Tourist towns on the edge: Conceptualising vulnerability and resilience in a protected area tourism system

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 646-665

  Espiner, Stephen ^a   Becken, Susanne ^b  

^a LINCOLN UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Fox Glacier; Franz Josef Glacier; New Zealand; protected area tourism system; resilience; vulnerability

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; PROTECTED AREA; SUSTAINABILITY; TOURIST ATTRACTION; TOURIST DESTINATION; VULNERABILITY;

FOX GLACIER; FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND; WEST COAST [SOUTH ISLAND];

EID: 84895926935     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2013.855222     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347-364.
2. Adger, W.N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16, 268-281.
3. Alexander, V.C. (1994). Westland heritage: A journey of nostalgia. Christchurch: Alexander Publications.
4. Anderson, B., Lawson, W., & Owens, I. (2008). Response of Franz Josef Glacier Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere to climate change. Global and Planetary Change, 63, 23-30.
5. Balcar, M.J.O., & Pearce, D.G. (1996). Heritage tourism on the West Coast of New Zealand. Tourism Management, 17(3), 203-212.
6. Becken, S. (2012). Visitor sector response to the Christchurch earthquake. Wellington: Ministry of Economic Development.
7. Becken, S. (2013). Measuring the effect of weather on tourism: A destination and activity based analysis. Journal of Travel Research. doi: 10.1177/0047287512461569
8. Becken, S. (in press). Developing a framework for assessing resilience of tourism sub-systems to climatic factors. Annals of Tourism Research. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.002
9. Becken, S., & Hay, J. (2012). Climate change and tourism: From policy to practice. London: Routledge.
10. Becken, S., & Lennox, J. (2012). Implications of a long term increase in oil prices for tourism. Tourism Management, 33(1), 133-142.
11. Becken, S., & Schiff, A. (2011). Distance models for New Zealand international tourists and the role of transport prices. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 303-320.
12. Bell, C. (1996). Inventing New Zealand: Everyday myths of Pakeha identity. Auckland: Penguin Books.
13. Berkes, F., & Seixas, C. (2005). Building resilience in lagoon socio-ecological systems: A local level perspective. Ecosystems, 8, 967-974.
14. Biggs, D., Hall, C., & Stoeckl, N. (2012). The resilience of formal and informal enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 645-665.
15. Booth, K., & Simmons, D. (2000). Tourism and the establishment of national parks in New Zealand. In S.W. Boyd & R.W. Butler (Eds.), Tourism and national parks: Issues and implications (pp. 39-49). New York: Wiley.
16. Brouder, P., & Lundmark, L. (2011). Climate change in northern Sweden: Intra-regional perceptions of vulnerability among winter-oriented tourism businesses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19, 919-933.
17. Bunce, M., Brown, K., & Rosendo, S. (2010). Policy misfits, climate change and cross-scale vulnerability in coastal Africa: How development projects undermine resilience. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, 485-497.
18. Christensen, L., & Krogman, N. (2012). Social thresholds and their translation into social-ecological management practices. Ecology and Society, 17(1), 5-14.
19. Conradson, D., & Pawson, E. (2009). New cultural economies of marginality: Revisiting the West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Rural Studies, 25, 77-86.
20. Cutter, S.L. (1996). Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Progress in Human Geography, 20, 529-539.
21. Davies, T., Campbell, B., Hall, B., & Gomez, C. (2013). Recent behaviour and sustainable future management of the Waiho River, Westland, New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology (NZ), 52(1), 27-42.
22. de la Barre, S. (2013). Wilderness and cultural tour guides, place identity and sustainable tourism in remote areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 825-844.
23. Department of Conservation. (2001). Westland Tai Poutini National Park Management Plan 2001-2008 (Amended 2008). West coast conservancy management plan series No 3. Hokitika: Author.
24. Department of Conservation. (2012). Annual report: For the year ended June 30, 2012. Wellington: Author.
25. Eagles, P.F.J. (2013). Research priorities in park tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.785554
26. Eagles, P.F.J., & McCool, S.F. (2000). Tourism in national parks and protected areas: Planning and management. Wallingford: CABI.
27. Espiner, S. (2001). The phenomenon of risk and its management in natural resource recreation and tourism settings: A case study of Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, Westland National Park, New Zealand (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Lincoln University, Lincoln.
28. Espiner, S., & Weiss, R. (2010). Evaluating aspects of hazard awareness, safety message effectiveness and behavioural compliance among visitors to the Glaciers, Westland National Park, New Zealand (Report prepared for the Franz Josef Area Office). South Westland: Department of Conservation.
29. Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253-267.
30. Füssel, H.-M. (2007). Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research. Global Environmental Change, 17, 155-167.
31. Gallopin, G. (2006). Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change, 16, 293-303.
32. Getzner, M., Vik, M.L., Brendehaug, E., & Lane, B. (in press). Governance and management strategies in national parks: Implications for sustainable regional development. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 6(1 & 2).
33. Gladwell, M. (2002). The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. London: Abacus.
34. Gough, J. (2000). Perceptions of risk from natural hazards in two remote New Zealand communities. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 2000(2). Retrieved from http://trauma.massey.ac.nz/issues/2000-2/gough.htm
35. Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
36. Hopkins, D., & Becken, S. (in press). Socio-cultural resilience and tourism. In A.A. Lew, C.M. Hall, & A.M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell companion to tourism. Chichester: Wiley.
37. Howarth, J.D., Fitzsimons, S.J., Norris, R.J., & Jacobsen, G.E. (2012). Lake sediments record cycles of sediment flux driven by large earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geology, 40, 1091-1094.
38. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_appendix.pdf
39. Jennings, G. (2001). Tourism research. Melbourne: Wiley.
40. Kasperson, J.X., Kasperson, R.E., Turner, B.L., Hsieh, W.-H., & Schiller, A. (2003). Vulnerability to global environmental change. The human dimensions of global environmental change. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
41. Klein, R.J.T., Nicholls, R.J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Environmental Hazards, 5, 35-45.
42. Langridge, R.M., & Beban, J.G. (2011). Planning for a safer Franz Josef-Waiau community, Westland District: Considering rupture of the Alpine Fault (Report No. 2011/217 61). Wellington: GNS Science Consultancy.
43. Lofland, J., Snow, D.A., Anderson, L., & Lofland, L. (2005). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
44. Luers, A.L., Lobell, D.B., Sklar, L.A., Addams, C.L., & Matson, P.A. (2003). A method for quantifying vulnerability, applied to the agricultural system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Global Environmental Change, 13, 255-267.
45. Luthe, T., Wyss, R., & Schuckert, M. (2012). Network governance and regional resilience to climate change: Empirical evidence from mountain tourism communities in the Swiss Gotthard region. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 839-854.
46. Malone, E.L., & Brenkert, A.L. (2008). Uncertainty in resilience to climate change in India and Indian states. Climatic Change, 91, 451-476.
47. Marshall, N.A. (2010). Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change, 20, 36-43.
48. McCaskill, L.W. (1966). Handbook to the Westland National Park. Hokitika: Westland National Park Board.
49. McCool, A.F., Nkhata, B., Breen, C., & Freimund, W.A. (2013). A heuristic framework for reflecting on protected areas and their stewardship in the 21st century. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 1(2), 9-17.
50. McCormack, T. (1999). Glacier advance: The development of tourism at Franz Josef Glacier 1865-1965 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Otago, Dunedin.
51. Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S., Ziervogel, G., Nelson, D. (2010). Resilience and vulnerability: Complementary or conflicting concepts? Ecology and Society, 15(3), 11. Retrieved from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art11/
52. Mills, L. (2012, July 9). Franz Josef Glacier's "rapid" retreat. Greymouth Star, p. 5.
53. Ministry for the Environment. (2008). Climate change effects and impacts assessment: A guidance manual for local government in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/effects-impacts-may04/index.html
54. Moore, K., Simmons, D., & Fairweather, J. (2001). Visitors to the West Coast: Characteristics, attractions and decision-making (Report No. 22). Lincoln, New Zealand: Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre, Lincoln University.
55. Moreno, A., & Becken, S. (2009). A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), 473-488.
56. Nathan, S. (2012). West Coast region - overview. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/west-coast-region/page-1
57. Nelson, D.R., Adger, W.N., & Brown, K. (2007). Adaptation to environmental change: Contributions of a resilience framework. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32(1), 395-419.
58. Nelson, R., Kokic, P., Crimp, S., Meinke, H., & Howden, S.M. (2010). The vulnerability of Australian rural communities to climate variability and change: Part I - Conceptualising and measuring vulnerability. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, 8-17.
59. Newsome, D., Moore, S.A., & Dowling, R.K. (2013). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management (2nd ed.). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
