Are individual differences in appetitive and defensive motivation related? A psychophysiological examination in two samples

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 636-655

  Sarapas, Casey ^a   Katz, Andrea C ^a   Nelson, Brady D ^a   Campbell, Miranda L ^a   Bishop, Jeffrey R ^a   Robison Andrew, E Jenna ^b   Altman, Sarah E ^c   Gorka, Stephanie M ^a   Shankman, Stewart A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b A VA HSR and D Center of Excellence   (United States)

^c Cleveland Center for Eating Disorders   (United States)

Author keywords

Appetitive; Defensive; Negative affect; Positive affect; Psychophysiology

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANTICIPATION; ANXIETY; APPETITIVE MOTIVATION; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEFENSIVE MOTIVATION; ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EMOTION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REWARD; STARTLE REFLEX; THREAT; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTICIPATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; BRAIN WAVES; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; REWARD; STARTLE REACTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84896545279     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: 14640600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.848787     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, St. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Allen, J. J., Coan, J. A., & Nazarian, M. (2004). Issues and assumptions on the road from raw signals to metrics of frontal EEG asymmetry in emotion. Biological Psychology, 67, 183-218. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.007
3. Alvarez, R. P., Chen, G., Bodurka, J., Kaplan, R., & Grillon, C. (2011). Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity. NeuroImage, 55, 389-400. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.057
4. Barrett, L. F. (1996). Hedonic tone, perceived arousal, and item desirability: Three components of self-reported mood. Cognition & Emotion, 10, 47-68. doi:10.1080/026999396380385
5. Beck, A., Brown, G., Epstein, N., & Steer, R. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety-Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
6. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Relationship between the Beck anxiety inventory and the Hamilton anxiety rating-scale with anxious outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 213-223. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(91)90002-B
7. Blumenthal, T. D., Cuthbert, B. N., Filion, D. L., Hackley, S., Ottmar, V. L., & Boxtel, A. V. (2005). Committee report: Guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies. Psychophysiology, 42, 1-15. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x
8. Böhmelt, A. H., Schell, A. M., & Dawson, M. E. (1999). Attentional modulation of short- and long-lead-interval modification of the acoustic startle eyeblink response: comparing auditory and visual prestimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 32, 239-250. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00019-7
9. Bruder, G. E., Fong, R., Tenke, C. E., Leite, P., Towey, J. P., Stewart, J. E.,. Quitkin, F. M. (1997). Regional brain asymmetries in major depression with or without an anxiety disorder: A quantitative electroencephalographic study. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 939-948. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00260-0
10. Carson, M. A., Paulus, L. A., Lasko, N. B., Metzger, L. J., Wolfe, J., Orr, S. P.,. Pitman, R. K. (2000). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam nurse veterans who witnessed injury or death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 890-897. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.890
11. Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 183-204. doi:10.1037/a0013965
12. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
13. Cervone, D. (2005). Personality architecture: Within-person structures and processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 423-452. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070133
14. Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. B. (2003). Frontal EEG asymmetry and the behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Psychophysiology, 40, 106-114. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00011
15. Coan, J. A., Allen, J. J. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2006). A capability model of individual differences in frontal EEG asymmetry. Biological Psychology, 72, 198-207. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.10.003
16. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
17. Corr, P. J., Kumari, V., Wilson, G. D., Checkley, S., & Gray, J. A. (1997). Harm avoidance and affective modulation of the startle reflex: A replication. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 591-593. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00228-0
18. Cousineau, D. (2005). Confidence intervals in within-subject designs: A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson's method. Tutorial in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 1, 42-45.
19. Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 307-330. doi:10.1080/026999398379628
20. Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491-569.
21. Depue, R. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2005). A neurobehavioral dimensional model of personality disturbance. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. F. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (pp. 391-453). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
22. DeYoung, C. (2006). Higher-order factors of the big five in a multi-informant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1138-1151. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1138
23. Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105-1117. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
24. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804-818. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804
25. Faith, M. S., Wong, J. Y., & Allison, D. B. (1998). Demand characteristics of the research setting can influence indexes of negative affect-induced eating in obese individuals. Obesity Research, 6, 134-136. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00327.x
26. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149-1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
27. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-NP). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
28. Giargiari, T. D., Mahaffey, A. L., Craighead, W. E., & Hutchison, K. E. (2005). Appetitive responses to sexual stimuli are attenuated in individuals with low levels of sexual desire. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 547-556. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-6280-y
29. Gibbons, R., Balady, G., Timothybricker, J., Chaitman, B., Fletcher, G., Froelicher, V.,. Smith, S. C. (2002). ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: Summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48, 1731.
30. Gray, J. A. (1994). Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. In S. H. M. van Goozen, N. E. Van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 29-59). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
31. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). Neural anxiety systems: Relevant fault-times to trace and treat disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 311-311. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00962.x
32. Grillon, C. (2002). Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: Aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 958-975. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01665-7
33. Grillon, C., Baas, J. M., Lissek, S., Smith, K., & Milstein, J. (2004). Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 916-924. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.5.916
34. Grillon, C., Baas, J. M., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Lawley, M., Ellis, V.,. Levine, J. (2006). The benzodiazepine alprazolam dissociates contextual fear from cued fear in humans as assessed by fear-potentiated startle. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 760-766. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.027
