Un ideas that changed the world

UN Ideas That Changed the World

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-310

  Jolly, Richard ^a   Emmerij, Louis ^b   Weiss, Thomas G ^b,c   Annan, Kofi A ^d  

^a INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (United Kingdom)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies   (United States)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896167480     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (472)

1. Edward Mason and Robert Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1973);
2. and Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. 1, History (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1997)
3. and vol. 2, Perspectives, especially Nicholas Stern with Francisco Ferreira, "The World Bank as 'Intellectual Actor, '" 523-609.
4. For the IMF, see Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1965: Twenty Years of International Monetary Cooperation (Washington, D. C.: IMF, 1969);
5. Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1966-1971: The System Under Stress (Washington, D. C.: IMF, 1976);
6. Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1972-1978: Cooperation on Trial (Washington, D. C.: IMF, 1985);
7. and James M. Boughton, Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund, 1979-1989 (Washington, D. C.: IMF, 2001).
8. See also Norman K. Humphreys, ed., Historical Dictionary of the IMF (Washington, D. C.: IMF, 2000).
9. UNIHP, The Complete Oral History Transcripts from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: UNIHP, 2007).
10. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws, eds., The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
11. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964);
12. and Stefan Zweig, Tagebucher (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, 1984).
13. An important exception are some of the biographical accounts of life in the UN. See Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjöld (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994);
14. Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998);
15. Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1987);
16. Margaret Joan Anstee, Never Learn to Type: A Woman at the United Nations (Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2003);
17. and Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Unvanquished: A U. S.-U. N. Saga (New York: Random House, 1999).
18. The human perspective of a wider range of UN staff members is provided in Wilfred Grey, UN Jigsaw (New York: Vantage Press, 2000).
19. For more details, see the UNIHP Web site at www.unhistory.org.
20. Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, The Power of UN Ideas: Lessons from the First Sixty Years (New York: UNIHP, 2005), also available in Spanish.
21. Since UNIHP started, some histories have been published, including D. John Shaw, The UN World Food Programme and the Development of Food Aid (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001);
22. and Craig N. Murphy, The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Histories are also under way at such institutions as the ILO, UNESCO, and the WHO. Details of these and other related publications are found on the UNIHP Web site. Interested readers may also wish to consult the close to fifty titles in the Global Institutions Series, edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson and published by Routledge.
23. The full source for the epigraph for Part 1 is Winston Churchill, "The Soviet Danger: The Iron Curtain", Fulton, Missouri, 5 March 1946, quoted in David Cannadine, ed., Blood Toil, Tears and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 298.
24. See, for example, Charles Kindelberger, The World in Depression 1929-39, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986);
25. and Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
26. "Truman's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949", available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/50yr-archive/inagural20jan1949.htm.
27. United Nations, National and International Measures for Full Employment (New York: United Nations, 1949);
28. United Nations, Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries (New York: United Nations, 1951);
29. and United Nations, Measures for International Economic Stability (New York: United Nations, 1951).
30. Hans Singer, "The Distribution of Gains between Investing and Borrowing Countries", American Economic Review 40, no. 2(1950):473-485.
31. A description of how Singer later updated his thinking to include technology in this key area of his work is found in D. John Shaw, Sir Hans Singer: The Life and Work of a Development Economist (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 49-71.
32. Transcript of oral history interview with Hans W. Singer, in The Complete Oral History Transcripts from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: UNIHP, 2007), 30.
33. League of Nations, Economic, Financial, and Transit Dept., Industrialization and Foreign Trade (New York: League of Nations), 154-167, 116-121.
34. United Nations, Post-War Price Relations in Trade between Under-Developed and Industrialized Countries (Lake Success, N. Y.: United Nations, 1949).
35. Raúl Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950).
36. ILO, Employment, Growth, and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem (Geneva: ILO, 1976).
37. ILO, Employment, Incomes, and Equity: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva: ILO, 1972). See especially chapter 13 and technical paper 22.
38. For a recent overview article with special reference to Latin America, see Victor Tokman, "The Informal Economy, Insecurity, and Social Cohesion in Latin America", International Labour Review 146, nos. 1-2(2007):81-107.
39. For a summary of research on the effects of IMF programs during the period 1973-1994, see James Raymond Vreeland, The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending (London: Routledge, 2007).
40. For an IMF rebuttal, see Graham Hacche, "A Non-Definitive Guide to the IMF: A Review Article", World Economics 8, no. 2(2007):97-118.
41. See John Williamson, Latin-American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (Washington, D. C.: Institute of International Economics, 1990);
42. and John Williamson, "The Washington Consensus Revisited", in Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century, ed. Louis Emmerij (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 48-61.
43. UNICEF, Adjustment with a Human Face (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).
44. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations, 1992).
45. Robert Jenkins, Peacebuilding and the Peacebuilding Commission (London: Routledge, forthcoming).
46. Thomas G. Weiss and Anthony Jennings, More for the Least? Prospects for Poorest Countries in the Eighties (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1983).
47. UNCTAD, Trade and Development Report (Geneva: UNCTAD, 1987).
48. "Shattered balance sheets" is the language of Nigel Lawson, UK chancellor of the exchequer, quoted in John Toye and Richard Toye, The UN and Global Political Economy: Trade, Finance, and Development (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 260. Toye and Toye argue that "the paramount concern of the West was preserving the solvency of the commercial banks that had loaned so carelessly" (260).
49. Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
50. Delivering as One: The Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel (New York: UN, 2006).
51. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 407.
52. Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 205.
53. Inis L. Claude, Jr., Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Prospects of International Organization (New York: Random House, 1956);
54. and Inis L. Claude, Jr., "Peace and Security: Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations", Global Governance 2, no. 3(1996):289-298.
55. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, and Richard Jolly, "The Third United Nations", Global Governance 15, no. 1(2009), 123-142.
56. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964), viii.
