties of the trigeminal somatosensory system in rats performing whisker-dependent tactile discriminations. J Neurosci 2001, 21:5752-5763.
56. Sharpee T.O. Computational identification of receptive fields. Annu Rev Neurosci 2013, 36:103-120.
57. Maravall M., Alenda A., Bale M.R., Petersen R.S. Transformation of adaptation and gain rescaling along the whisker sensory pathway. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e82418.
58. Theis L., Chagas A.M., Arnstein D., Schwarz C., Bethge M. Beyond GLMs: a generative mixture modeling approach to neural system identification. PLoS Comput Biol 2013, 9:e1003356.
59. Petersen R.S., Brambilla M., Bale M.R., Alenda A., Panzeri S., Montemurro M.A., Maravall M. Diverse and temporally precise kinetic feature selectivity in the VPm thalamic nucleus. Neuron 2008, 60:890-903.
60. Maravall M., Petersen R.S., Fairhall A.L., Arabzadeh E., Diamond M.E. Shifts in coding properties and maintenance of information transmission during adaptation in barrel cortex. PLoS Biol 2007, 5:e19.
61. Estebanez L., El Boustani S., Destexhe A., Shulz D.E. Correlated input reveals coexisting coding schemes in a sensory cortex. Nat Neurosci 2012, 15:1691-1699.
62. Petersen R.S., Panzeri S., Maravall M. Neural coding and contextual influences in the whisker system. Biol Cybern 2009, 100:427-446.
63. Jacob V., Le Cam J., Ego-Stengel V., Shulz D.E. Emergent properties of tactile scenes selectively activate barrel cortex neurons. Neuron 2008, 60:1112-1125.
64. Ego-Stengel V., Le Cam J., Shulz D.E. Coding of apparent motion in the thalamic nucleus of the rat vibrissal somatosensory system. J Neurosci 2012, 32:3339-3351.
65. Hirata A., Castro-Alamancos M.A. Cortical transformation of wide-field (multiwhisker) sensory responses. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:358-370.
66. Crochet S., Petersen C.C. Correlating whisker behavior with membrane potential in barrel cortex of awake mice. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9:608-610.
67. Curtis J.C., Kleinfeld D. Phase-to-rate transformations encode touch in cortical neurons of a scanning sensorimotor system. Nat Neurosci 2009, 12:492-501.
68. O'Connor D.H., Peron S.P., Huber D., Svoboda K. Neural activity in barrel cortex underlying vibrissa-based object localization in mice. Neuron 2010, 67:1048-1061.
69. Chen J.L., Carta S., Soldado-Magraner J., Schneider B.L., Helmchen F. Behaviour-dependent recruitment of long-range projection neurons in somatosensory cortex. Nature 2013, 499:336-340.
70. de Kock C.P., Bruno R.M., Spors H., Sakmann B. Layer- and cell-type-specific suprathreshold stimulus representation in rat primary somatosensory cortex. J Physiol 2007, 581:139-154.
71. de Kock C.P., Sakmann B. Spiking in primary somatosensory cortex during natural whisking in awake head-restrained rats is cell-type specific. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:16446-16450.
72. Barth A.L., Poulet J.F. Experimental evidence for sparse firing in the neocortex. Trends Neurosci 2012, 35:345-355.
73. Wolfe J., Houweling A.R., Brecht M. Sparse and powerful cortical spikes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010, 20:306-312.
74. Ganguli S., Sompolinsky H. Compressed sensing, sparsity, and dimensionality in neuronal information processing and data analysis. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012, 35:485-508.
75. Harris K.D., Mrsic-Flogel T.D. Cortical connectivity and sensory coding. Nature 2013, 503:51-58.
76. Quiroga R.Q. Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative memory functions. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012, 13:587-597.
77. Petersen C.C., Crochet S. Synaptic computation and sensory processing in neocortical layer 2/3. Neuron 2013, 78:28-48.
78. Safaai H., von Heimendahl M., Sorando J.M., Diamond M.E., Maravall M. Coordinated population activity underlying texture discrimination in rat barrel cortex. J Neurosci 2013, 33:5843-5855.
79. Yamashita T., Pala A., Pedrido L., Kremer Y., Welker E., Petersen C.C. Membrane potential dynamics of neocortical projection neurons driving target-specific signals. Neuron 2013, 80:1477-1480.
80. Andermann M.L., Moore C.I. A somatotopic map of vibrissa motion direction within a barrel column. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9:543-551.