35. Grillon, C., Lissek, S., Rabin, S., McDowell, D., Dvir, S., & Pine, D. S. (2008). Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 898-904. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101581
36. Grillon C., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Rabin, S., Bonne, O., & Vythilingam, M. (2009). Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder but not in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 47-53. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.028
37. Hagemann, D. (2004). Individual differences in anterior EEG asymmetry: Methodological problems and solutions. Biological Psychology, 67, 157-182. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.006
38. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23, 56-61. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
39. Harmon-Jones, E., & van Honk, J. (2012). Introduction to a special issue on the neuroscience of motivation and emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 1-3. doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9281-x
40. Hedlund, J. L., & Vieweg, B. W. (1979). The Hamilton rating scale for depression: A comprehensive review. Journal of Operational Psychiatry, 10, 149-165
41. Henriques, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 535-545. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.535
42. Holden, R. R., Wheeler, S., & Marjanovic, Z. (2012). When does random responding distort self-report personality assessment? An example with the NEO PI-R. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.021
43. Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K.,. Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748-751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379
44. Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L.,. Davidson, R. J. (2003). Now you feel it, now you don't: Frontal brain electrical asymmetry and individual differences in emotion regulation. Psychological Science, 14, 612-617. doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x
45. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
46. Klimesch, W., Sauseng, P., & Hanslmayr, S. (2007). EEG alpha oscillations: The inhibition-timing hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews, 53, 63-88. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.06.003
47. Kline, J. P., Blackhart, G. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2002). Sex, lie scales, and electrode caps: An interpersonal context for defensiveness and anterior electroencephalographic asymmetry. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 459-478. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00167-2
48. Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention. The American Psychologist, 50, 372-385. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372
49. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-395. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377
50. Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139-157. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.139
51. Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175-190. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175
52. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
53. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2002). Situation-behavior profiles as a locus of consistency in personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 50-54. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00166
54. Moberg, C. A., & Curtin, J. J. (2009). Alcohol selectively reduces anxiety but not fear: Startle response during unpredictable versus predictable threat. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 335-347. doi:10.1037/a0015636
55. Morrison, S. E., & Salzman, C. D. (2010). Re-valuing the amygdala. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 221-230. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.007
56. Nelson, B. D., McGowan, S. K., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Altman, S. E., Campbell, M. L.,. Shankman, S. A. (2013). Biomarkers of threat and reward sensitivity demonstrate unique associations with risk for psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 662-671. doi:10.1037/a0033982
57. Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
58. Pizzagalli, D. A., Sherwood, R. J., Henriques, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Frontal brain asymmetry and reward responsiveness: A source-localization study. Psychol Science, 16, 805-813. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01618.x
59. Rollman, G. B., & Harris, G. (1987). The detectability, discriminability, and perceived magnitude of painful electrical shock. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 257-268. doi:10.3758/BF03203077
60. Sandt, A. R., Sloan, D. M., & Johnson, K. J. (2009). Measuring appetitive responding with the postauricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 46, 491-497. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00797.x
61. Sato, H., & Kawahara, J. (2011). Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative mood states. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 24, 359-367. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.543132
62. Schmidt, L.Fox, N. A., Goldberg, M. C., Smith, C. C., & Schulkin, J. (1999). Effects of acute prednisone administration on memory, attention and emotion in healthy human adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 461-483. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00007-4
63. Schmitz, A., & Grillon, C. (2012). Assessing fear and anxiety in humans using the threat of predictable and unpredictable aversive events (the NPU-threat test). Nature Protocols, 7, 527-532 doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.001
64. Shankman, S. A., & Klein, D. N. (2003). The relation between depression and anxiety: An evaluation of the tripartite, approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 605-637. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00038-2
65. Shankman, S. A., Klein, D. N., Tenke, C. E., & Bruder, G. E. (2007). Reward sensitivity in depression: a biobehavioral study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 95-104. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.95
66. Shankman, S. A., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Campbell, M. L., Altman, S. E.,. Gorka, S. M. (2013). A psychophysiological investigation of threat and reward sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder and/or major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 322-338. doi:10.1037/a0030747
67. Torrubia, R., Ávila, C., Moltó, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray's anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837-862. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00183-5
68. Trainor, B. C. (2011). Stress responses and the mesolimbic dopamine system: Social contexts and sex differences. Hormones and Behavior, 60, 457-469. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.08.013
69. Vaidyanathan, U., Patrick, C. J., & Bernat, E. M. (2009). Startle reflex potentiation during aversive picture viewing as an indicator of trait fear. Psychophysiology, 46, 75-85. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00751.x
70. Wacker, J., Chayanon, M.-L., Stemmler, G. (2010). Resting EEG signatures of agentic extraversion: New results and meta-analytic integration. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 167-179. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.004
71. Wallace, J. (1966). An abilities conception of personality: Some implications for personality measurement. American Psychologist, 21, 132-138. doi:10.1037/h0023298
72. Watson, D., O'Hara, M. W., Simms, L. J., Kotov, R., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A.,. Stuart, S. (2007). Development and validation of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS). Psychological Assessment, 19, 253-268. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.253
73. Wessa, M., Karl, A., & Flor, H. (2005). Central and peripheral psychophysiological responses to trauma-related cues in subclinical posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Experimental Brain Research, 167, 56-65. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0007-0
74. Young, B. J., Bunnell, B. E., & Beidel, D. C. (2012). Evaluation of children with selective mutism and social phobia: a comparison of psychological and psychophysiological arousal. Behavior Modification, 36, 525-544. doi:10.1177/0145445512443980