Child soldiers in the age of fractured states

Child Soldiers in the Age of Fractured States

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-309

  Gates, Scott ^a,b   Reich, Simon ^c,d  

^a PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OSLO PRIO   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^c Rutgers Newark   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894787559     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (436)

1. Aborsangaya, Ozong. 2000. "Policy Dialogue to Advance the Process of Child Soldier Demobilization: Final Report for the Task Order, Educational Assessment: Demobilization of Child Soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Washington, DC: Creative Associates International.
2. Accra Declaration and the Plan of Action on War-Affected Children in West Africa. 2000. Adopted at a meeting of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in Accra, 27-28 April, http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story-id/ 000548.pdf.
3. Achvarina, Vera. 2007. "Effectiveness of the International Norm against the Use of Child Soldiers." Mimeo, University of Pittsburgh.
4. Achvarina, Vera, and Simon Reich. 2006a. "No Place to Hide: Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers." International Security 31(1):127-164.
5. -. 2006b. "Why Do Children 'Fight'? Explaining the Phenomenon of Child Soldiers in African Intra-State Conflicts." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, 22 March.
6. -. 2007. "Unpackaging Protection: Child Soldier Recruitment in Four African Conflicts." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association 48th Annual Convention, Chicago, 28 February.
7. Agence France Presse. 2006. "DRC Recruiter for Child Soldiers Convicted." iafiica.com, 19 March.
8. Aguilar, Pilar, and Gonzalo Retamal. 1998. Rapid Educational Response in Complex Emergencies: A Discussion Document. Geneva, Switzerland: UNESCO/IBE, UNESCO/UIE, UNICEF, and UNHCR.
9. Aird, Sarah. 2001. "Mozambique: The Battle Continues for Former Child Soldiers." Youth Advocate Program International Resource Paper, http://www.yapi.org/old/publications/resourcepapers/MozCS.pdf.
10. Alape, Arturo. 1989. Tirofijo. Bogotá: Planeta.
11. Allison, Paul. 2001. Missing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage University Papers.
12. Amnesty International. 2000. "Sierra Leone: Childhood-A Casualty of Conflict." http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR51/069/2000/en.
13. -. 2002. "Liberian Civilians Face Human Rights Abuses at Home and Across Borders." http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR34/020/2002.
14. -. 2003. "DR Congo: Child Soldiers Tell Their Stories." AI index AFR 62/038/2003.
15. -. 2004a. "Child Soldiers: Governments Failing Generations of Children. New Global Report Finds Child Soldiers in Over 20 Conflicts Worldwide." Press Release, 17 November, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/ info/ACT76/010/2004.
16. -. 2004b. "Liberia: Demand Justice for Child Soldiers." 17May. http://web.amnesty.org/pages/lbr-170504-action-eng.
17. Anderson, John Lee. 1992. Guerillas: The Men and Women Fighting Today's Wars. New York: New York Times.
18. André, Catherine, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 1998. "Land Tenure under Unendurable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap. " Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 34:1-47.
19. Andvig, Jens C. 1997. "Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Exploration. " Working PaperNo. 585. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
20. Andvig, Jens C., S. Canagarajah, and A. Kielland. 2001. "Issues in Child Labor in Africa: Africa Región Human Development." Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.
21. Andvig, Jens, and Scott Gates. 2006. "Recruiting Children for Armed Conflict." Paper presented at the Child Soldiers Initiative Working Group Session, Pittsburgh, 15-16 September.
22. Annan, J., C. Blattman, and R. Horton. 2006. The State of Youth and Youth Protection in Northern Uganda. Uganda: UNICEF.
