Against the tide: Household structure, opportunities, and outcomes among white and minority youth

Against the Tide: Household Structure, Opportunities, and Outcomes Among White and Minority Youth

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-181

  Hill, Carolyn J ^a   Holzer, Harry J ^a   Chen, Henry ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895651073     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (178)

1. Abe, Yasuyo. 2001. "Changes in Gender and Racial Gaps in Adolescent Antisocial Behavior: The NLSY97 versus the NLSY79." In Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches, Robert T. Michael, ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 339-378.
2. Abraham, Katharine. 2003. "Towards a Cost-of-Living Index: Progress and Prospects." Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(1): 45-58.
3. Acs, Gregory. 2006. "Can We Promote Child Well-Being by Promoting Marriage?" Journal of Marriage and Family 69(5): 1326-1344.
4. Acs, Gregory, and Sandi Nelson. 2003. Changes in Family Structure and Child Well-Being: Evidence from the 2002 National Survey of America's Families. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
5. Altonji, Joseph G., and Charles R. Pierret. 2001. "Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination." Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(1): 313-350.
6. Amato, Paul R. 2005. "The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation." Future of Children 15(2): 75-96.
7. Ananat, Elizabeth O., and Guy Michaels. 2008. "The Effect of Marital Breakup on the Income Distribution of Women with Children." Journal of Human Resources 43(3): 611-629.
8. Ashcraft, Adam, and Kevin Lang, 2006. "The Consequences of Teenage Childbearing." NBER Working Paper 12485. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
9. Aughinbaugh, Alison Aileen, Charles R. Pierret, and Donna S. Rothstein. 2005. "The Impact of Family Structure Transitions on Youth Achievement: Evidence from the Children of the NLSY79." Demography 42(3): 447-468.
10. Barber, Brian K., and Joseph A. Olsen. 1997. "Socialization in Context: Connection, Regulation, and Autonomy in the Family, School, and Neighborhood, and with Peers." Journal of Adolescent Research 12(2): 287-315.
11. Bartik, Timothy J. 2001. Jobs for the Poor: Can Labor Demand Policies Help? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
12. Bedard, Kelly, and Olivier Deschênes. 2005. "Sex Preferences, Marital Dissolution, and the Economic Status of Women." Journal of Human Resources 40(2): 411-434.
13. Beltran, Daniel O., Kuntal K. Das, and Robert W. Fairlie. 2006. "Do Home Computers Improve Educational Outcomes? Evidence from Matched Current Population Surveys and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997." IZA Discussion Paper No. 1912. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor.
14. Bendor, Joshua, Jason Bordoff, and Jason Furman. 2007. "An Education Strategy to Promote Opportunity, Prosperity, and Growth." Hamilton Project strategy paper. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
15. Berlin, Gordon L. 2007. "Rewarding the Work of Individuals: A Counterintuitive Approach to Reducing Poverty and Strengthening Families." Future of Children 17(2): 17-42.
16. Besharov, Douglas J., and Nazanin Samari. 2001. "Child Care after Welfare Reform." In The New World of Welfare, Rebecca M. Blank and Ron Haskins, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 461-481.
17. Billingsley, Andrew. 1992. Climbing Jacob's Ladder: The Enduring Legacy of African-American Families. New York: Simon and Schuster.
18. Blank, Rebecca M. 2002. "Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 40(4): 1105-1166.
19. Blau, David M. 2001. The Child Care Problem: An Economic Analysis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
20. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. 1997. "Swimming Upstream: Trends in the Gender Wage Differential in the 1980s." Journal of Labor Economics 15(1): 1-42.
21. Blau, Francine D., Lawrence M. Kahn, and Jane Waldfogel. 2000. "Understanding Young Women's Marriage Decisions: The Role of Labor and Marriage Market Conditions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53(4): 624-647.
22. Blinder, Alan S., and Janet L. Yellen. 2001. The Fabulous Decade: Macroeconomic Lessons from the 1990s. New York: Century Foundation.
23. Bloom, Dan, and David Butler, 2007. "Overcoming Employment Barriers: Strategies to Help the 'Hard to Employ.'" In Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp. 155-179.
24. Bound, John. 1986. "NBER-Mathematica Survey of Inner-City Black Youth: An Analysis of the Undercount of Older Youths." In The Black Youth Employment Crisis, Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 443-460.