81. Kerr J.N., de Kock C.P., Greenberg D.S., Bruno R.M., Sakmann B., Helmchen F. Spatial organization of neuronal population responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex. J Neurosci 2007, 27:13316-13328.
82. Sato T.R., Gray N.W., Mainen Z.F., Svoboda K. The functional microarchitecture of the mouse barrel cortex. PLoS Biol 2007, 5:e189.
83. Crochet S., Poulet J.F., Kremer Y., Petersen C.C. Synaptic mechanisms underlying sparse coding of active touch. Neuron 2011, 69:1160-1175.
84. Margolis D.J., Lutcke H., Schulz K., Haiss F., Weber B., Kugler S., Hasan M.T., Helmchen F. Reorganization of cortical population activity imaged throughout long-term sensory deprivation. Nat Neurosci 2012, 15:1539-1546.
85. Yassin L., Benedetti B.L., Jouhanneau J.S., Wen J.A., Poulet J.F., Barth A.L. An embedded subnetwork of highly active neurons in the neocortex. Neuron 2010, 68:1043-1050.
86. Montemurro M.A., Panzeri S., Maravall M., Alenda A., Bale M.R., Brambilla M., Petersen R.S. Role of precise spike timing in coding of dynamic vibrissa stimuli in somatosensory thalamus. J Neurophysiol 2007, 98:1871-1882.
87. Bruno R.M., Sakmann B. Cortex is driven by weak but synchronously active thalamocortical synapses. Science 2006, 312:1622-1627.
88. Fee M.S., Mitra P.P., Kleinfeld D. Central versus peripheral determinants of patterned spike activity in rat vibrissa cortex during whisking. J Neurophysiol 1997, 78:1144-1149.
89. Hill D.N., Curtis J.C., Moore J.D., Kleinfeld D. Primary motor cortex reports efferent control of vibrissa motion on multiple timescales. Neuron 2011, 72:344-356.
90. Gentet L.J., Avermann M., Matyas F., Staiger J.F., Petersen C.C. Membrane potential dynamics of GABAergic neurons in the barrel cortex of behaving mice. Neuron 2010, 65:422-435.
91. Knutsen P.M., Ahissar E. Orthogonal coding of object location. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32:101-109.
92. Panzeri S., Diamond M.E. Information carried by population spike times in the whisker sensory cortex can be decoded without knowledge of stimulus time. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2010, 2:17.
93. Panzeri S., Ince R.A.A., Diamond M.E., Kayser C. Reading spike timing without a clock: intrinsic decoding of spike trains. Phil Trans R Soc B 2014, 369. 20120467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0467.
94. Panzeri S., Petersen R.S., Schultz S.R., Lebedev M., Diamond M.E. The role of spike timing in the coding of stimulus location in rat somatosensory cortex. Neuron 2001, 29:769-777.
95. Petersen R.S., Panzeri S., Diamond M.E. Population coding of stimulus location in rat somatosensory cortex. Neuron 2001, 32:503-514.
96. Storchi R., Bale M.R., Biella G.E., Petersen R.S. Comparison of latency and rate coding for the direction of whisker deflection in the subcortical somatosensory pathway. J Neurophysiol 2012, 108:1810-1820.
97. Temereanca S., Brown E.N., Simons D.J. Rapid changes in thalamic firing synchrony during repetitive whisker stimulation. J Neurosci 2008, 28:11153-11164.
98. Khatri V., Bruno R.M., Simons D.J. Stimulus-specific and stimulus-nonspecific firing synchrony and its modulation by sensory adaptation in the whisker-to-barrel pathway. J Neurophysiol 2009, 101:2328-2338.
99. Stanley G.B., Jin J., Wang Y., Desbordes G., Wang Q., Black M.J., Alonso J.M. Visual orientation and directional selectivity through thalamic synchrony. J Neurosci 2012, 32:9073-9088.
100. Brette R. Computing with neural synchrony. PLoS Comput Biol 2012, 8:e1002561.
101. Rossant C., Leijon S., Magnusson A.K., Brette R. Sensitivity of noisy neurons to coincident inputs. J Neurosci 2011, 31:17193-17206.
102. Song S., Sjostrom P.J., Reigl M., Nelson S., Chklovskii D.B. Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits. PLoS Biol 2005, 3:e68.
103. Lefort S., Tomm C., Floyd Sarria J.C., Petersen C.C. The excitatory neuronal network of the C2 barrel column in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. Neuron 2009, 61:301-316.
104. Diaz-Quesada M., Martini F.J., Ferrati G., Bureau I., Maravall M. Diverse thalamocortical short-term plasticity elicited by ongoing stimulation. J Neurosci 2014, 34:515-526.
