The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 645-665

  Biggs, Duan ^a   Hall, C Michael ^b   Stoeckl, Natalie ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

coral reefs; financial crises; livelihoods; political crisis; tourism; tsunami

Indexed keywords

CORAL REEF; ECOTOURISM; FINANCIAL CRISIS; INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; NATURAL DISASTER; POLITICAL DISCOURSE; SOCIAL CAPITAL; TOURISM ECONOMICS; TOURISM MANAGEMENT;

PHUKET [SOUTHERN REGION]; SOUTHERN REGION; THAILAND;

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 84861498469     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2011.630080     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Access Economics. 2007. Measuring the economic and financial value of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: 2005-06 Retrieved December 8, 2009, from http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0008/5588/gbrmpa_RP88_Measuring_The_Economic_and_Financial_Value_Of_The_GBRMP_2008.pdf
2. Adger, W. N. 2000. Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?. Progress in Human Geography, 24: 347-364.
3. Adger, N. 2006. Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16: 268-281.
4. Adger, W. N., Eakin, H. and Winkels, A. 2009. Nested and teleconnected vulnerabilities to environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7: 150-157.
5. Adger, W. N., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R. and Rockstrom, J. 2005. Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309: 1036-1039.
6. Aguilar, A. G. and Campuzano, E. P. 2009. "Informal sector". In International encyclopedia of human geography, Edited by: Kitchin, R. and Thrift, N. 446-453. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
7. Ahmed, A. K. 2006. Concepts and practices of "resilience": A compilation from various secondary sources, Bangkok: United States Agency for International Development. A working paper prepared for Coastal Community Resilience (CCR) Program (U.S. Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS) Program Document No. 05-IOTWS-06)
8. Ahmed, M., Magnayon Umali, G., Chong, C. K., Rull, M. F. and Garcia, M. C. 2007. Valuing recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs: The case of Bolinao, Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management, 50: 103-111.
9. Allison, P. D. 1999. Logistic regression using the SAS system-theory and application, Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
10. Andersson, J. E.C. 2007. The recreational cost of coral bleaching-a stated and revealed preference study of international tourists. Ecological Economics, 62: 704-715.
11. ASEAN. 2010. Tourism statistics. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://www.aseansec.org/5167.htm
12. Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. 2000. Staying within the fence: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8: 378-392.
13. Bauböck, R. and Faist, T. 2010. Diaspora and transnationalism: Concepts, theories and methods, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
14. Bernard, H. R. 2002. Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, 3rd ed., Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
15. Biggs, D. 2011. The resilience of Australian reef-based enterprises to climate change and systemic shocks. Ecology and Society, 16(1) Art. 30. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art30/
16. Biggs, D., Biggs, R., Dakos, V., Scholes, R. J. and Schoon, M. L. 2011. Are we entering an era of concatenated crises?. Ecology and Society, 16(2) Art. 27. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss2/art27/
17. Bosma, N., van Praag, M., Thurik, R. and de Wit, G. 2004. The value of human and social capital investments for the business performance of startups. Small Business Economics, 23: 227-236.
18. Burnham, B. P. and Anderson, D. R. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference, Fort Collins, CO: Colarado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Colarado State University.
19. Brunnermeier, M. 2009. Deciphering the liquidity and credit crunch of 2007-2008. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23: 77-100.
20. Calgaro, E. 2005. Paradise in tatters: An analysis of the vulnerability of the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand, to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved May 23, 2011, from http://sei-international.org/publications?pid=731
21. Calgaro, E. and Lloyd, K. 2008. Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: Examining disaster vulnerability in the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29: 288-306.
22. Campiranon, K. and Arcodia, C. 2007. Market segmentation in time of crisis: A case study of the MICE sector in Thailand. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23(2-4): 151-161.
23. Coghlan, A. in press. Linking natural resource management to tourist satisfaction: A study of Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1)
24. Cohen, E. 2008. The tsunami waves and the paradisiac cycle: The changing image of the Andaman coastal region of Thailand. Tourism Analysis, 13: 221-232.
25. Cohen, E. 2009. Death in paradise: Tourist fatalities in the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Current Issues in Tourism, 12: 183-199.
26. Cohen, E. and Neal, M. 2010. Coinciding crises and tourism in contemporary Thailand. Current Issues in Tourism, 13: 455-477.
