Quantifying the world: UN ideas and statistics

Quantifying the World: UN Ideas and Statistics

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-327

  Ward, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84900676839     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (228)

1. Dudley Seers, The Political Economy of Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 130.
2. Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), p. xi.
3. Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
4. Graham Pyatt and Michael Ward, eds., Identifying the Poor: Papers on Measuring Poverty to Celebrate the Bicentenary of the Publication in ljyj of "The State of the Poor" by Sir Frederick Morton Eden (Washington, D.C.: IOS Press, 1999).
5. For an excellent review of how individual quantitatively oriented humanitarians played a significant role in generating knowledge about poverty and living conditions, see Richard Stone, Some British Empiricists in the Social Sciences, 1650-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
6. For an assessment of living standards at the time, see Arthur Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution (London: Methuen, 1975).
7. T. Griffin, "The Beginnings of the International Co-operation on Statistical Matters," paper to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Conference of European Statisticians (CES), Paris, June 2002.
8. T. S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution, 1/60-1830 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948).
9. F. Morton Eden, The State of the Poor, 3 vols. (London: J. Davis, 1797);
10. see also Pyatt and Ward, Identifying the Poor.
11. Eliot Asinof, 1919: America's Loss of Innocence (New York: D. I. Fine, 1990).
12. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Use of Macro Accounts in Policy Analyses," Handbook of National Accounting, Series F, No. 81 (New York: United Nations, 2002).
13. See, in particular, Section II.B, "The Foundations of Macroeconomics," pp. 12-29.
14. Jack E. Triplett, "Escalation Measures: What Is the Answer? What Is the Question?" in Price Level Measurement, ed. W. Erwin Diewert and C. Monmarquette (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada), pp. 457-482.
15. Zvi Griliches and Michael D. Intriligator, Handbook of Econometrics, 5 vols. (New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 1983).
16. See Yves Berthelot, ed., Unity and Diversity in Development Ideas: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), particularly Chapter 1 regarding Prebisch's pathbreaking role in the ECLA's 1949 Economic Survey of Latin America.
17. C. P. Snow, Strangers and Brothers (London: Macmillan, 1959).
18. See Martin Rees, Before the Beginning: Our Universe and Others (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 1997).
19. Bjorn Lomberg, The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Lomberg damns the cavalier use of statistics in support of political viewpoints on environmental degradation that cannot be substantiated.
20. A. Maxwell Stamp, Josiah Stamp and the Limitations of Economics (London: Athlone Press, 1970).
21. Michael Ward, "Are Codes of Conduct and Professional Ethics Enough?" paper presented to the IAOS Conference on Official Statistics and the New Economy, London, 27-29 August 2002. Available online at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/iaoslondon2002/contributed_papers/downloads/IP_Ward.doc.
22. See especially IMF SDDS (Special Data Dissemination Standards), GDDS (General Data Dissemination System), and DQAF (Data Quality Assurance Framework). For further information go to the IMF Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board at http://dsbb.imf.org/Applications/web/dsbbhome.
23. One of the UN's earliest aims was to counterbalance certain national power structures that it felt could potentially destabilize peaceful international relations and prejudice universal discourse. See the UN Charter, available online at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html.
24. Kris Inwood, "Economic Growth and Global Inequality in Long Run Perspective," a review of The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective by Angus Maddison (2001), Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 48, no. 4 (2002): note 28.
25. See Angus Maddison, Phases of Capitalist Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)
26. Economic Growth in the West (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1964);
27. and The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD, 2001).
28. The International Conference on Financing for Development was held on 18-22 March 2002 in Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Information about the conference can be found at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd.
29. The time seems ripe for a comprehensive treatise on "the political economy of numbers" See Dudley Seers, "The Political Economy of National Accounting," in Employment, Income Distribution, and Development Strategy: Problems of the Developing Countries: Essays in Honour of H. W. Singer, edited by Hans Singer, Alec Cairncross, and Mohinder Puri (London: Macmillan, 1976)
30. for an early recognition of the importance of this question. Also see Seers, "The Neutrality of Numbers," IDS Bulletin 7 no. 3 (October 1975).
31. Peter Drake writing in the Royal Economic Society Newsletter 118 (July 2002): 12.
32. H. W. Arndt, The Economic Lessons of the Nineteen Thirties (London: Oxford University Press, 1944) was one attempt to evaluate the policy experience of countries in the interwar period.