57. Commission on International Development, Partners in Development (New York: Praeger, 1969);
58. Independent Commission on International Development Issues, North-South: A Programme for Survival (London: Pan Books, 1980);
59. W. Brandt, Common Crisis-North-South-Co-operation for World Recovery (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983);
60. Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, Common Security: A Blueprint for Survival (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982);
61. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987);
62. Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, Winning the Human Race? (London: Zed Books, 1988);
63. South Commission, The Challenge to the South (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990);
64. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
65. Independent Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: ICISS, 2001);
66. Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now (New York: Commission on Human Security, 2003).
67. See also High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York: UN, 2004);
68. and Kofi Annan, in Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All (New York: UN, 2005).
69. Weiss, Carayannis, and Jolly, "The Third United Nations"
70. Thant Myint-U and Amy Scott, The UN Secretariat: A Brief History (1945-2006) (New York: International Peace Academy, 2007), 126-128.
71. For a discussion, see Morten Bøás and Desmond McNeill, Global Institutions and Development: Framing the World? (London: Routledge, 2004).
72. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993);
73. Kathryn Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Argentina and Brazil (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
74. Peter M. Haas, "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination", International Organization 46, no. 1(1992):1-36;
75. Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992);
76. Peter A. Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1989);
77. Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge Is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994);
78. Peter M. Haas and Ernst B. Haas, "Learning to Learn: Improving International Governance", Global Governance 1, no. 3(1995):55-284;
79. and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998).
80. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
81. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
82. John G. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (New York: Routledge, 1998).
83. See Robert W. Cox, ed., The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order (New York: St. Martin's, 1997);
84. Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
85. Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith, eds., Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, trans. Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971).
86. Ngaire Woods, "Economic Ideas and International Relations: Beyond Rational Neglect", International Studies Quarterly 39(1995):164.
87. Emmerij, Jolly, and Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? 8-10.
88. Quentin E. Skinner, "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas", History and Theory 8(1969):42.
89. Woods, "Economic Ideas and International Relations", 168.
90. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, "Introduction", in International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 17.
91. See Ramesh Thakur, ed., What Is Equitable Geographic Representation in the Twenty-First Century? (Tokyo: UN University, 1999).
92. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York: Torchbook, 1960).
93. See Albert Yee, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies", International Organization 50, no. 1(1996):69-108.
94. Quoted in Mahbub ul Haq, Reflections on Human Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 204.
95. Michael Ward, Quantifying the World: UN Contributions to Statistics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 2.
96. By the year 2000, 138 countries had brought infant mortality to below 120 per thousand and 124 countries had raised life expectancy to sixty years or more, two of the goals set in 1980. A full assessment of the achievements in relation to the fifty goals are found in "The Record of Performance", chapter 10 of UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice, by Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
97. Morten Bøas and Desmond McNeill, "Introduction: Power and Ideas in Multilateral Institutions: Towards an Interpretive Framework", in Global Institutions and Development: Framing the World? ed. Morten Bøas and Desmond McNeill (London: Routledge, 2003), 1-12.
98. Desmond McNeill, "The Power of Moral Authority in International Development Agencies: With Special Reference to the World Bank and UNDP", paper presented at a workshop at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, 16 October 2007.
99. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 420.
100. Stephen D. Krasner, "Introduction", in International Regimes, ed. Stephen D. Krasner (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 1.
101. The Soviet member who was invited to attend the first meeting of the Nuclear Commission, the forerunner to the Statistical Commission, turned up almost a week late, close to the end of the meeting. Ward, Quantifying the World, 38.
102. For a trenchant analysis, see Robert Wade, "Japan, the World Bank and the Art of Paradigm Maintenance: The East Asian Miracle in Political Perspective", New Left Review I/217 (1996).
103. For a critique from a former insider, see Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2003).
104. In the late 1950s, Barbara Ward identified five world-changing ideas: nationalism, industrialism, colonialism, communism, and internationalism. See Ward, Five Ideas That Changed the World (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1959).
105. The full source for the epigraph for Part 2 is Howard Zinn, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), 208.
106. Bertrand G. Ramcharan, "Norms and Machinery", in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 441.
107. Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008). Normand and Zaidi point out that it was the ILO that made the first institutional attempt to provide a holistic vision of human rights, including the protection of both civil and political rights and economic and social rights. This attempt is embedded in the Philadelphia Declaration, adopted in May 1944 at the 26th Annual Conference of the ILO.
108. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 408.
109. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN, Churchill quoted on 83, Roosevelt quoted on 88, and Dumbarton Oaks Charter quoted on 113.
110. See Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations. A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies and Their Quest for a Peaceful World (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2003), 122.
111. Quoted in William Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "A Curious Grapevine" (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 9.
112. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN, 200-201.
113. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 409.
114. Ramcharan, "Norms and Machinery", 439.
115. Charlotte Bunch, "Women and Gender", in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 499.
116. Devaki Jain, Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006).
117. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN, 301-302 and 309.
118. Philip Alston, "Making Space for New Human Rights: The Case of the Right to Development", Harvard Human Rights Yearbook 1(1988):21
119. Susan Marks, "Nightmare and Noble Dream: The World Conference on Human Rights", Cambridge Law Journal (1994):54-62.
120. Cassin's proposal had been for someone-he suggested the title of "attorneygeneral"-who could support an aggrieved individual against a respondent state. Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN, 174.
121. Thhis account draws heavily on Andrew Clapham, "Creating the High Commissioner for Human Rights: Thhe Outside Story", European Journal of International Law 5(1994):556-568.
122. Sean MacBride, "The Promises of the Human Rights Year", Journal of the International Commission of Jurists 9(1968): i-ii.
123. "High Commissioner for the Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights", General Assembly resolution 48/141, 20 December 1993.
124. Philip Alston, "The UN's Human Rights Record: From San Francisco to Vienna and Beyond", Human Rights Quarterly 16, no. 2(1994):375-390.