25. Bradley, Robert H., Bettye M. Caldwell, and Stephen L. Rock. 1988. "Home Environment and School Performance: A Ten-Year Follow-up and Examination of Three Models of Environmental Action." Child Development 59(4): 852-867.
26. Brock, Thomas, and Lashawn Richburg-Hayes. 2006. Paying for Persistence: Early Results of a Louisiana Scholarship Program for Low-Income Parents Attending Community College. New York: MDRC.
27. Bronars, Stephen G., and Jeff Grogger. 1994. "The Economic Consequences of Unwed Motherhood: Using Twin Births as a Natural Experiment." American Economic Review 84(5): 1141-1156.
28. Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne, Fong-ruey Liaw, and Pamela Kato Klebanov. 1992. "Effects of Early Intervention on Cognitive Function of Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants." Journal of Pediatrics 120(3): 350-359.
29. Brown, Susan L. 2002. "Child Well-Being in Cohabiting Families." In Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children, and Social Policy, Alan Booth and Ann C. Crouter, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
30. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2007. Criminal Offenders Statistics. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/crimoff .htm#prevalence (accessed July 29, 2008).
31. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2006. Selected NLSY97 Variables by Survey Round. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Longitudinal Surveys. http://www.bls.gov/nls/handbook/2005/selvary97.pdf (accessed July 28, 2008).
32. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008. Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods: Questions and Answers. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsqa.pdf (accessed July 25, 2008).
33. Cameron, Stephen V., and James J. Heckman. 1993. "The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents." Journal of Labor Economics 11(1): 1-47.
34. Card, David, and Jesse Rothstein. 2005. "Racial Segregation and the Black-White Test Score Gap." NBER Working Paper 12078. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
35. Carlson, Marcia J., and Sara McLanahan. 2002. "Fragile Families, Father Involvement, and Public Policy." In Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda and Natasha Cabrera, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 461-488.
36. Carneiro, Pedro, and James J. Heckman. 2003. "Human Capital Policy." IZA Discussion Paper No. 821. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor.
37. Chandra, Amitabh. 2003. "Is the Convergence in the Racial Wage Gap Illusory?" NBER Working Paper 9476. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
38. Child Trends and the Center for Human Resource Research (Child Trends). 1999. NLSY97 Codebook Supplement, Main File Round 1: Appendix 9: Family Process and Adolescent Outcome Measures. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www .nlsinfo.org/nlsy97/docs/97HTML00/97guide/app9pdf.pdf (accessed July 29, 2008).
39. Clayton, Obie, Ronald B. Mincy, and David Blankenhorn, eds. 2003. Black Fathers in Contemporary Society: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Strategies for Change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
40. Comer, James P. 2004. Leave No Child Behind: Preparing Today's Youth for Tomorrow's World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
41. DeLeire, Thomas C., and Ariel Kalil. 2002. "Good Things Come in Threes: Single-Parent Multigenerational Family Structure and Adolescent Adjustment." Demography 39(2): 393-413.
42. DiNardo, John E., and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 1997. "The Returns to Computer Use Revisited: Have Pencils Changed the Wage Structure Too?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(1): 291-303.
43. Dion, M. Robin. 2005. "Healthy Marriage Programs: Learning What Works." Future of Children 15(2): 139-156.
44. Dornbusch, Sanford M., Philip L. Ritter, P. Herbert Leiderman, Donald F. Roberts, and Michael J. Fraleigh. 1987. "The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance." Child Development 58(5): 1244-1257.
45. Duncan, Greg J. 2005. Income and Child Well-Being. Geary Lecture Series 34. Dublin, Ireland: Economic and Social Research Institute.
46. Duncan, Greg J., Aletha C. Huston, and Thomas S. Weisner. 2007. Higher Ground: New Hope for the Working Poor and Their Children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Dunifon, Rachel, Greg J. Duncan, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 2001. "As Ye Sweep, So Shall Ye Reap." American Economic Review 91(2):150-154.
48. Dunifon, Rachel, and Lori Kowaleski-Jones. 2002. "Who's in the House? Race Differences in Cohabitation, Single Parenthood, and Child Development." Child Development 73(4): 1249-1264.
49. Dynarski, Susan, and Judith Scott-Clayton. 2007. "College Grants on a Postcard: A Proposal for Simple and Predictable Federal Student Aid." Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 2007-01. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
50. Eccles, Jacquelynne S., Diane Early, Kari Fraser, Elaine Belansky, and Karen McCarthy. 1997. "The Relation of Connection, Regulation, and Support for Autonomy to Adolescents' Functioning." Journal of Adolescent Research 12(2): 263-286.