33. See also Colin Clark, The Conditions of Economic Progress (London: Macmillan, 1940).
34. Stone's pioneering work on modern national income accounting later had wider dissemination through his famous succinct publication with James Meade, National Income and Expenditure (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1944).
35. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
36. United Nations Statistical Office, A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables (New York: United Nations, 1953).
37. See William Seltzer, "Five Decades of the Statistical Commission: Five Results from a Systematic Sample," paper presented at the twenty-eighth session of the Statistical Commission, UN Headquarters, New York, 27 February-3 March 1995, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of international statistical work in the United Nations system.
38. IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1981-).
39. This is an annual publication by the IMF. United Nations Statistical Office, A Short Manual on Sampling (New York: UN, 1960).
40. Information about the Millennium Development Project can be found at http://www.unmillenniumproject.org.
41. Jack Triplett, "The Solow Productivity Paradox: What Do Computers Do to Productivity?" Canadian Journal of Economics (April 1999); available online at http://www.brook.edu/views/articles/triplett/199904.htm.
42. See also Dale Jorgenson, Productivity and U.S. Economic Growth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987)
43. "Whatever Happened to Productivity Growth?" in New Developments in Productivity Analysis, edited by C. R. Hulten, E. R. Deau, and M. J. Harper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 205-246.
44. William Seltzer, "Statistical Standards and National, Regional, and Global Requirements and Capabilities," paper presented at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Chicago, Illinois, 4-8 August 1996.
45. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
46. Dudley Seers, "The Limitations of the Special Case," Bulletin of the Institute of Economics and Statistics 25, no. 2 (May 1963).
47. Respectively, Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1944);
48. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936)
49. How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer (London: Macmillan and Co., 1940).
50. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1930);
51. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London: J. Murray, 1926).
52. "Confessions of a Chiffrephile," Banca Nazionale di Lavoro Quarterly Review [June 1994]: 123-185.
53. Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
54. United Nations, Links between Business Accounting and National Accounting (New York: United Nations Statistical Division, 2000).
55. Inland Revenue Report on National Income, 1929, with an introduction by Richard Stone (Cambridge: Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge, 1977).
56. John Maynard Keynes, General Theory on Employment, Interest, and Money (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936). Keynes showed that aggregate spending power supported the economy. If this fell off because people became unemployed, then output would decline further.
57. A. C. Pigou, The Theory of Unemployment (New York: A. M. Kelley, 1933).
58. John Maynard Keynes, How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer (London: Macmillan and Co., 1940).
59. To find out more about W. Edwards Deming and his work, visit the W. Edwards Deming Institute's Web site at http://www.deming.org.
60. For an important and interesting discussion of the issues, see Gyorgy Szylagyi's recent review of Utz-Peter Reich's book National Accounts and Economic Values-Study in Concepts in "What Is the Theory Behind?" Review of Income and Wealth, Series 49, no. 2 (June 2003).
61. Derek Blades, History of the System of National Accounts (Paris: OECD, 2001).
62. Organisation for European Economic Cooperation, A Standardized System of National Accounts (Paris: OEEC, 1952).
63. James Meade and Richard Stone, National Income and Expenditure (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1944);
64. updated in 1966 by Richard Stone and Giovanna Stone. For an insightful and personal view of Stone's life and his association with the UN, see M. H. Pesaran, "An Interview with Professor Sir Richard Stone," Econometric Theory 7 (1991): 85-123.
65. There are some notable seventeenth-century precursors of this work, inter alia: William Petty (1623-1687) in The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, edited by Henry Charles Hall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899);
66. Gregory King, "Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions upon the State and Condition of England 1696," in Earliest Classics, edited by Peter Laslett, John Graunt, and Gregory King (Farnborough, UK: Gregg International, 1973);
67. François Quesnay, Quesnay's Tableau Economique, edited by Ronald Meek et al. (London: Macmillan, 1972).
68. More recent work is associated with Arthur Bowley and Josiah Stamp, National Income 1924 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927);
69. Bowley's edited work, Studies in the National Income, 1924-1938 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944).