23. Anscombe, G. E. M. 1981. "Mr. Truman's Degree." Ethics, Religion, and Politics, Collected Philosophical Papers 3:62-71.
24. Arjona, Ana M. 2006. "Local Life in War Zones: A Control Survey with Civilians for a Project with Demobilized Combatants in Colombia." Designing Research on the Micro-dynamics of Civil Wars Conference, Yale University, 14-15 April.
25. Armed Conflicts Events Data. 2003. http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/ liberia/fliberia1989.htm.
26. Arnston, Laura, and Neil Boothby. 2002. "A World Turned Upside Down. " Child Soldiers in Mozambique: A Case Study of their Reintegration. Washington, DC: Save the Children.
27. Asian Human Rights Commission. 2003. Children and the People's War in Nepal. Hong Kong: Asian Human Rights Commission.
28. Associated Press. 2005. "Minister: Suicide Bomber a Handicapped Child Iraq Police Say Attacker Seemed to Have Down Syndrome." 31 January. http://www.msnbc.msn. com/id/6889106/.
29. Azam, Jean Paul. 2002. "Looting and Conflict between Ethno-Regiónal Groups: Lessons for State Formation in Africa." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:131-153.
30. -. 2006. "On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize Their Own Civilians." Economics of Governance 7(1):53-73.
31. Barnitz, Laura. 1999. Child Soldiers: Youth Who Participate in Armed Conflict. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Youth Advocate Program International.
32. Bateman, Ian, Alisatair Munro, Bruce Rhodes, Chris Starmer, and Robert Sugden. 2000. "A Test of the Theory of Reference Dependent Points." In Choices, Values, and Frames, ed. Daniel Kahnemen and Amos Tversky Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
33. BBC News. 2001. "UN Finds Congo Child Soldiers." 21 February.
34. -. 2004. "Child Suicide Attacks 'Must Stop. '" 3 November, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle-east/3979887.stm.
35. -. 2007. "Child Soldiers Are a Time Bomb.'" 5 February, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6330503.stm.
36. Beah, Ishmael. 2007. A Long Way Gone. New York: Sarah Crichton/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
37. Becker, Jo. 2004a. "Children as Weapons of War." In World Report 2004: Human Rights and Armed Conflict. New York: Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/wr2k4/download/wr2k4.pdf.
38. -. 2004b. "Living in Fear: Child Soldiers and the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka." Human Rights Watch 16(13):1-80.
39. -. 2006. "Child Recruitment in Burma, Sri Lanka and Nepal." Paper presented at the Child Soldiers Initiative Working Group Session, Pittsburgh, 15-16 September.
40. Becker, Jo, and Tony Tate. 2003. Stolen Children: Abduction and Recruitment in Northern Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uganda0303A1ganda0403.pdf.
41. Beer, Jennifer. 1997-2003. Communicating across Cultures: High and Low Context. http://www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html.
42. Bell, Coral. 2002. "Normative Shift." National Interest 70:44-54.
43. Bender, Christof. 1999. "Searching for a Strategy: Multiethnicity, Tolerance and National Stereotypes in the Educational Systems of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Report, http://www-gewi.uni- graz.at/csbsc/documentary report/Bosnia.html.
44. Bennet, T. W. 1998. "Using Children in Armed Conflict: A Legitimate African Tradition?" Monograph, no. 32 (institute for Security Studies, Pretoria).
45. Berdal, Mats, and David Malone. 2001. Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.
46. Bergner, Daniel. 2003. In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of Black and White in West Afi-ica. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
47. Bergsmo, Morten. 2007. International Peace Research Institute (PRIO), Oslo, Norway, mimeo.
48. Bhalotra, S., and C. Heady. 2003. "Child Farm Labor: The Wealth Paradox." World Bank Economic Review 17(2):197-227.
49. Bhalotra, S., and Z. Tzannatos. 2003. "Child Labor: What Have We Learnt?" Social Protection Discussion Paper Series no. 0317. Washington, DC: World Bank.