51. Eccles, Jacquelynne S., and Jennifer Appleton Gootman, eds. 2002. Community Programs to Promote Youth Development. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
52. Eccles, Jacquelynne S., Carol Midgley, Allan Wigfield, Christy Miller Buchanan, David Reuman, Constance Flanagan, and Douglas Mac Iver. 1993. "Development during Adolescence: The Impact of Stage-Environment Fit on Young Adolescents' Experiences in Schools and in Families." American Psychologist 48(2): 90-101.
53. Edelman, Peter, Harry J. Holzer, and Paul Offner. 2006. Reconnecting Disadvantaged Young Men. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
54. Edin, Kathryn, and Maria Kefalas. 2005. Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
55. Ellwood, David T., and Jonathan Crane. 1990. "Family Change among Black Americans: What Do We Know?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 4(4): 65-84.
56. Ellwood, David T., and Christopher Jencks. 2004. "The Uneven Spread of Single-Parent Families: What Do We Know? Where Do We Look for Answers?" In Social Inequality, Kathryn M. Neckerman, ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 3-78.
57. Ellwood, David T., and Thomas J. Kane. 2000. "Who Is Getting a College Education? Family Background and the Growing Gaps in Enrollment." In Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, Sheldon Danziger and Jane Waldfogel, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 283-324.
58. Freeman, Richard B. 1996. "Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 10(1): 25-42.
59. Freeman, Richard B., and James L. Medoff. 1982. "Why Does the Rate of Youth Labor Force Activity Differ across Surveys?" In The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences, Richard B. Freeman and David A. Wise, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 75-114.
60. Fryer, Roland G. Jr, and Steven D. Levitt. 2004. "Understanding the Black-White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School." Review of Economics and Statistics 86(2): 447-464.
61. Furstenberg, Frank F. Jr., Thomas D. Cook, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Glen H. Elder Jr., and Arnold Sameroff. 1999. Managing to Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Garfinkel, Irwin, Sara McLanahan, Daniel R. Meyer, and Judith A. Seltzer. 1998. Fathers Under Fire: The Revolution in Child Support Enforcement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
63. Geronimus, Arline T., and Sanders Korenman. 1993. "The Socioeconomic Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Evidence and Interpretation." Demography 30(2): 281-290.
64. Gormley, William T. Jr., and Ted Gayer. 2005. "Promoting School Readiness in Oklahoma: An Evaluation of Tulsa's Pre-K Program." Journal of Human Resources 40(3): 533-558.
65. Graefe, Deborah Roempke, and Daniel T. Lichter. 1999. "Life Course Transi tions of American Children: Parental Cohabitation, Marriage, and Single Motherhood." Demography 36(2): 205-217.
66. Greenberg, Mark, Danielle Ewen, and Hannah Matthews. 2006. Using TANF for Early Childhood Programs. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy.
67. Grogger, Jeff. 1997. "Market Wages and Youth Crime." NBER Working Paper 5983. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
68. Gruber, Jonathan. 2000. "Is Making Divorce Easier Bad for Children? The Long Run Implications of Unilateral Divorce." NBER Working Paper 7968. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
69. Gruber, Jonathan, ed. 2001. Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
70. Haurin, R. Jean. 1992. "Patterns of Childhood Residence and the Relationship to Young Adult Outcomes." Journal of Marriage and the Family 54(4): 846-860.
71. Hauser, Robert M. 1997. "Indicators of High School Completion and Dropout." In Indicators of Children's Well-Being, Robert M. Hauser, Brett V. Brown, and William Prosser, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 152-184.
72. Hauser, Robert M., and Min-Hsiung Huang. 1996. "Trends in Black-White Test-Score Differentials." Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1110-96.
73. Haveman, Robert, and Barbara Wolfe. 1995. "The Determinants of Children's Attainments: A Review of Methods and Findings." Journal of Economic Literature 33(4): 1829-1878.
74. Hindelang, Michael J., Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis. 1981. Measuring Delinquency. Sage Library of Social Research, Vol. 123. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
75. Hoffman, Saul D., E. Michael Foster, and Frank F. Furstenberg Jr. 1993. "Reevaluating the Costs of Teenage Childbearing: Response to Geronimus and Korenman." Demography 30(2): 291-296.