27. Collins, J. H. 2008. Marine tourism in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Geographical Research, 46: 111-123.
28. Colussi, M. M. 2000. The community resilience manual, Port Alberni: Centre for Community Enterprise.
29. Cukier, J. and Wall, G. 1994. Informal tourism employment: Vendors in Bali, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 15: 464-467.
30. Cumming, G. S., Barnes, G., Perz, S., Schmink, M., Sieving, K.Southworth, J. 2005. An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems, 8: 975-987.
31. Dahles, H. 2002. "Tourism, small enterprises and community development". In Tourism and sustainable community development, Edited by: Richards, G. and Hall, D. 154-169. London: Routledge.
32. de Sausmarez, N. 2007. Crisis management, tourism and sustainability: The role of indicators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15: 700-714.
33. Dewhurst, P. and Horobin, H. 1998. "Small business owners". In The management of small tourism and hospitality firms, Edited by: Thomas, R. 19-38. London: Cassell.
34. Dwyer, L. 2005. Relevance of triple bottom line reporting to achievement of sustainable tourism: A scoping study. Tourism Review International, 9: 79-93.
35. Farrell, B. H. and Twining-Ward, L. 2004. Reconceptualising tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31: 274-295.
36. Fritsch, M., Brixy, U. and Falck, O. 2006. The effect of industry, region, and time on new business survival: A multidimensional analysis. Review of Industrial Organisation, 28: 285-306.
37. Gallopin, G. C. 2006. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change, 16: 293-303.
38. Gelcich, S., Edwards-Jones, G., Kaiser, M. C. and Castilla, J. 2006. Co-management policy can reduce resilience in traditionally managed marine ecosystems. Ecosystems, 9: 951-966.
39. Gössling, S. and Hall, C. M., eds. 2006. Tourism and global environmental change, London: Routledge.
40. Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., Peeters, P. and Scott, D. 2010. The future of tourism: A climate change mitigation perspective. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2): 1-10.
41. Gössling, S., Hall, C. M. and Weaver, D., eds. 2009. Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations, New York: Routledge.
42. Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91: 481-493.
43. Gunderson, L. and Holling, C., eds. 2002. Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems, Washington, DC: Island Press.
44. Gurtner, Y. 2006. Understanding tourism crisis: Case studies of Bali and Phuket. Tourism Review International, 10: 57-68.
45. Hall, C. M. 2001. Trends in coastal and marine tourism: The end of the last frontier?. Ocean and Coastal Management, 44: 601-618.
46. Hall, C. M. 2008. Tourism planning, 2nd ed., Harlow: Pearson.
47. Hall, C. M. 2010. Crisis events in tourism: Subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13: 401-417.
48. Hall, C. M., Duval, D. and Timothy, D., eds. 2004. Safety and security in tourism: Relationships, management and marketing, New York: Haworth Press.
49. Hall, C. M. and Page, S. J. 2010. The contribution of Neil Leiper to tourism studies. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4): 299-309.
50. Hall, C. M. and Williams, A. 2008. Tourism and innovation, London: Routledge.
51. Henderson, J. 2007. Managing tourism crises, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
52. Henderson, J. and Smith, R. A. 2009. Informal tourism commerce at beach resorts: A comparison of Cha-Am and Laguna Phuket in Thailand. Tourism Recreation Research, 34: 13-22.
53. Henderson, J. C. 1999. Sustainable tourism or sustainable development? Financial crisis, ecotourism, and the "amazing Thailand" campaign. Current Issues in Tourism, 2: 316-332.
54. Henderson, J. C. 2005. Responding to natural disasters: Managing a hotel in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6: 89-96.
55. Henderson, J. C. 2006. Corporate social responsibility and tourism: Hotel companies in Phuket, Thailand, after the Indian Ocean tsunami. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26: 228-239.
56. Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 4: 1-24.
57. Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M., Connolly, S. R.Folke, C. 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301: 929-933.
58. Ichinosawa, J. 2006. Reputational disaster in Phuket: The secondary impact of the tsunami on inbound tourism. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13: 111-123.
59. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate change 2007: Synthesis report, Geneva: Author.
60. Jennings, G. R. 2005. "Interviewing: A focus on qualitative techniques". In Tourism research methods: Integrating theory with practice, Edited by: Ritchie, B. W., Burns, P. and Palmer, C. Wallingford: CABI.