70. Earlier, Colin Clark had produced his own estimates in The National Income, 1924-1931 (London: Macmillan, 1932).
71. For an overview of national income development in the U.S., see Carol Carson, "The History of the United States National Income and Product Accounts: The Development of an Analytical Tool," Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 21, no. 2 (1975): 153-181.
72. Wassily Leontief, The Structure of American Economy, 1919-1939, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951).
73. See also Hollis Chenery and Paul Clark, Interindustry Economics (New York: Wiley, 1959).
74. Eurostat, Material Flow Accounting: Experience of Statistical Institutes in Europe (Luxembourg: Eurostat, 1997);
75. United Nations, Comparisons of the System of National Accounts and the System of Balances of the National Economy (New York: UNSO, 1977).
76. C. A. Bochove and H. K. Van Tuinen, "Flexibility in the Next SNA: The Case for an Institutional Core," Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 32, no. 2 (1986): 127-154.
77. Nancy Ruggles, "Comment" on papers on the structure of the SNA, Review of Income and Wealth, series 32, no. 2 (1986): 213-216.
78. André Vanoli, Une histoire de la compatibilité nationale (Paris: Découverte, 2002).
79. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics: Supplement on Government Finance, International Financial Statistics Supplement Series No. 11 (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1986), 30;
80. International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Manual (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1948).
81. Cambridge University, Department of Applied Economics, A Programme for Growth, vols. I-XII (Cambridge: Chapman and Hall, 1962-1974).
82. The most influential volumes in this twelve-volume monograph serial are the first three: Richard Stone and Alan Andrew Brown, A Computable Model of Economic Growth (Cambridge: Chapman and Hall, 1962);
83. University of Cambridge, A Social Accounting Matrix for i960 (Cambridge: Chapman and Hall, 1962);
84. and University of Cambridge, Input-Output Relationships, 1954-1966 (Cambridge: Chapman and Hall, 1963).
85. Graham Pyatt and Eric Thorbecke, Planning Techniques for a Better Future (Geneva: ILO, 1976);
86. Graham Pyatt and J. I. Round, eds., Social Accounting Matrices: A Basis for Planning (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1985).
87. Edmond Malinvaud, Statistical Methods of Econometrics, 3rd rev. ed. (Amsterdam: North Holland Pub. Co., 1980).
88. Utz-Peter Reich, National Accounts and Economic Value: A Study in Concepts (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
89. Seers, "The Limitations of the Special Case," note 2.
90. The methodology and procedures and these practical applications were subsequently written up by Ward in Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 18, no. 3 (September 1972).
91. See Dudley Seers, " The Statistical Needs for Development with Special Reference to National Accounting," IDS Communication 120 (1977).
92. Lance Taylor, "A Three-Gap Model," in Problems of Developing Countries in the 1990s, edited by F. D. McCarthy (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1990), pp. 55-90.
93. See William Easterly, "The Ghost of the Financing Gap: How the Harrod-Domar Model Still Haunts Development Economics," Journal of Development Economics 60, no. 2 (December 1999): 423-438. Easterly further asserts that the "financing gap" model has little empirical validity.
94. United Nations Statistical Division, Standard International Trade Classification, Rev.3 (Series M, No.34, Rev.3), 1996. Available online at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=i4.
95. Soonhwa Yi, "The Missing Element in Trade in Services," paper presented at the fifty-third conference of the International Statistical Institute, Seoul, South Korea, 2229 August 2001.
96. William Cave, "Measuring International Trade in Services and New Demands on the Family of Classifications," paper presented at the IAOS Conference on Official Statistics and the New Economy, London, 27-29 August 2002.
97. Soonhwa Yi, " Trade in Services and Income Distribution," paper presented at the fifth annual conference on Globalization Growth and (In)Equality, University of Warwick, UK, 15-17 March 2002.
98. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
99. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Services Statistics on Value Added and Employment 2000 (Paris: OECD, 2000).
100. Productivity is related to the amount of output, not its usefulness. See R. Turvey, Developments in International Labour Statistics (London: Pinter, 1990).
101. See Angus Maddison, Economic Growth and Standards of Living in the Twentieth Century (Groningen, The Netherlands: Groningen Growth and Development Centre, 1994).
102. ILO, "75 Years of Labor Statistics," in ILO Labor Statistics 1995 (Geneva: ILO, 1995).
103. International Labour Office (ILO), Employment, Incomes and Equity: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva: ILO, 1972).