76. Holzer, Harry J. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Holzer, Harry J. 2000. "Racial Differences in Labor Market Outcomes among Men." In America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell, eds. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
78. Smelser, William Julius Wilson. 2006. "Testimony at the Meeting of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, April 19." Washington, DC: Urban Institute. http://www .urban.org/publications/900953.html (accessed August 4, 2008).
79. Smelser, William Julius Wilson. 2007. "Better Workers for Better Jobs: Improving Worker Advance ment in the Low-Wage Labor Market." Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 2007-15. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
80. Smelser, William Julius Wilson. 2009. "Collateral Costs: Effects of Incarceration on Employment and Earnings among Young Workers." In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 239-266.
81. Holzer, Harry J., and Karin Martinson. 2005. "Can We Improve Job Retention and Advancement among Low-Income Working Parents?" National Poverty Center Working Paper No. 05-10. Prepared for the Working Families Roundtable, hosted by the Urban Institute's Assessing the New Federalism project, held in Washington, DC, May 9-10.
82. Holzer, Harry J., and Paul Offner. 2006. "Trends in the Employment Outcomes of Young Black Men, 1979-2000." In Black Males Left Behind, Ronald B. Mincy, ed. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp. 11-38.
83. Holzer, Harry J., Paul Offner, and Elaine Sorensen. 2005. "Declining Employment among Young Black Less-Educated Men: The Role of Incarceration and Child Support." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24(2): 329-350.
84. Holzer, Harry J., Steven Raphael, and Michael A. Stoll. 2003. "Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders." Presented at the Urban Institute Reentry Roundtable "Employment Dimensions of Reentry: Understanding the Nexus between Prisoner Reentry and Work," held in New York, May 19-20.
85. Holzer, Harry J. 2006. "Perceived Criminality, Criminal Background Checks, and the Racial Hiring Preferences of Employers." Journal of Law and Economics 49(2): 451-480.
86. Holzer, Harry J., Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, Greg J. Duncan, and Jens Ludwig. 2007. The Economic Costs of Poverty in the United States: Subsequent Effects of Children Growing Up Poor. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
87. Hotz, V. Joseph, Susan Williams McElroy, and Seth G. Sanders. 1996. "The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of Those Impacts for Government." In Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, Rebecca A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp. 55-94.
88. Hotz, V. Joseph, and John Karl Scholz. 2001. "Measuring Employment and Income for Low-Income Populations with Administrative and Survey Data." In Studies of Welfare Populations: Data Collection and Research Issues, Michele Ver Ploeg, Robert A. Moffitt, and Constance F. Citro, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 275-315.
89. Jacob, Brian A. 2002. "Where the Boys Aren't: Non-Cognitive Skills, Returns to School, and the Gender Gap in Higher Education." Economics of Education Review 21(6): 589-598.
90. James-Burdumy, Susanne, Mark Dynarski, Mary Moore, John Deke, Wendy Mansfield, and Carol Pistorino. 2005. When Schools Stay Open Late: The National Evaluation of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Program. Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
91. Jencks, Christopher, and Susan E. Mayer. 1990. "The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood." In Inner-City Poverty in the United States, Laurence E. Lynn Jr. and Michael G.H. McGeary, eds. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 111-186.
92. Jencks, Christopher, and Meredith Phillips, eds. 1998. The Black-White Test Score Gap. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
93. Johnson, William R., and Derek Neal. 1998. "Basic Skills and the Black-White Earnings Gap." In The Black-White Test Score Gap, Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 480-500.
94. Journal of Human Resources (JHR). 2001. "Special Issue on Early Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort." Journal of Human Resources 36(4): 627-822.
95. Joyce, Theodore J., Robert Kaestner, and Sanders Korenman. 2000. "The Effect of Pregnancy Intention on Child Development." Demography 37(1): 83-94.
96. Juhn, Chinhui. 1992. "Decline of Male Labor Market Participation: The Role of Declining Market Opportunities." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(1): 79-121.
97. Juhn, Chinhui. 2000. "Black-White Employment Differential in a Tight Labor Market." In Prosperity for All? The Economic Boom and African Americans, Robert Cherry and William M. Rodgers III, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 88-109.
98. Juhn, Chinhui, and Simon Potter. 2006. "Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(3): 27-46.
99. Kalil, Ariel, Michael S. Spencer, Susan J. Spieker, and Lewayne D. Gilchrist. 1998. "Effects of Family Living Arrangements and Quality of Relationships on the Mental Health of Low-Income Adolescent Mothers." Family Relations 47(4): 433-441.