125. Ramcharan, "Norms and Machinery", 451.
126. High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York: United Nations, 2004), 89.
127. Kofi Annan, in Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All (New York: UN, 2005), 65.
128. World Summit Outcome, General Assembly document A/60/L.1, 15 September 2005, paragraph 160.
129. Yvonne Terlinghen, "The Human Rights Council: A New Era in UN Human Rights Work?" Ethics & International Affairs 21, no. 2(2007):167-178.
130. Nico Schrijver, "The UN Human Rights Council: A New 'Society of the Committed' or Just Old Wine in New Bottles?" Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 4(2007):809.
131. Ramcharan, "Norms and Machinery", 451.
132. Human Rights Watch, "UN: Rights Council Ends First Year with Much to Do", Human Rights News, 19 June 2007, available at http://www.hrw.org/ english/docs/2007/06/18/global16208.htm (accessed 30 September 2008).
133. Quoted in James Traub, The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 227.
134. World Summit Outcome, paragraph 124.
135. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Funding and Budget", available online at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/ FundingBudget.aspx (accessed 30 September 2008).
136. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: ICISS, 2001).
137. Kofi A. Annan, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary-General (New York: UN, 1999), 7.
138. See Program in Law and Public Affairs, The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University, 2001);
139. Council on Foreign Relations, Toward an International Criminal Court? (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999);
140. and Steven R. Ratner and James L. Bischoff, eds., International War Crimes Trials: Making a Difference? (Austin: University of Texas Law School, 2004).
141. Richard Goldstone, "International Criminal Court and Ad Hoc Tribunals", in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 463-478.
142. See also Richard Goldstone and Adam Smith, International Judicial Institutions: The Architecture of International Justice at Home and Abroad (London: Routledge, 2008).
143. Fanny Benedetti and John L. Washburn, "Drafting the International Criminal Court Treaty", Global Governance 5, no. 1(1999):1-38.
144. Teresa Whitfield, Friends Indeed? The United Nations, Groups of Friends, and the Resolution of Conflict (Washington, D. C.: US Institute of Peace, 2007), 9 and 2.
145. Devaki Jain, Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 12.
146. Peg Snyder quoted in Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 104-105.
147. Margaret Snyder, African Women and Development: A History (Atlantic Highlands, N. J.: Zed Books, 1995).
148. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 99.
149. Esther Boserup, Women's Role in Economic Development (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1970).
150. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 52.
151. Lourdes Arizpe quoted in Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 412-413.
152. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 100.
153. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 104.
154. United Nations, World's Women 1970-1990: Trends and Statistics (New York: UN, 1991), 95ff.
155. For a full description of this report, see Michael Ward, Quantifying the World: UN Contributions to Statistics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 173-187. Joann Vanek of the UN Statistical Office played a leading role in UNSO's work on women and gender.
156. Nilüfer Cagatay, Caren Grown, and Aide Santiago quoted in Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 118.
157. UNDP, Human Development Report 1995: Gender and Human Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 97-98.
158. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 145.
159. Noeleen Heyzer quoted in Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 416.
160. Jain, Women, Development, and the UN, 148.
161. See Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran, and Priya Kurian, eds., Feminist Futures: Re-Imagining Women, Culture and Development (London: Zed Books, 2003).
162. W. Arthur Lewis, The Theory of Economic Growth (London: Allen and Unwin, 1955).
163. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
164. For an overview of those doctrines, see Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 49-73.
165. Raúl Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (New York: United Nations, 1950).
166. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
167. H. W. Arndt, Economic Development: The History of an Idea (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
168. See Jolly, Emmerij, Ghai, and Lapeyre, UN Contributions, in particular chapter 10.
169. See Dani Rodrik, One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions and Economic Growth (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2007).
170. UNRISD, The Quest for a Unified Approach to Development (Geneva: United Nations, 1980).
171. Albert H. Maslow, "A Theory of Human Motivation", Psychological Review 50, no. 3(1942):370-396.
172. For more about the Bariloche Project, see Amilcan O. Herrera, Catastrophe O Nueva Sociedad: Modelo Mundial Latinoamericano (Buenos Aires, 1976).
173. For more on the basic needs approach, see two other books in the UNIHP series: Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 60-79;
174. and Jolly, Emmerij, Ghai, and Lapeyre, UN Contributions, 112-121.
175. On the ILO and Kenya, see ILO, Employment, Incomes, and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva: ILO, 1972).
176. On the work of the World Bank, see Hollis Chenery et al., Redistribution with Growth: Policies to Improve Income Distribution in Developing Countries in the Context of Economic Growth (London: Oxford University Press, 1974). The latter was a joint study by the Development Research Center of the World Bank and the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex and was originally suggested by Dudley Seers, based on his ILO experience.
177. UNESCO, Our Creative Diversity (Paris: UNESCO, 1995), 15.
178. Eisuke Sakakibara, "Globalization amid Diversity", in Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century, ed. Louis Emmerij (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 41-47.
179. See Mark Weisbrot, Robert Naiman, and Joyce Kim, The Emperor Has No Growth: Declining Economic Growth Rates in the Era of Globalization (Washington, D. C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2001).
180. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 272.
181. Council of Europe, in from the Margins (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1996), 9.
182. Nancy Birdsall, "Lessons from Japan", in Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century, ed. Louis Emmerij (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 394-399.
183. This section is based on Yves Berthelot, ed., Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
184. Henry Kissinger, "Globalization and the World Order", lecture delivered at Trinity College, Dublin, 12 October 1999
185. quoted in ECE, Globalization: A European Perspective (Geneva: United Nations, 2000).
186. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 283.
187. ECLAC, Open Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean: Economic Integration as a Contribution to Changing Production Patterns with Social Equity (New York: United Nations, 1994).
188. Robert Devlin, "A Latin American Trade and Integration Story: Where We Were, Where We Are, and Where We Must Go", a preliminary Inter-American Development Bank paper, 2005.