61. Jitpraphai, S., Hall, C. M. and Carr, N. 2006. The legalisation of casinos and gaming in Thailand: Hospitality and tourism perspectives. Euro Asia Journal of Management, 16: 153-166.
62. Jones, S. 2005. Community-based ecotourism: The significance of social capital. Annals of Tourism Research, 32: 303-324.
63. Kalleberg, A. L. and Leicht, K. T. 1991. Gender and organizational performance: Determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 136-161.
64. Kelman, I., Spence, R., Palmer, J., Petal, M. and Saito, K. 2008. Tourists and disasters: Lessons from the 26 December 2004 tsunamis. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 12: 105-113.
65. Kermath, B. M. and Thomas, R. N. 1992. Spatial dynamics of resorts: Sosúa, Dominican Republic. Annals of Tourism Research, 19: 173-190.
66. Kontogeorgopoulos, N. 2009. The temporal relationship between mass tourism and alternative tourism in southern Thailand. Tourism Review International, 13: 1-16.
67. Larsen, R. K., Miller, F. and Thomalla, F. 2008. Vulnerability in the context of post 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami recovery: Lessons for building more resilient coastal communities, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute. Risks, Livelihoods and Vulnerability Programme-Working Paper
68. Leiper, N. 2000. Are destinations the "heart of tourism"? The advantages of an alternative description. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(4): 364-368.
69. Leiper, N., Stear, L., Hing, N. and Firth, T. 2008. Partial industrialisation in tourism: A new model. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(3): 207-235.
70. Likert, R. 1967. "The method of constructing an attitude scale". In Readings in attitude theory and measurement, Edited by: Fishbein, M. 90-95. New York: Wiley.
71. Liu, A. and Wall, G. 2006. Planning tourism employment: A developing country perspective. Tourism Management, 27: 159-170.
72. Losby, J. L., Else, J. F., Kingslow, M. E., Edgcomb, E. L., Malm, E. T. and Kao, V. 2002. Informal economy literature review, Newark, DE/Washington, DC: ISED Consulting and Research/The Aspen Institute.
73. Macias, J. B. and Cazzavillan, G. 2009. The dynamics of parallel economies: Measuring the informal sector in Mexico. Research in Economics, 63: 189-199.
74. Main, M. A. and Dearden, P. 2007. Tsunami impacts on Phuket's diving industry: Geographical implications for marine conservation. Coastal Management, 35: 467-481.
75. Marshall, N. A. 2010. Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change, 20: 36-43.
76. McDowall, S. and Wang, Y. 2009. An analysis of international tourism development in Thailand: 1994-2007. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 14: 351-370.
77. McGehee, N. G., Lee, S., O'Bannon, T. L. and Perdue, R. 2010. Tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel Research, 49: 486-500.
78. Mead, D. C. and Morrisson, C. 1996. The informal sector elephant. World Development, 24: 1611-1619.
79. Meyer, D. 2008. Pro-poor tourism: From leakages to linkages. A conceptual framework for creating linkages between the accommodation sector and "poor" neighbouring communities. Current Issues in Tourism, 10: 558-583.
80. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis, Washington, DC: Island Press.
81. Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S.Ziervogel, G. 2010. Resilience and vulnerability: Complementary or conflicting concepts?. Ecology and Society, 15 Art. 11. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art11/
82. Morrison, A., Carlsen, J. and Weber, P. 2008. Lifestyle oriented small tourism [LOST] firms and tourism destination development Paper presented at the CAUTHE 2008 Annual Conference, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
83. Nelson, D. R., Adger, W. N. and Brown, K. 2007. Adaptation to environmental change: Contributions of a resilience framework. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32: 395-419.
84. Nemasetoni, I. and Rogerson, C. 2005. Developing small firms in township tourism: Emerging tour operators in Gauteng, South Africa. Urban Forum, 16: 196-213.
85. Petersen, C. 2007. Educating and training out of poverty? Adult provision and the informal sector in fishing communities, South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 27: 446-457.
86. Phuket Picture. 2005. Phuket: The 2004 tsunami and the future Retrieved August 19, 2010, from http://www.phuketpicture.com/aftertsunami.php
87. Prideaux, B. 1999. Southeast Asian tourism and the financial crisis: Indonesia and Thailand compared. Current Issues in Tourism, 2: 294-303.
88. Ren, C. H. 2000. Understanding and managing the dynamics of linked crisis events. Disaster Prevention and Management, 9: 12-17.