104. Paul E. Bangasser, "The ILO and the Informal Sector: An Institutional History," ILO Employment Paper 2000/9, International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
105. Marie Lavigne, The Economics of Transition: From Socialist Economy to Market Economy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995).
106. Ann Chadeau, "Measuring Household Activities: Some International Comparisons," Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 31, no. 3 (September 1985): 237-254.
107. See reference to Molly Orshansky in Jessie Willis, "How We Measure Poverty: A History and Brief Overview" (February 2000) available online at http://www.ocpp .org/poverty/how.htm.
108. National Agricultural Census Office of China, Abstract of the First National Agricultural Census in China (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 1999);
109. National Bureau of Statistics, International Seminar on China Agricultural Census Results, 19-22 September 2000: Summary Report (Beijing, China: National Bureau of Statistics, 8 December 2000).
110. Dennis Casley and Krishna Kumar, Project Monitoring and Evaluation in Agriculture (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
111. Sultan Ahmad, "Improving Inter-Spatial and Inter-Temporal Comparability of National Accounts," Journal of Development Economics 44 (1994): 53-75.
112. Department of Economic and Social Development, Handbook of the International Comparison Program (New York: United Nations, 1992).
113. Ian Castles, Review of the OECD-Eurostat PPP Program, OECD document STD/PPP(97)5, available online at http://www1.oecd.org/std/ecastle.pdf;
114. J. Ryten, Report on the Evaluation of the International Comparisons Programme (New York: United Nations, 1999).
115. "You have never had it so good" was the slogan Britain's Conservative Party prime minister Harold Macmillan used in his 1959 electoral campaign. Macmillan was prime minister from 1959 to 1963. For more information, see his online biography at http://politics99.co.uk/people/haroldmacmillan.htm.
116. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945).
117. Richard Stone, "Towards a System of Social and Demographic Statistics," Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 18, UN sales no. E.74.XVII.8 (New York: UNSD, 1974).
118. United Nations, Towards a System of Social and Demographic Statistics (New York: United Nations, 1975).
119. Angus Maddison, "What Is Education For?" Lloyds Bank Review, April 1974.
120. see Angus Maddison, "Confessions of a Chiffrephile," Banca Nazionale di Lavoro Quarterly Review (June 1994): 123-185.
121. Available online at http://www.developmentgoals.org/index.html.
122. Social Indicators: Preliminary Guidelines and Illustrative Series (New York: United Nations, 1978).
123. International Definition and Measurement of Levels of Living: An Interim Guide (New York: United Nations, 1961), prepared jointly with the FAO, the ILO, UNESCO, and the WHO.
124. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Statistical Unit, Research Databank of Development Indicators, 4 vols. (1976; reprint, Geneva: UNRISD, 1987). The 1987 edition was updated and revised.
125. See Charles L. Taylor and David A. Jodice, World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators III, 1948-1982 (Ann Arbor: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1985).
126. Social Trends: A Publication of the Government Statistical Service, annual series (London: HMSO, 1970).
127. See Dudley Seers, "A System of Social and Demographic Statistics: A Review Note," Economic Journal, no. 76 (1976);
128. "Life Expectancy as an Integrating Concept in Social and Demographic Analysis and Planning," Review of Income and Wealth 23, no. 3 ( 1977);
129. "Active Life Proiles for Different Social Groups: A Contribution to Demographic Measurement, a Frame for Social Indicators and a Tool of Social and Economic Analysis," in Economic Structure and Performance: Essays in Honor of Hollis B. Chenery, edited by Moishe Syrquin, Lance Taylor, and Larry E. Westphal (Orlando: Academic Press, 1984).
130. See also Henry Lucas, Life Expectancy as an Integrating Concept for Social and Demographic Data (Paris: OECD Development Center, 1985).
131. Jan Drewnowski, On Measuring and Planning the Quality of Life (The Hague: Mouton, 1974), p. 1.
132. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1968).
133. OECD, Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Co-operation (Paris: OECD, 1996). Information about the Millennium Development Project can be found online at http://www.unmillenniumproject.org.
134. UNSO, The World's Women, 1995: Trends and Statistics (New York: UN, 1995). Other reports under the same title were published in 1991 and 2000.