189. For more on this, see Gert Rosenthal, "ECLAC: A Commitment to a Latin American Way toward Development", in Berthelot, Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas, 168-232.
190. Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Its Alternatives (New York: Knopf, 1969), 93.
191. United Nations, National and International Measures for Full Employment (New York: UN, 1949);
192. United Nations, Measures for the Economic Development of Under-developed Countries (New York: UN, 1951);
193. and United Nations, Measures for International Economic Stability (New York: UN, 1951).
194. John Toye and Richard Toye, The UN and Global Political Economy: Trade, Finance, and Development (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 97-102.
195. Independent Commission on International Development, North-South: A Programme for Survival (London: Pan Books, 1980).
196. Mark Weisbrot, "Latin America: The End of an Era", International Journal of Health Services 36, no. 4(2006):3.
197. Mark Weisbrot, Robert Naiman, and Joyce Kim, The Emperor Has No Growth: Declining Economic Growth Rates in the Era of Globalization (Washington, D. C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research, 2001).
198. Olav Stokke, The UN and International Development: From Aid to Cooperation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009).
199. "Truman's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949", available at http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/50yr-archive/inagural20jan1949.htm.
200. Sixten Heppling, UNDP: From Agency Shares to Country Programmes, 1949-1975 (Stockholm: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1995), 23ff.
201. "Speech of 25 September 1961", reproduced in Public Papers of the President of the United States, J. F. Kennedy, 20 January to 31 December 1961 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962), 623.
202. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961).
203. Colin Legum, ed., The First United Nations Development Decade and Its Lessons for the 1970s (New York: Praeger, 1970).
204. Commission on International Development, Partners in Development (New York: Praeger, 1969).
205. Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 80-119.
206. See also Robert L. Rothstein, Global Beginning: UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1979);
207. Mahfuzur Rahman, World Economic Issues at the United Nations: Half a Century of Debate (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002);
208. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 225-233;
209. and Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 111-137.
210. James Raymond Vreeland, The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending (London: Routledge, 2007), 58.
211. Nigel Lawson, The Memoirs of a Tory Radical (London: Bantam Press, 1992), 520.
212. Louis Emmerij, "Aid as a Flight Forward", Development and Change 33, no. 2(2002):247-259.
213. "United Nations Millennium Declaration", General Assembly resolution 55/2, 8 September 2000.
214. MDG Gap Task Force, Delivering on the Global Partnership for Addressing the Millennium Development Goals (New York: UN, 2008), vii-viii.
215. Toye and Toye, The UN and Global Political Economy, 276-298.
216. For more details on this important issue, see Martin Khor, "The WTO Doha Negotiations and Impasse: A Development Perspective", November 2006, available at the Third World Network Web site at http://www.twnside.org.sg/pos. htm (accessed 12 November 2008).
217. Toye and Toye, The UN and Global Political Economy, 258-275.
218. United States Department of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, Report on Manufactures (1791; repr., Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1913).
219. Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002).
220. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd (1841; London: Longmans Green, 1885).
221. Dieter Senghaas, Von Europa Lernen: Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1982).
222. Transcript of Gamani Corea oral history interview in UNIHP, The Complete Oral History Transcripts from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: Ralph Bunche Institute, 2007), 31.
223. Tagi Sagafi-nejad in collaboration with John Dunning, The UN and Transnational Corporations: From Code of Conduct to Global Compact (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
224. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 235.
225. Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, 4th ed. (Geneva: ILO, 2006).
226. Nayan Chanda, "Runaway Globalization without Governance", Global Governance 14, no. 2(2008):119.
227. See also Nayan Chanda, Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers and Warriors Shaped Globalization (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007).
228. Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, 2nd ed. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 2005), xiv.
229. The Millennium Development Goals report states that "worldwide the number of people in developing countries living on less that $1 a day fell to 980 million in 2004, down from 1.25 billion in 1990." However, in most of the regions of the world outside Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia, the number of poor people has been increasing. UN Development Programme, The Millennium Development Goals (New York: UN, 2007), 6.
230. Sidney Dell, "The Origins of UNCTAD", in UNCTAD and the North-South Dialogue, ed. Michael Zammit Cutajar (New York: Pergamon Press, 1985), 19.
231. Jan Tinberger, Anthony J. Dolman, and Jan van Ettinger, eds., Reshaping the International Order: A Report to the Club of Rome (London: Hutchinson, 1977), a report to the Club of Rome for which Professor Tinbergen was the coordinator, was a comprehensive survey of global needs and the institutional changes necessary to meet those needs. The publication is a good example of intellectual contributions by members of the Second and Third UNs. Many of its contributors, then mostly Third UN members, later became Second UN staff members, three as heads of UN agencies.
232. Robert McNamara, "The Two Great Challenges of Our Time", in A Society for International Development: Prospectus 1984, ed. Ann Matis (Chapel Hill, N. C.: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983), 42-50. This essay is derived from McNamara's Barbara Ward lecture at the 1982 Society of International Development conference in Baltimore.
233. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 416.
234. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 192.
235. Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 91-94.
236. Jan Tinbergen, The Design of Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958).
237. Wolfgang Stolper published a book by that title after his experience of working with the Nigerian government to devise a five-year plan without a statistical base. Wolfgang F. Stolper, Planning without Facts: Lessons in Resource Allocation from Nigeria's Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966).
238. Michael Ward, Quantifying the World: UN Ideas and Statistics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 2.
239. United Nations Statistical Office, A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables (New York: UN, 1953).
240. See Ward, Quantifying the World, 49;
241. and Devaki Jain, Women, Development, and the UN: The Sixty-Year Quest for Development and Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 30-32.
242. D. V. McGranahan and UNRISD, Contents and Measurement of Socio-economic Development (New York: UNRISD and Praeger, 1972).