100. Kamp Dush, Claire M., and Rachel Dunifon. 2007. "The Unexamined Stable Family: An Examination of Child Well-Being in Stable Single Parent Families." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, held in New York, March 29-31.
101. Katz, Lawrence F., and David H. Autor. 1999. "Changes in the Wage Structure and Earnings Inequality." In The Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3A, Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card, eds. Amsterdam, North-Holland, pp. 1463-1555.
102. Kirschenman, Joleen, and Kathryn M. Neckerman. 1991. "We'd Love to Hire Them But...." In The Urban Underclass, Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 203-232.
103. Kling, Jeffrey R., Jens Ludwig, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2005. "Neighborhood Effects on Crime for Female and Male Youth: Evidence from a Randomized Housing Voucher Experiment." Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(1): 87-130.
104. Korenman, Sanders, Robert Kaestner, and Theodore J. Joyce. 2001. "Unintended Pregnancy and the Consequences of Nonmarital Childbearing." In Out of Wedlock: Causes and Consequences of Nonmarital Fertility, Lawrence L. Wu and Barbara Wolfe, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 259-286.
105. Kornfeld, Robert, and Howard S. Bloom. 1999. "Measuring Program Impacts on Earnings and Employment: Do Unemployment Insurance Wage Reports from Employers Agree with Surveys of Individuals?" Journal of Labor Economics 17(1): 168-197.
106. Krueger, Alan B. 1993. "How Computers Have Changed the Wage Structure: Evidence from Microdata, 1884-1989." Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(1): 33-60.
107. Lang, Kevin, and Michael Manove. 2006. "Education and Labor Market Discrimination." NBER Working Paper 12257. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
108. Lang, Kevin, and Jay L. Zagorsky. 2001. "Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt?" Journal of Human Resources 36(2): 253-273.
109. Lansford, Jennifer E., Rosario Ceballo, Antonia Abbey, and Abigail J. Stewart. 2001. "Does Family Structure Matter? A Comparison of Adoptive, Two-Parent Biological, Single-Mother, Stepfather and Stepmother Households." Journal of Marriage and Family 63(3): 840-851.
110. Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. 1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
111. Lee, Valerie E., David T. Burkam, Herbert Zimiles, and Barbara Ladewski. 1994. "Family Structure and Its Effect on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Young Adolescents." Journal of Research on Adolescence 4(3): 405-437.
112. Lerman, Robert I. 2002. Should Government Promote Healthy Marriages? Short Takes on Welfare Policy No. 5. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
113. Lerman, Robert I. 2007. "Career-Focused Education and Training for Youth." In Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, pp. 41-90.
114. Lichter, Daniel T., Diane K. McLaughlin, George Kephart, and David J. Landry. 1992. "Race and the Retreat from Marriage: A Shortage of Marriageable Men?" American Sociological Review 57(6): 781-799.
115. Ludwig, Jens, and Isabel Sawhill. 2007. "Success by Ten: Intervening Early, Often, and Effectively in the Education of Young Children." Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 2007-02. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
116. Manning, Wendy D., and Kathleen A. Lamb. 2003. "Adolescent Well-Being in Cohabiting, Married, and Single-Parent Families." Journal of Marriage and Family 65(4): 876-893.
117. Manning, Wendy D., Pamela J. Smock, and Debarun Majumdar. 2004. "The Relative Stability of Cohabiting and Marital Unions for Children." Population Research and Policy Review 23(2): 135-159.
118. Mayer, Susan E. 1997. What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
119. Maynard, Rebecca A., ed. 1996. Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
120. McKernan, Signe-Mary, and Caroline Ratcliffe. 2007. "The Effect of Welfare and IDA Policies on Asset Holdings." Paper presented at the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research conference "Ten Years After: Evaluating the Long-Term Effects of Welfare Reform on Children, Families, Welfare, and Work," held in Lexington, KY, April 12-13.
121. McLanahan, Sara. 1997. "Parent Absence or Poverty: Which Matters More?" In Consequences of Growing Up Poor, Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 35-48.
122. McLanahan, Sara. 2004. "Diverging Destinies: How Children Are Faring under the Second Demographic Transition." Demography 41(4): 607-627.