105. O'Connor D.H., Hires S.A., Guo Z.V., Li N., Yu J., Sun Q.Q., Huber D., Svoboda K. Neural coding during active somatosensation revealed using illusory touch. Nat Neurosci 2013, 16:958-965.
106. Diamond M.E., von Heimendahl M., Arabzadeh E. Whisker-mediated texture discrimination. PLoS Biol 2008, 6:e220.
107. Maravall M. Adaptation and sensory coding. Principles of neural coding 2013, 357-378. Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, Boca Raton. R. Quian Quiroga, S. Panzeri (Eds.).
108. Katz Y., Heiss J.E., Lampl I. Cross-whisker adaptation of neurons in the rat barrel cortex. J Neurosci 2006, 26:13363-13372.
109. Khatri V., Simons D.J. Angularly nonspecific response suppression in rat barrel cortex. Cereb Cortex 2007, 17:599-609.
110. Wang Q., Webber R.M., Stanley G.B. Thalamic synchrony and the adaptive gating of information flow to cortex. Nat Neurosci 2010, 13:1534-1541.
111. Adibi M., McDonald J.S., Clifford C.W., Arabzadeh E. Adaptation improves neural coding efficiency despite increasing correlations in variability. J Neurosci 2013, 33:2108-2120.
112. Adibi M., Clifford C.W., Arabzadeh E. Informational basis of sensory adaptation: entropy and single-spike efficiency in rat barrel cortex. J Neurosci 2013, 33:14921-14926.
113. Lak A., Arabzadeh E., Diamond M.E. Enhanced response of neurons in rat somatosensory cortex to stimuli containing temporal noise. Cereb Cortex 2008, 18:1085-1093.
114. Lak A., Arabzadeh E., Harris J.A., Diamond M.E. Correlated physiological and perceptual effects of noise in a tactile stimulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:7981-7986.
115. Garcia-Lazaro J.A., Ho S.S., Nair A., Schnupp J.W. Shifting and scaling adaptation to dynamic stimuli in somatosensory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2007, 26:2359-2368.
116. Lundstrom B.N., Fairhall A.L., Maravall M. Multiple timescale encoding of slowly varying whisker stimulus envelope in cortical and thalamic neurons in vivo. J Neurosci 2010, 30:5071-5077.
117. Chung S., Li X., Nelson S.B. Short-term depression at thalamocortical synapses contributes to rapid adaptation of cortical sensory responses in vivo. Neuron 2002, 34:437-446.
118. Ganmor E., Katz Y., Lampl I. Intensity-dependent adaptation of cortical and thalamic neurons is controlled by brainstem circuits of the sensory pathway. Neuron 2010, 66:273-286.
119. Diaz-Quesada M., Maravall M. Intrinsic mechanisms for adaptive gain rescaling in barrel cortex. J Neurosci 2008, 28:696-710.
120. Mease R.A., Famulare M., Gjorgjieva J., Moody W.J., Fairhall A.L. Emergence of adaptive computation by single neurons in the developing cortex. J Neurosci 2013, 33:12154-12170.
121. Abbott L.F., Dayan P. The effect of correlated variability on the accuracy of a population code. Neural Comput 1999, 11:91-101.
122. Sompolinsky H., Yoon H., Kang K., Shamir M. Population coding in neuronal systems with correlated noise. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001, 64:051904.
123. Shamir M., Sompolinsky H. Implications of neuronal diversity on population coding. Neural Comput 2006, 18:1951-1986.
124. Chelaru M.I., Dragoi V. Efficient coding in heterogeneous neuronal populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:16344-16349.
125. Hung C.P., Kreiman G., Poggio T., DiCarlo J.J. Fast readout of object identity from macaque inferior temporal cortex. Science 2005, 310:863-866.
126. Meyers E.M., Freedman D.J., Kreiman G., Miller E.K., Poggio T. Dynamic population coding of category information in inferior temporal and prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2008, 100:1407-1419.
127. Nikolic D., Hausler S., Singer W., Maass W. Distributed fading memory for stimulus properties in the primary visual cortex. PLoS Biol 2009, 7:e1000260.
128. Guo Z.V., Li N., Huber D., Ophir E., Gutnisky D., Ting J.T., Feng G., Svoboda K. Flow of cortical activity underlying a tactile decision in mice. Neuron 2014, 81:179-194.
129. Fassihi A., Akrami A., Esmaeili V., Diamond M.E. Tactile perception and working memory in rats and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014, published ahead of print January 21, 2014. 10.1073/pnas.1315171111.