243. World Fertility Survey, World Fertility Survey: Major Findings and Implications (London: World Fertility Survey, 1984). This survey was begun in 1972 and completed in 1984. It compiled information on forty-two developing and twenty developed countries.
244. United Nations, The World's Women, 1997-1990: Trends and Statistics, 1991 (New York: UN, 1991).
245. United Nations, The World's Women, 1995: Trends and Statistics (New York: UN, 1995).
246. UNDP, Human Development Report 1995 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 6.
247. Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (London: Pan, 1972).
248. Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Fredérich Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 91-94.
249. United Nations, World Economic Survey, Part I, Trade and Development Trends: Needs and Policies (New York: UN, 1963).
250. United Nations, Studies in Long-Term Economic Projections for the World Economy: Aggregate Models (New York: UN, 1964).
251. See Yves Berthelot, ed., Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
252. Michal Kalecki, Essays on Developing Countries (New York: Harvester Press, 1976), 32. Kalecki was, of course, referring to the distinction between indicative and Soviet-type planning.
253. Ian M. D. Little, Tibor Scitovsky, and Maurice F. G. Scott, Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries (London: Oxford University Press, 1970).
254. Ian M. D. Little and James A. Mirrlees, Manual of Industrial Project Analysis (Paris: OECD Development Center, 1968).
255. See also I. M. D. Little and James A. Mirrlees, Project Appraisal and Planning for Developing Countries (London: Heinemann, 1974).
256. Amartya Sen, Stephen Marglin, and Partha Dasgupta, Guidelines for Project Evaluation (New York: United Nations/UNIDO, 1972).
257. Dani Rodrik, One Economics, Many Recipes (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2007).
258. See also his The Global Governance of Trade: As If Development Really
259. S. Lall, "Conflicts of Concepts: Welfare Economics and Developing Countries", World Development 4, no. 3(1976):181-195.
260. Frances Stewart, "The Fragile Foundations of the Neoclassical Approach to Development", Journal of Development Studies 21, no. 2(1985):282-292.
261. Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
262. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 191.
263. Marshall Goldman, "Planning", in The Elgar Companion to Development Studies, ed., David Alexander Clark (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2006), 435-436.
264. Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 60-79, 120-145;
265. and Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 186-244.
266. WHO, The World Health Report 1998: Life in the 21st Century: A Vision for All (Geneva: WHO, 1998), 19.
267. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 1979, available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw (accessed 14 November 2008);
268. "Convention on the Rights of the Child", General Assembly resolution 44/25, 20 November 1989, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/ menu3/b/k2crc.htm (accessed 14 November 2008).
269. United Nations, Development in an Ageing World: World Economic and Social Survey 2007 (New York: UN, 2007), 17.
270. For a recent review of compelling reasons to slow population growth as much as possible, see Jeffrey D. Sachs, Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), 159-182.
271. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, The World of Six Billion (New York: UN, 1999).
272. Efforts to raise population issues in the League of Nations also aroused intense controversy, especially the efforts of Margaret Sanger, the pioneering birth control advocate, who had argued for a world conference to discuss population problems and recommend solutions. Attempts to treat population growth as a serious problem failed. When attention shifted to two closely related issues-birth control and international migration-controversy boiled over. In many countries in the 1920s and 1930s, the dissemination of information about contraception or abortion was suppressed under the laws relating to obscenity. See Jolly, Emmerij, Ghai, and Lapeyre, UN Contributions, 189-190.
273. United Nations, Report of the United Nations World Population Conference, 1974 (New York: UN, 1975), 11.
274. See also Jolly, Emmerij, Ghai, and Lapeyre, UN Contributions, 192.
275. United Nations, Review and Appraisal of the World Population Plan of Action: 1984 Report (New York: UN, 1984), 184.
276. United Nations, Development in an Ageing World, v-xx.
277. League of Nations, The Relation of Nutrition to Health, Agriculture and Economic Policy, Final Report of the Mixed Committee of the League of Nations (Geneva: League of Nations, 1937).
278. Quoted in J. M. Cohen and M. J. Cohen, The Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Quotations (London: Penguin Books, 1993), 214.
279. World Food Summit Plan of Action, World Food Summit, Rome, 13-17 November 1996, paragraph 1, available at www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM (accessed 24 July 2008).
280. UN Standing Committee on Nutrition, Fifth Report on the World Nutrition Situation (Geneva: SCN, 2005), iii.
281. D. John Shaw, World Food Security: A History since 1945 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 389-390.
282. UN Standing Committee on Nutrition, Fifth World Report on the World Nutrition Situation (Geneva: SCN, 2005), Appendix 4, Table 1, 71.
283. WHO, The World Health Report 1998: Life in the Twenty-First Century: A Vision for All (Geneva: WHO, 1998), 45 and 95.
284. See Carter Center, "Guinea Worm Eradication Program", available at http://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea-worm/index.html (accessed 13 November 2008).
285. WHO, The World Health Report 1998, 23.
286. Declaration of Alma-Ata, International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978, available at http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/ docs/declaration-almaata.pdf (accessed 14 November 2008).
287. See WHO and UNICEF, Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978 (Geneva: WHO/UNICEF, 1978);
288. and WHO, The World Health Report 1998, 139-163.
289. Devesh Kapur, Richard P. Webb, and John P. Lewis, eds., The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. 1, History (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1997), 265.
290. Mark W. Zacher and Tania J. Keefe, The Politics of Global Health Governance: United by Contagion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
291. UNESCO, Basic Facts and Figures: International Statistics Relating to Education, Culture, and Mass Communications 1958 (Paris: UNESCO, 1959), 11.
292. Increases calculated from UNESCO, Basic Facts and Figures: International Statistics Relating to Education, Culture, and Mass Communications 1961 (Paris: UNESCO, 1962), 21;
293. and UNESCO, Strong Foundations: Education and Early Childhood (Paris: UNESCO, 2006), Statistical Annex Table 5, 268-269.