123. McLanahan, Sara, and Lynne Casper. 1995. "Growing Diversity and Inequality in the American Family." In State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Reynolds Farley, ed. Vol. 2, Social Trends. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 1-45.
124. McLanahan, Sara, and Gary Sandefur. 1994. Growing Up With a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
125. Mead, Sara. 2006. The Truth about Boys and Girls. Washington, DC: Education Sector.
126. Meyer, Bruce D., and Dan T. Rosenbaum. 2001. "Welfare, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Labor Supply of Single Mothers." Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(3): 1063-1114.
127. Michael, Robert T., ed. 2001. Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
128. Miller, Cynthia, and Virginia Knox. 2001. The Challenge of Helping Low-Income Fathers Support Their Children: Final Lessons from Parents' Fair Share. New York: MDRC.
129. Mincy, Ronald B, ed. 1994. Nurturing Young Black Males. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
130. Mincy, Ronald B., and Elaine J. Sorensen. 1998. "Deadbeats and Turnips in Child Support Reform." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17(1): 44-51.
131. Mishel, Lawrence, and Joydeep Roy. 2006. Rethinking High School Graduation Rates and Trends. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.
132. Moffitt, Robert A. 2001. "Welfare Benefits and Female Headship in U.S. Time Series." In Out of Wedlock: Causes and Consequences of Nonmarital Fertility, Lawrence L. Wu and Barbara Wolfe, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 143-172.
133. Moore, Mignon R. 2001. "Family Environment and Adolescent Sexual Debut in Alternative Household Structures." In Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches, Robert T. Michael, ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 109-136.
134. Morris, Pamela A., Lisa A. Gennetian, and Greg J. Duncan. 2005. Effects of Welfare and Employment Policies on Young Children: New Findings on Policy Experiments Conducted in the Early 1990s. New York: MDRC.
135. Morrison, Donna Ruane, and Andrew J. Cherlin. 1995. "The Divorce Process and Young Children's Well-Being: A Prospective Analysis." Journal of Marriage and the Family 57(3): 800-812.
136. National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. 2008. What Works: Curriculum-Based Programs That Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
137. Neal, Derek. 2005. "Why Has Black-White Skill Convergence Stopped?" NBER Working Paper W11090. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
138. Offner, Paul. 2002. "What's Love Got to Do With It? Why Oprah's Still Single: Society and Opportunities for African American People." Washington Monthly 34(3): 15-19.
139. Ooms, Theodora. 2007. Adapting Healthy Marriage Programs for Disadvantaged and Culturally Diverse Populations: What Are the Issues? CLASP Policy Brief No. 10. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy.
140. Ooms, Theodora, Jacqueline Boggess, Anne Menard, Mary Myrick, Paula Roberts, Jack Tweedie, and Pamela Wilson. 2006. Building Bridges between Healthy Marriage, Responsible Fatherhood, and Domestic Violence Programs. Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislators and the Center for Law and Social Policy.
141. Orfield, Gary, ed. 2004. Dropouts in America: Confronting the Graduation Rate Crisis. Cambridge MA: Harvard Education Press.
142. Osterman, Paul. 2007. "Employment and Training Policies: New Directions for Less-Skilled Adults." In Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp 119-154.
143. Page, Marianne E., and Ann Huff Stevens. 2005. "Understanding Racial Differences in the Economic Costs of Growing Up in a Single-Parent Family." Demography 42(1): 75-90.
144. Pager, Devah. 2003. "The Mark of a Criminal Record." American Journal of Sociology 108(5): 937-975.
145. Pager, Devah. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
146. Painter, Gary, and David I. Levine. 2000. "Family Structure and Youths' Outcomes: Which Correlations Are Causal?" Journal of Human Resources 35(3): 524-549.
147. Pennington, Hilary. 2006. Moderator of the Center for American Progress symposium "A Federal Role in Closing the Graduation Gap: Solutions for Resolving the Disparity in Graduation Rates," held in Washington, DC, November 17.
148. Pierret, Charles R. 2001. "The Effect of Family Structure on Youth Outcomes in the NLSY97." In Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches, Robert T. Michael, ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 25-48.
149. Pirog, Maureen A., and Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest. 2006. "Child Support Enforcement: Programs and Policies, Impacts and Questions." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(4): 943-990.
150. Primus, Wendell. 2006. "Improving Public Policies to Increase the Income and Employment of Low-Income Nonresident Fathers." In Black Males Left Behind, Ronald B. Mincy, ed. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp. 226-237.