135. See for example, Frank Yates, Sampling Methods for Censuses and Surveys, 3rd ed. (New York: Hafner, 1960);
136. P. V. Sukhatme, Sampling Theory of Surveys with Applications (Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1954);
137. W. G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1953);
138. W. E. Deming, Some Theory of Sampling (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1953).
139. In these areas, C. A. Moser and G. Kalton, Survey Methods in Social Investigation (New York: Basic Books, 1971) remained for many years the handbook many turned to for questionnaire design and simple sampling matters.
140. United Nations Statistical Office, A Short Manual on Sampling (New York: United Nations, 1960).
141. For a comprehensive evaluation of this program, see K. T. de Graft-Johnson, Review of the National Household Survey Capability Programme (NHSCP) 19/9-1992 (New York: UN Statistical Division, 1992).
142. Jean-Luc Dubois, Think Before Measuring: Methodological Innovations for the Collection and Analysis of Statistical Data, Social Dimensions of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper No. 7 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992).
143. See Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, Dharam Ghai, and Frederic Lapayre, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming);
144. Yves Berthelot, Unity and Diversity in Development: Perspectives from the UN Regional Commissions (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004).
145. Arlie Russel Hochschild and Anne Machung, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking, 1989).
146. D. Blades, The Measurement of (Non-Monetary) Subsistence Output (Paris: OECD Development Centre, 1977).
147. L. Goldschmidt-Clermont, "Monetary Valuation of Non-Market Productive Time: Methodological Considerations," paper presented to the twenty-second general conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW), Flims, Switzerland, 30 August-5 September 1992;
148. Ann Chadeau, "Measuring Household Activities: Some International Comparisons," Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 31, no. 3 (September 1985): 237-254.
149. United Nations Statistics Division, Guide to Producing Statistics on Time-Use for Measuring Paid and Unpaid Work: An Outline, (ESA/STAT/AC.79/7), 17 October 2000. This source addresses gender issues in the measurement of paid and unpaid work. Available online at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/timeuse/xptgrpmeet/guide.pdf.
150. See, for example, Monica S. Fong, Female Labor Force Participation in a Modernizing Society: Malaya and Singapore, 1921-1951 (Honolulu: East-West Population Institute, 1975);
151. Monica S. Fong and Michael Lokshin, Child Care and Women's Labor Force Participation in Romania (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000);
152. Bina Agarwal, Women, Poverty, and Agricultural Growth in India (Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 1985);
153. Carmen D. Deere and Magdalena León de Leal, Rural Women and State Policy: Feminist Perspectives on Latin American Agricultural Development (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).
154. Nancy Baster, The Measurement of Women's Participation in Development: The Use of Census Data (Brighton, England: Institute of Development Studies, 1981).
155. In Women's Roles and Population Trends in the Third World (London: Routledge, 1988)
156. William Seltzer, "Politics and Statistics: Independence, Dependence, or Interaction?" Working Paper No. 6, Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, United Nations, New York, 1994.
157. Available online at http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm. Accessed July 2001.
158. Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism, 1/11 (London: Lewis, 1970).
159. World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) (Geneva: WHO, 1992-1994).
160. Henry Peskin, "A Proposed Environmental Accounts Framework," in Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: Selected Papers from the Joint UNEP-World Bank Workshops, edited by Yusef J. Ahmad, Salah El Serafy, and Ernst Lutz (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989);
161. Henry Peskin, "Alternative Environmental and Resource Accounting Approaches," in Ecological Economics, edited by D. Costanza (New York: Columbia University, 1991).
162. P. Bartelmus, C. Stahmer, and J. van Tongeren, "Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting: Framework for a SNA Satellite System," Review of Income and Wealth, ser. 37, no. 2 (1991): 111-148;
163. P. Bartelmus, "Environmental Accounting and the System of National Accounts," in Ahmad, El Serafy, and Lutz, eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: Selected Papers from the Joint UNEP-World Bank Workshops (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1989).
164. Peter Bartelmus, "Whither Economics? From Optimality to Sustainability?" Environment and Economics 2 (1997): 323-345.
165. Robert C. Repetto, Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts (Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 1989).