294. United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2007 (New York: UN, 2007), 10-11.
295. Kapur, Lewis, and Webb, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, 1:259-260.
296. UNESCO, A Brief Bibliography of the Economics of Education, EDAD/22, Paris, 19 August 1963, available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/ 001446/144697eb.pdf (accessed 1 October 2008).
297. Jan Tinbergen and H. C. Bos, Econometric Models of Education: Some Applications (Paris: OECD, 1965).
298. Richard Jolly, "Jim Grant: The Man Behind the Vision", in Jim Grant-UNICEF Visionary, ed. Richard Jolly (Rome: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2001), 45-66.
299. Nico Schrijver, The UN and the Resource Management: Development without Destruction (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming).
300. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
301. United Nations, Problems of the Human Environment: Report of the Secretary-General (New York: United Nations, 1969), 4.
302. Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (London: Pan, 1972).
303. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Challenge of Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 219.
304. World Commission on Environment and Growth, Our Common Future, 8.
305. "United Nations Conference on Environment and Development", General Assembly resolution 44/228, 22 December 1989.
306. Mustafa K. Tolba, Global Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating Environmental Agreements for the World 1973-92 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998).
307. Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), chapter 4.
308. R. R. K. Pachauri, "Climate Change Is Unequivocal", in Climate Action, ed. David Simpson (New York: Sustainable Development International and UNEP, 2007), 7. Pachauri is the chairman of the IPCC and shared the 2007 Nobel Prize for Peace with Al Gore.
309. See also Sir Nicolas Stern, "The Cost of Climate Action", 26 November 2007, available at http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/features/ article/the-cost-of-climate-action (accessed 25 July 2008).
310. Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
311. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report (Geneva: IPCC, 2007), available at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4-syr.pdf (accessed 13 November 2008).
312. Nicolas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
313. UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 294-297.
314. Stern does not discount the benefits to future generations. In A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008), William Nordhaus takes a different view that discounts the benefits of the future and produces a very different ranking of costs and desirable actions.
315. See John Browne and Nick Butler, "We Need an International Carbon Fund", Financial Times, 16 May 2007.
316. George Monbiot, "We've Been Suckered Again by the US: So Far the Bali Deal Is Worse than Kyoto", Guardian Unlimited, 17 December 2007;
317. Ben Cubby, "Answer to Hot Air Was in Fact a Chilling Blunder", The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 December 2007.
318. John Vidal, "US Pours Cold Water on Bali Optimism", Guardian Unlimited, 17 December 2007.
319. Juliette Jowit, Caroline Davies, and David Adam, "Late-Night Drama Pushes US into Climate Deal", The Observer, 16 December 2007.
320. John Bartlett and Justin Kaplan, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 16th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992), 572.
321. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 424.
322. Nico Schijver, "Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Development", in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 606.
323. Barbara Ward, Progress for a Small Planet (London: Earthscan Publications, 1988), 253-254, 265.
324. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 43.
325. Robert J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), chapter 1.
326. See Hugo Slim, Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
327. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 410.
328. Paul Kennedy, The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations (New York: Random House, 2006), 77.
329. This is a theme in Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjöld (New York: Knopf, 1972).
330. Human Security Report Project, Human Security Report 2005 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005);
331. and Human Security Report Project, Human Security Brief 2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006);
332. Human Security Report Project, Human Security Brief 2007 (Vancouver: Simon Fraser University, 2008).
333. Bertrand G. Ramcharan, Preventive Diplomacy at the UN (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 2.
334. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Perspectives for the 1990s (New York: United Nations, 1987);
335. and Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations, 1992).
336. Kofi A. Annan, Facing the Humanitarian Challenge: Towards a Culture of Prevention (New York: United Nations, 1999).
337. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Commission, 1997).
338. Ramcharan, Preventive Diplomacy at the UN, 214-215.
339. See M. J. Peterson, "General Assembly Majorities on the Preferred Nuclear Order", in The United Nations and the Nuclear Order, ed. Jane Boulden, Ramesh Thakur, and Thomas G. Weiss (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, forthcoming);
340. and Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, Global Governance and the UN: An Unfinished Journey (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming).
341. See Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. 1, History (Washington, D. C.: Brookings, 1997), 533.
342. United Nations, The United Nations Development Decade: Proposals for Action (New York: UN, 1962), 12-13 and 24-25.
343. Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: Norton, 2008).
344. SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute), "Recent Trends in Military Expenditure", 2008, available at www.sipri.org (accessed 1 October 2008)
345. also available in SIPRI, Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), chapter 5.
346. The Thorsson Report, as quoted in Richard Jolly, MacGraham, and Chris Smith, Disarmament and World Development (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1986), 235.
347. In his interview with UNIHP, Lawrence Klein discusses disarmament and development and the use of the LINK model for analyzing the relationships between the two. Transcript of Lawrence Klein oral history interview in UNIHP, The Complete Oral History Transcript from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: Ralph Bunche Institute, 2007), 20-24.
348. See also Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties (New York: Norton, 2003). Project LINK is an international research activity that integrates national econometric models into a global econometric model;
349. for more, see UN Development and Policy Analysis Division, "Project LINK", available at http://www.un.org/esa/policy/link (accessed 13 November 2008).
350. SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (Stockholm: Swedish International Peace Research Institute, 2006), chapter 8.
351. This summary is based on Thomas G. Weiss, David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, and Kelly-Kate Pease, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 5th ed. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2007), chapter 1.
352. Max Harrelson, Fires All around the Horizon: The UN's Uphill Battle to Preserve the Peace (New York: Praeger, 1989), 89.
353. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations, 1992), 28.
354. Other definitions can be found in United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-Keeping (New York: United Nations, Department of Public Information, 1990), 4;
355. Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan, 1990), 1;
356. and Boutros-Ghali, Agenda, 11.
357. Marrack Goulding, "The Changing Role of the United Nations in Conflict Resolution and Peace-Keeping", speech given at the Singapore Institute of Policy Studies, 13 March 1991, 9.