60. Orchiston, C. (2012). Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the Alpine Fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 59-79.
61. Orchiston, C. Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2012). Outcomes of the Canterbury earthquake sequence for tourism businesses (Report No. 2012/09). Christchurch: Resilient Organisations Research.
62. Pearce, D. (1990). Tourism, the regions and restructuring in New Zealand. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1(2), 33-42.
63. Petrosillo, I., Zurlini, G., Grato, E., & Zaccarelli, N. (2006). Indicating fragility of socio-ecological tourism-based systems. Ecological Indicators, 6, 104-113.
64. Price, M. (2012, August 28). Fears over Franz Josef plan. Otago Daily Times. Retrieved from http://www.odt.co.nz
65. Rhoades, D.A., & Van Dissen, R.J. (2003). Estimates of the time-varying hazard of rupture of the Alpine Fault, allowing for uncertainties. New Zealand Journal Geology and Geophysics, 46, 479-488.
66. w = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 2279-2299.
67. Rosa, E.A., & Dietz, T. (1998). Climate change and society: Speculation, construction and scientific investigation. International Sociology, 13(4), 421-455.
68. Ruiz-Ballesteros E. (2010). Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador. Tourism Management, 32(3), 655-666.
69. Sachdeva, S. (2013, January 4). Businesses losing up to $10K a day. The Press. Retrieved from http://www.akl.stuff.co.nz
70. Schiff, A., & Becken, S. (2011). Demand elasticities for tourism in New Zealand. Tourism Management, 32(3), 564-575.
71. Schröter, D., Polsky, C., & Patt, A.G. (2005). Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global environmental change: An eight step approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 10(4), 573-596.
72. Schwandt, T. (1998). Constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human inquiry. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues (pp. 221-259). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
73. Schwarz, A., Béné, C., Bennett, G., Boso, D., Hilly, Z., Paul, C., Andrew, N. (2011). Vulnerability and resilience of remote rural communities to shocks and global changes: Empirical analysis from Solomon Islands. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), 1128-1140.
74. Shaffir, W.B., & Stebbins, R.A. (1991). Experiencing fieldwork: An inside view of qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
75. Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16, 282-292.
76. Sorrell, S., Speirs, J., Bentley, R., Brandt, A., & Miller, R. (2010). Global oil depletion: A review of the evidence. Energy Policy, 38, 5290-5295.
77. Statistics New Zealand. (2012). Tourism satellite account: 2012. Wellington: Author. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/Tourism/tourism-satellite-account-2012/summary-results.aspx
78. Stewart, E.J., & Draper, D. (2007). A collaborative approach to understanding local stakeholder perceptions of tourism in Churchill, Manitoba (Canada). Polar Geography, 30(1), 7-35.
79. Stewart, E.J., Draper, D., & Dawson, J. (2011). Arctic human dimension. Coping with change and vulnerability: A case study of resident attitudes toward tourism in Cambridge Bay and Pond Inlet, Nunavut, Canada. In P.T. Maher, E.J. Stewart, & M. Lück (Eds.), Polar tourism: Human, environmental and governance dimensions (pp. 33-53). Putnam Valley, NY: Cognizant.
80. Strickland-Munro, J.K., Allison, H.E., & Moore, S.A. (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 499-519.
81. Strunz, S. (2012). Is conceptual vagueness an asset? Arguments from philosophy of science applied to the concept of resilience. Ecological Economics, 76, 112-118.
82. Tourism Resource Consultants. (1995). Westland National Park: Review of visitor access to the glaciers. Wellington: Author.
83. Tourism Resource Consultants. (2009). Glacier country destination management plan. Wellington: Author.
84. Turner, B.L. (2010). Vulnerability and resilience: Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science? Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 570-576.
85. Turner, B.L., Kasperson, R.E., Matson, P.A., McCarthy, J.J., Corell, R.W., Christensen, L., Schiller, A. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14), 8074-8079.
86. Varghese, J., Krogman, N.T., Beckley, T.M., & Nadeau, S. (2006). Critical analysis of the relationship between local ownership and community resiliency. Rural Sociology, 71(3), 505-527.
87. Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2), 5. Retrieved from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5
88. Walker, B.H., Abel, N., Anderies, J.M., & Ryan, P. (2009). Resilience, adaptability, and transformability in the Goulburn-Broken Catchment, Australia. Ecology and Society, 14(1), 12. Retrieved from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art12/
89. Wilkinson, C. (2011). Social-ecological resilience: Insights and issues for planning theory. Planning Theory, 11(2), 148-169.
90. Wisner, B., Blaike, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.