166. Fulai Sheng, Real Value for Nature: An Overview of Global Efforts to Achieve True Measures of Economic Progress (Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund, 1995);
167. also Wouter Van Dieren, ed., Taking Nature into Account: A Report to the Club of Rome (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995).
168. J. R. Hicks, Value and Capital, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946) defines the essential characteristics of income as the maximum amount of permissible consumption without running down existing capital.
169. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, "Accounting for Mineral Sources: Issues and BEA's Initial Estimates," Survey of Current Business (April 1994): 50-72.
170. Salah El Serafy, "The Environment as Capital," in Costanza, ed., Ecological Economics; and Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz, "Environmental and Resource Accounting: An Overview," in Ahmad, El Serafy, and Lutz, eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development, pp. 1-7.
171. See also M. Ward, Accounting for the Depletion of Natural Resources in the National Accounts of Developing Countries (Paris: OECD Development Center, 1982).
172. For a discussion of the measurement of net economic welfare, see William D. Nordhaus and James Tobin, "Is Growth Obsolete?" in The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance, edited by Milton Moss. Studies in Income and Wealth Vol. 38 (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973; distributed by Columbia University Press, 1973), 509-564.
173. See also Net National Welfare Committee, Economic Council of Japan, Measuring Net National Welfare of Japan: Report of the NNW Measurement Committee (Tokyo: Ministry of Finance, 1974).
174. Anthony M. Friend and David J. Rapport, "The Evolution of Information Systems for Sustainable Development," IREE Occasional Paper Series No. 1, Institute for Research on Environment and Economy, Ottawa, 1989.
175. Ahmad, El Serafy, and Lutz, eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development.
176. Donella H. Meadows, The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972).
177. The "Report of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment" can be found at the United Nations Environment Programme Web site at http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=97.
178. Allen V. Kneese, Robert U. Ayres, and Ralph C. D'Arge, Economics and the Environment: A Materials Balance Approach (Baltimore: Resources for the Future, 1970).
179. In the late 1980s, Friend and Bartelmus worked together on a UN technical report, which was published in 1991: UNSO, Concepts and Methods of Environment Statistics: Statistics of the Natural Environment (New York: United Nations, 1991).
180. See Bartelmus, "Whither Economics? From Optimality to Sustainability?"; and Sheng, Real Value for Nature.
181. See Hermann Daly, Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996)
182. "Toward a Measure of Sustainable Social Net National Product," in Ahmad, El Serafy, and Lutz, eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development, pp. 8-9.
183. Rofie Hueting and P. Bosch, "On the Correction of National Income for Environmental Losses," Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 7 (1990): 75-83;
184. Rofie Hueting and Bart de Boer, "Environmental Valuation and Sustainable National Income According to Hueting," in Economic Growth and Valuation of the Environment: A Debate, edited by E. C. Ierland, J. van der Straaten, and H. A. J. Vollevergh (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001).
185. Christian Leipert, "SEEA, 1989: National Economic Growth, the Conceptual Side of Defensive Expenditures," Journal of Economic Issues 23, no. 3 (1989): 843-856.
186. David W. Pearce, Anil Markandya, and Edward Barbier, Blueprint for a Green Economy (London: Earthscan, 1989).
187. S. J. Kuening and M. de Haan, "Netherlands: What's in a NAMEA? Recent Results," in Environmental Accounting in Theory and Practice, edited by K. Uno and P. Bartelmus (London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998), 143-156.
188. For a discussion of the LINK model encompassing a set of identities and stochastic equations about economic behavior (GDP related), see UN, The Use of Macro Accounts in Policy Analysis (New York: United Nations, 2002), p. 296. Available online at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/hbnause.pdf.
189. See E. U. Weizsäcker, A. B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four-Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use (London: Earthscan Publications, 1995).
190. Friend and Rapport, "The Evolution of Information Systems for Sustainable Development."
191. Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999).
192. Vance Packard, The Waste Makers (New York: D. McKay, 1960).
193. Wassily Leontief, "Environmental Repercussion and the Economic Structure: An Input-Output Approach," in Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings, edited by Robert Dorfman and Nancy S. Dorfman (New York: Norton, 1972), pp. 403-422;
194. Wassily Leontief, "National Income, Economic Structure and Environmental Externalities," in The Measurement of Economic and Social Performance, edited by Milton Moss (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973), pp. 565-578.