358. See also Marrack Goulding, "The Evolution of Peacekeeping", International Affairs 69, no. 3(1993):451-464.
359. See also Marrack Goulding, Peacemonger (London: John Murray, 2002).
360. For an early historical overview, see Alan James Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan, 1990);
361. and Paul Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
362. For a discussion of UN and non-UN operations in a comparative military perspective in this period, see John Mackinlay, The Peacekeepers (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
363. See also Augustus Richard Norton and Thomas G. Weiss, UN Peacekeepers: Soldiers with a Difference (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1990);
364. William J. Durch, ed., The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993);
365. and Paul Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
366. For a discussion of this period, see S. Neil MacFarlane, Superpower Rivalry and Third World Radicalism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985);
367. Elizabeth Valkenier, The Soviet Union and the Third World (New York: Praeger, 1985);
368. and Jerry Hough, The Struggle for the Third World (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1986).
369. Center for International Cooperation, Global Peace Operations 2008 (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2008).
370. Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, General Assembly document A/55305 and Security Council document S/2000/809, 21 August 2000.
371. This story is told in Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action (Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
372. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
373. See, for example, Donald Rothchild, Frances M. Deng, I. William Zartman, Sadikiel Kimaro, and Terrence Lyons, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, D. C.: Brookings, 1996);
374. Kofi A. Annan, "We the Peoples": The United Nations in the 21st Century (New York: UN, 2000);
375. and Kofi A. Annan, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary-General (New York: UN, 1999).
376. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 378.
377. World Summit Outcome, UN document A/60/L.1, 15 September 2005, paragraphs 138-139.
378. Alan J. Kuperman, "Mitigating the Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from Economics", Global Governance 14, no. 2(2008):219-240.
379. For the difficulties encountered on the ground, see Samantha Power, Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), particularly chapters 9-16.
380. S. Neil MacFarlane and Yuen Foong Khong, Human Security and the UN: A Critical History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006).
381. UNDP, Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 22-24.
382. For details of this story, see Richard Ponzio, "The Advent of the Human Development Report", in Pioneering the Human Development Revolution: An Intellectual Biography of Mahbub ul Haq, ed. Khadija Haq and Richard Ponzio (New Dehli: Oxford University Press, 2008), 88-111.
383. See Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, eds., Documents and Laws of War, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000);
384. and Michael Byers, Law War: Understanding International Law and Armed Conflict (New York: Grove Press, 2005).
385. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada), "Human Security: Safety for People in a Changing World", April 1999, available at http://www.summit-americas.org/Canada/HumanSecurity-english.htm (accessed 13 November 2008).
386. Report of the Secretary General to the Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, Security Council document S/1999/957, 8 September 1999.
387. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 302.
388. Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary General, General Assembly document A/55/985 and Security Council document S/2001/574, 7 June 2001.
389. Commission on Human Security, Human Security Now (New York: United Nations, 2003);
390. High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York: United Nations, 2004).
391. International Commission on International Development Issues, North-South: A Programme for Survival (London: Pan Books, 1980).
392. Eveline Herfkens, "Foreword", in Juan Somavía, People's Security: Globalising Social Progress (Geneva: ILO, 1999), viii.
393. World Bank and Human Security Project, Mini Atlas of Human Security (Brighton, UK: Myriad Editions, 2008), 1.
394. Weiss, Carayannis, Emmerij, and Jolly, UN Voices, 299.
395. Andrew Mack, "Human Security in the New Millennium", Work in Progress: A Review of Research of the United Nations University 16, no. 3(2002):4.
396. High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A More Secure World, viii.
397. See David Rieff, A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis (New York: Vintage, 2002);
398. Fiona Terry, Condemned to Repeat: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002);
399. and Rama Mani, "The Root Causes of Terrorism and Conflict Prevention", in Terrorism and the UN, ed Jane Boulden and Thomas G. Weiss (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
400. UNDP, Human Development Report 1994, 59.
401. MacFarlane and Khong, Human Security and the UN, 269-270.
402. UN Report of the World Summit of Social Development, A/Conf. 166/9, 19 April 1995, 125.
403. United Nations, United Nations Development Decade: Proposals for Action (New York: UN, 1962), 5.
404. ILO, Employment, Growth, and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem (Geneva: ILO, 1976).
405. See Khadija Haq and Richard Ponzio, eds., Pioneering the Human Development Revolution: An Intellectual Biography of Mahbub ul Haq (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
406. UNDP, Human Development Report 1990: Concept and Measurement of Human Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 1.
407. Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982);
408. Amartya Sen, Inequality Re-examined (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992);
409. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999);
410. and Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian Culture, History, and Identity (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2005).
411. Amartya Sen, "Foreword", in Readings in Human Development: Concepts, Measures and Policies for a Development Paradigm, ed. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), vii.
412. UNDP, Human Development Report 1999: Globalization with a Human Face (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 23. This quotation is cited by Amartya Sen, who made the additional comment that "Mahbub got this exactly right"
413. ILO, Employment, Growth, and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem (Geneva: ILO, 1976), 7.
414. A recent summary of the research showing the anti-growth effects of structural adjustment policies and the Washington consensus can be found in James Raymond Vreeland, The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending (London: Routledge, 2007), 73-94.
415. A quasi-official IMF review of this evidence appears in Graham Hacche, "A Non-Definitive Guide to the IMF", World Economics 8, no. 2(2007):97-118.
416. The Human Development Report was subjected to an early critique by T. N. Srinivasan ("Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?" American Economic Review 84, no. 2 [1994]: 238-243)
417. and to later criticism by David Henderson ("False Perspective: The UNDP View of the World", World Economics 1, no. 1 [2000]: 1-19).
418. A rebuttal was published in Richard Jolly, "False Attack: Misrepresenting the Human Development Report and Misunderstanding the Need for Rethinking Global Governance", World Economics 1, no. 3(2000):1-15.