89. Ringmar, E. 2005. Surviving capitalism: How we learned to live with the market and remained almost human, London: Anthem Press.
90. Ritchie, B. W. 2004. Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25: 669-683.
91. Ritchie, B. W. 2009. Crisis and disaster management for tourism, Bristol: Channel View Publications.
92. Ritchie, J. R.B., Amaya Molinar, C. M. and Frechtling, D. C. 2010. Impacts of the world recession and economic crisis on tourism: North America. Journal of Travel Research, 49: 5-15.
93. Rittichainuwat, B. N. and Chakraborty, G. 2009. Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30: 410-418.
94. Rittichainuwat, N. 2008. Responding to disaster: Thai and Scandinavian tourists' motivation to visit Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Travel Research, 46: 422-432.
95. Rockstrom, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin, F. S.Lambin, E. F. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461: 472-475.
96. Rogerson, C. M. 2005. Unpacking tourism SMMEs in South Africa: Structure, support needs and policy response. Development Southern Africa, 22: 623-642.
97. Rogerson, C. M. 2008. Developing tourism SMMEs in South Africa: The need to recognise difference. Acta Academica, 40: 140-165.
98. Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. 2010. "Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador". Tourism Management, doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.021
99. Sangpikul and Kim, S. 2009. An overview and identification of barriers affecting the meeting and convention industry in Thailand. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 10: 185-210.
100. Shaw, G. and Williams, A. M. 2004. "From lifestyle production to lifestyle consumption: Changing patterns of tourism entrepreneurship". In Small firms in tourism, Edited by: Thomas, R. 99-114. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
101. Smith, R. A. and Henderson, J. C. 2008. Integrated beach resorts, informal tourism commerce and the 2004 tsunami: Laguna Phuket in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10: 271-282.
102. Stensland, S. and Baardsen, S. in press. The effects of property and landowner characteristics on profit efficiency in salmon angling tourism in Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4)
103. Strickland-Munro, J. K., Allison, H. E. and Moore, S. A. 2010. Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 37: 499-519.
104. Tao, T. C.H. and Wall, G. 2009. Tourism as a sustainable livelihood strategy. Tourism Management, 30: 90-98.
105. Thomalla, F., Larsen, R. K., Zou, L.-L. and Miller, F. 2008. Building hazard resilient communities in coastal Southeast Asia: Lessons for research, policy & practice, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://sei-international.org/publications?pid=1018
106. Tourism Authority of Thailand. 2008. Tourism statistics in Thailand: 1998-2007 Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://www2.tat.or.th/stat/web/static_index.php
107. Tourism Authority of Thailand. 2010. Thailand tourism overview for 2009 and tourism goals and trends for 2010 Retrieved July 15, 2011, from http://www.tatnews.org/tat_news/4677.asp
108. Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Matson, P. A., McCarthy, J. J., Corell, R. W.Christensen, L. 2003. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(4): 8074-8079.
109. Tyrrell, T. J. and Johnston, R. J. 2008. Tourism sustainability, resiliency and dynamics: Towards a more comprehensive perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8: 14-24.
110. UNWTO & UNEP. 2008. Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges, Madrid: Author.
111. Wahnschafft, R. 1982. Formal and informal tourism sectors: A case study in Pattaya, Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research, 9: 429-451.
112. Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R. and Kinzig, A. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology & Society, 9(2) Art. 5.http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
113. Weaver, D. and Lawton, L. J. 2007. Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28(1): 168-179.
114. Williams, A. and Hall, C. M. 2000. Tourism and migration: New relationships between production and consumption. Tourism Geographies, 2(1): 5-27.
115. Williams, A. M., Shaw, G. and Greenwood, J. 1989. From tourist to tourism entrepreneur, from consumption to production: Evidence from Cornwall, England. Environment and Planning A, 21: 1639-1653.
116. World Economic Forum. 2009. Towards a low carbon travel & tourism sector, Davos: World Economic Forum.
117. Yeoman, I., Lennon, J. J., Blake, A., Galt, M., Greenwood, C. and McMahon-Beattie, U. 2007. Oil depletion: What does this mean for Scottish tourism?. Tourism Management, 28(5): 1354-1365.
118. Zhang, Y., Qu, H. and Tavitiyaman, P. 2009. The determinants of the travel demand on international tourist arrivals to Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 14: 77-92.