195. Richard Stone, "The Evolution of Pollution: Balancing Gains and Losses," Minerva 10 (1971).
196. World Bank, Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1997).
197. To view the texts of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, visit the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Web site at http://unfccc.int.
198. See Peter Bartelmus, "The Value of Nature-Valuation in Environmental Accounting," in Environmental Accounting in Theory and Practice, edited by K. Uno and P. Bartelmus (The Netherlands: Kluwer, Dordecht, 1998) for a more elaborate discussion of the pros and cons of different valuations in environmental accounting.
199. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations, and World Bank Group, A Better World for All: Progress towards the International Development Goals: 2000 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2000).
200. Peter Bauer, Economic Analysis and Policy in Underdeveloped Countries (London: Routledge, 1965).
201. Mahbub ul Haq, "Human Development in a Changing World," Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper 1, United Nations, New York, 1992.
202. For a more detailed perspective, see Angus Deaton, The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconomic Approach to Development Policy (Baltimore, Md.: Published for the World Bank by Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997);
203. Angus Deaton, "Solutions," World Bank Research Observer 16, no. 2 (2001): 126-147.
204. See also Martin Ravallion, Gaurav Datt, and Dominique Van de Walle, "Quantifying Absolute Poverty in the Developing World," Review of Income and Wealth 37, no. 4 (December 1991): 345-362;
205. Sanjay G. Reddy and Thomas W. Pogge, "How Not to Count the Poor," paper presented to the twenty-seventh general conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW), Djuronaset, Sweden, 18-24 August 2002, available online at www.socialanalysis.org.
206. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 25. See also Kofi A. Annan, We, the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 2000).
207. Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (New York: Morrow, 1974).
208. In his introduction to the 50th-anniversary edition of Friedrich A. von Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)
209. But for an alternative view, see Amartya Sen, "The Value of Democracy," Development Outreach 1, no. 1 (Summer 1999).
210. William Shawcross, Deliver Us from Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords and a World of Endless Conflict (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
211. Expert Group on Household Income Statistics, The Canberra Group, Measures of Household Income and Its Distribution: Final Report and Recommendations (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2001).
212. Branko Milanovic, "True World Income Distribution 1988 and 1993: First Calculations Based on Household Surveys Alone," The Economic Journal 112, no. 476 (January 2002): 57-93;
213. Yuri Dikhanov and Michael Ward, "Evolution of the Global Distribution of Income 1970-1999," paper presented to the fifty-third session of the International Statistical Institute, Seoul, South Korea, 22-29 August 2001. Available online at http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CSGR/PDikhanov.pdf.
214. See Reddy and Pogge, "How Not to Count the Poor," note 4.
215. UNICEF, Progress Since the World Summit for Children: A Statistical Review (New York: UNICEF, 2001) is a model of reporting in a closely related area.
216. Charles Taylor, Indicator Systems for Political, Economic, and Social Analysis (Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1980).
217. The conference of the International Association for Oficial Statistics (IAOS) on Statistics, Development and Human Rights was held in Montreux, Switzerland, from 4 to 8 September 2000. A complete program can be found at http://www.statistik.admin.ch/about/international.
218. Lars Osberg, "Needs and Wants: What Is Social Progress and How Should It Be Measured?" Review of Economic and Social Progress 1 (June 2001): 23-42.
219. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
220. Amartya Sen, Commodities and Capabilities (New York: Elsevier Science Pub., 1985);
221. see also Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
222. Osberg, "Needs and Wants: What Is Social Progress and How Should It Be Measured?"
223. See for example, Joseph Stiglitz, "The Role of Participation in Development," Development Outreach 1, no. 1 (Summer 1999): 10-16.
224. Quoted in Martin Rees, Before the Beginning: Our Universe and Others (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 1997).
225. Henry David Thoreau, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (London: Housmans, 1963).
226. James Wolfensohn in his "Welcome" to Development Outreach 1, no. 1 (Summer 1999): 1.
227. James Wolfensohn, "Opening Address," Conference on Democracy, Market Economy and Development, sponsored by the Republic of Korea and the World Bank, Seoul, South Korea, 26-27 February 1999.
228. R. Oostendorp and M. Przybgla, Report to Compare Standards of Living across Occupations and Countries using the ILO October Enquiry (Geneva: ILO, 2001).