419. Srinivasan, "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?";
420. V. V. Bhanoji Rao, "Human Development Report 1990: Review and Assessment", World Development 19, no. 10(1991):1451-1460.
421. Based on Richard Jolly, "Human Development and Neo-Liberalism: Paradigms Compared", in Readings in Human Development: Concepts, Measures and Policies for a Development Paradigm, ed. Sakiko Fukuda Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 82-92.
422. The full source for the epigraph for Part 3 is Barbara Ward, "Where There Is No Vision, the People Perish", International Development Review 4 (1980)
423. reprinted in Development 40, no. 1(1997):84-87, quote at 87.
424. See Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment", Foreign Affairs 70, no. 1 (1990/1991):23-33;
425. and Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment Revisited", National Interest 70 (Winter 2002/2003):5-17.
426. Fareed Zakharia, The Post-American World (New York: Norton, 2008).
427. The discussion draws on Peter J. Hoffman and Thomas G. Weiss, Sword & Salve: Confronting New Wars and Humanitarian Crises (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), chapter 3;
428. Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Rather, "Saving Failed States", Foreign Policy 89 (Winter 1992-1993):3-20.
429. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999).
430. See Bertrand Badie, The Imported State: The Westernization of the Political Order (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000).
431. John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations", International Organization 47 (Winter 1993):165.
432. Robert I. Rotberg, "Failed States in a World of Terror", Foreign Affairs 81, no. 4(2002):127-140.
433. For a fuller discussion of Africa's problems, see Martin Meredith, The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence (London: Free Press, 2005).
434. See "Developmental and Cultural Nationalisms", ed. Radhika Desai, special issue, Third World Quarterly 29, no. 3 (2008).
435. Dan Plesch, "How the United Nations Beat Hitler and Prepared the Peace", Global Society 22, no. 1(2008):137.
436. Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Stern, eds., Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) has brought together some important papers on these issues.
437. See also Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceicao, Katell Le Goulven, and Ronald U. Mendoza, eds., Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
438. On the recent positive trend (since 2002), see United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2008 (New York: UN, 2008). Table 1.1 shows that the fifty leastdeveloped countries have experienced an average annual growth rate of between 6.3 and 8.4 percent over the last seven years, compared to a growth rate of between 1.3 and 3 percent among developed countries.
439. See, for example, Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 56-61.
440. See also Gunnar Myrdal, "The Widening Income Gap", originally published for the Society for International Development in International Development Review (September 1963):3-6
441. and reprinted in Development 40, no. 1(1997):25-30.
442. Kofi Annan, "We the Peoples": The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations, 2000), 19.
443. James Raymond Vreeland, The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending (London: Routledge, 2007), 90.
444. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
445. Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 2005) discusses the diversity of identities in the Indian context.
446. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 433.
447. Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), chapters 9 and 10.
448. For a summary of these achievements, see "Building the Human Foundations", in Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frédéric Lapeyre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 186-219.
449. See WHO, The World Health Report (Geneva: WHO, 1998), chapter 5.
450. Jeffrey Sachs, Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), 297-300.
451. Bertrand G. Ramcharan, Preventive Diplomacy and the UN (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 209-215.
452. Frances Stewart and the Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity have published a number of reports documenting the effects of horizontal inequalities and what can be done about them. See www.crise.ox.ac.uk.
453. High-level Panel on Threats, Challenge and Change, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility (New York: United Nations, 2004).
454. See Jane Boulden, Ramesh Thakur, and Thomas G. Weiss, eds., The UN and Nuclear Orders (Tokyo: UN University Press, forthcoming).
455. Joseph Stiglitz and Linda J. Bilmes, The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict (New York: Norton, 2008).
456. see Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), xv.
457. See also UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), table 19, pages 294-297, which shows that over three-quarters of the 145 countries that have collected data spend more than 1 percent of GDP on military spending.
458. Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change, 486.
459. UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008, 3.
460. Ramesh Thakur and Thomas G. Weiss, The UN and Global Governance: An Unfinished Journey (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming 2009).
461. Craig N. Murphy, International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance since 1850 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), 47-48, identifies thirty-three international organizations that existed in 1914-1915 that had a mandate concerning fostering industry, five for managing potential social conflict, four for strengthening states and the state system, and nine for strengthening society in such areas as human rights, relief and welfare, health, and education.
462. On the Global Compact, see Tagi Sagafi-nejad in collaboration with John Dunning, The UN and Transnational Corporations: From Code of Conduct to Global Compact (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
463. The Holland Ring, "1953: Flood Disaster. The Dutch Struggle against the Waters", available at http://www.thehollandring.com/1953-ramp.shtml.
464. See Nico Schrijver, The UN and the Global Commons: Development without Destruction (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming).
465. Juliette Jowit, Caroline Davies, and David Adam, "Late-Night Drama Pushes US into Climate Deal", The Observer, 16 December 2007.
466. For an effort to move in this direction, see Thomas G. Weiss, What's Wrong with the UN and How to Fix It (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009).
467. An early advocate of development contracts was Thorvald Stoltenberg, who was successively minister of development, of defense, and of foreign affairs in Norway. See his "Towards a World Development Strategy", in One World or Several? ed. Louis Emmerij (Paris: OECD, 1989), 241-242.
468. Jan Tinbergen, Anthony J. Dolman, and Jan van Ettinger, Reshaping the International Order (New York: Dutton, 1976).
469. Jean-François Rischard, High Noon: 20 Global Problems, 20 Years to Solve Them (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
470. Jeffrey Sachs, Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (New York: Penguin, 2008), 300-302.
471. Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, Louis Emmerij, and Richard Jolly, UN Voices: The Struggle for Development and Social Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 342-343.
472. United Nations, "The Nobel Peace Prize 2001", UN Chronicle 38, no. 4 (2001-2002):4.