151. Raphael, Steven. 2007. "Early Incarceration Spells and the Transition to Adulthood." In The Price of Independence: The Economics of Early Adulthood, Sheldon Danziger and Cecilia Elena Rouse, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 278-306.
152. Raphael, Steven, and Michael A. Stoll. 2007. "Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?" Discussion Paper No. 1328-07. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty.
153. Rodgers, William M. III, and William E. Spriggs. 1996. "What Does the AFQT Really Measure? Race, Wages, Schooling, and the AFQT Score." Review of Black Political Economy 24(4): 13-46.
154. Rosenzweig, Mark R., and Kenneth I. Wolpin. 1993. Maternal Expectations and Ex Post Rationalizations: The Usefulness of Survey Information on the Wantedness of Children." Journal of Human Resources 28(2): 205-229.
155. Sameroff, Arnold J., Ronald Seifer, and W. Todd Bartko. 1997. "Environmental Perspectives on Adaptation during Childhood and Adolescence." In Developmental Psychopathology: Perspectives on Adjustments, Risk, and Disorder, Suniya S. Luthar, Jacob A. Burack, Dante Cicchetti, and John R. Weisz, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 507-526.
156. Sampson, Robert J., Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy." Science 277(5328): 918-924.
157. Sandefur, Gary D., and Thomas Wells. 1999. "Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment?" Social Science Research 28(4): 331-357.
158. Schumacher, Rachel. 2003. Family Support and Parent Involvement in Head Start: What Do Head Start Program Performance Standards Require? Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy.
159. Sigle-Rushton, Wendy, and Sara McLanahan. 2004. "Father Absence and Child Well-Being: A Critical Review." In The Future of the Family, Daniel P. Moynihan, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Lee Rainwater, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 116-155.
160. Slicker, Ellen K. 1998. "Relationship of Parenting Style to Behavioral Adjustment in Graduating High School Seniors." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 27(3): 345-372.
161. Stark, Philip B. 1999. "Sampling to Adjust the U.S. Census." Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science Lunchtime Colloquium, Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, January 12.
162. Steinberg, Laurence, Susie D. Lamborn, Sanford M. Dornbusch, and Nancy Darling. 1992. "Impact of Parenting Practices on Adolescent Achievement: Authoritative Parenting, School Involvement, and Encouragement to Succeed." Child Development 63(5): 1266-1281.
163. Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. 2007. "Marriage and Divorce: Changes and Their Driving Forces." NBER Working Paper 12944. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
164. Swanson, Christopher B. 2004. Who Graduates? Who Doesn't? A Statistical Portrait of Public High School Graduation, Class of 2001. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
165. Tepper, Robin L. 2001. "Parental Regulation and Adolescent Discretionary Time-Use Decisions: Findings from the NLSY97." In Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches, Robert T. Michael, ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 79-105.
166. Thomas, Adam, and Isabel Sawhill. 2002. "For Richer or for Poorer: Marriage as an Antipoverty Strategy." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21(4): 587-599.
167. Tucker, M. Belinda, and Claudia Mitchell-Kernan, eds. 1995. The Decline in Marriage among African Americans: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Implications. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
168. Turner, Margery Austin, Susan J. Popkin, and Lynette A. Rawlings, eds. 2008. Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
169. Turner, Sarah. 2007. "Higher Education Policies Generating the 21st Century Workforce." In Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp. 91-116.
170. Viscusi, W. Kip. 1986. "Market Incentives for Criminal Behavior." In The Black Youth Employment Crisis, Richard B. Freeman and Harry J. Holzer, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 301-352.
171. Waite, Linda J., and Maggie Gallagher. 2000. The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. New York: Random House.
172. Waldfogel, Jane. 1998. "Understanding the 'Family Gap' in Pay for Women with Children." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(1): 137-156.
173. Waldfogel, Jane. 2007. "Work-Family Policies." In Reshaping the American Workforce in a Changing Economy, Harry J. Holzer and Demetra Smith Nightingale, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, pp 273-292.
174. Weiner, David A., Byron F. Lutz, and Jens Ludwig. 2006. "The Effects of School Desegregation on Crime." Paper presented at the 2007 Allied Social Science Association meetings, held in Chicago, January 5-7.
175. Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
176. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
177. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
178. Wu, Lawrence L., and Barbara Wolfe, eds. 2001. Out of Wedlock: Causes and Consequences of Nonmarital Fertility. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.