50. Biggeri, M., L. Guarcello, S. Lyon, and F. C. Rosati. 2003. "The Puzzle of 'Idle' Children: Neither in School nor Performing Economic Activity." Understanding Children's Work Project, ILO-UNICEF-World Bank, http://www.ucw-project.org/pdf/publications/idlechildren.pdf.
51. Bisseker, Claire. 1998. "Africa's Military Time Bomb." Johannesburg Financial Mail, 11 December.
52. Blattman, Chris. 2006a. "The Consequences of Child Soldiering." Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
53. -. 2006b. "The Logic of Forcible Recruitment and Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence from Northern Uganda." Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
54. -. 2007. "The Causes of Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence from Northern Uganda." Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
55. Blattman, Chris, and Jeannie Annan. 2007. "The Consequences of Child Soldiering." HiCN Working Paper, no. 22, University of Sussex.
56. Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). 1997. "An Army Surplus-The NVA's Heritage." BICC Brief No. 3, BICC, Bonn, Germany.
57. Boothby, Neil. 1992. "Displaced Children: Psychological Theory and Practice from the Field." Journal of Refugee Studies 5(2):106-122.
58. Brabazon, James. 2003. "Liberia: Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD)." Armed Non-State Actors Project, Briefing Paper No. 1, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Africa Program.
59. Brehm, John, and Scott Gates. 1997. Working, Shirking and Sabotage: Bureaucratic Response to a Democratic Public. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
60. Brett, Rachel. 2001. "Recruiting Child Soldiers." Refugees 1(122):19.
61. Brett, Rachel, and Irma Specht. 2004. Young Soldiers: Why They Choose to Fight. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
62. -. 2005. "Jóvenes soldadosy combatientes: ¿Por qué van a luchar?" Organizatión Internacional del Trabajo-Oficina Internacional del Trabajo-Comité Andino de Servicios, Bogotá.
63. Brett, Sebastian. 2003. You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
64. Broderick, Walter. 2000. El guerrillero invisible. Bogotá: Intermedio.
65. Broughton, B. 2003. Study of the UNICEF Northern Caucasus Emergency Program: November 1999-December 2002. Moscow: UNICEF.
66. Burnett, Nicholas. 2007. EFA Global Monitoring Report: Strong Foundations, Early Childhood Care and Education. Paris: UNESCO.
67. Cagoco-Guiam, R. 2002. Child soldiers in Central and Western Mindanao. Geneva: ILO/IPEC.
68. Callister, Fiona. 2003. "Liberia's child soldiers." Tablet (London), 4 October, http://www.thetablet.co.uk/cgi-bin/archive-db.cgi?tablet- 00789.
69. Cardenal, Ernesto. 1999. Vida Perdida. Barcelona: SeixBarral.
70. -. 2004. La Revolution Perdida. Memorias 3. Madrid: Trotta.
71. Carpenter, Charli. 2007. "Protecting Babies Born in Captivity and Their Formerly Abducted Mothers: Existing Knowledge and Practice in Conflict Settings." In Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones, ed. R. Charli Carpenter, 210-225. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
72. "Cayó Jefe De Finanzas Del Eln. " El Tiempo. 2001. 3 January, p. 3. http://www.eltiempo.com.
73. CBC. 2004. "Africa: After the Wars." http://www.cbc.ca/ afterthewars/childsoldier.html.
74. Center for Defense Information. 1997. "The Invisible Soldiers: Child Combatants." Defense Monitor 26 (4). http://www.cdi.org/dm/i997/issue4/.
75. -. 2001. "Children on the Front Line: Child Soldiers in Afghanistan. " http://www.cdi.org/friendly version/printversion. cfm?document ID=2038.
76. Center for Emerging Threats and Opportunities (CETO). 2002. "Child Soldiers-Implications for U. S. Forces." Report from seminar, Quantico, VA, 23 September.
77. Chickering, Lawrence, Isobel Coleman, P. Edward Haley, and Emily Vargas-Baron. 2006. Strategic Foreign Assistance: Civil Society in International Security. Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
78. Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN). 2006. "Children in Armed Conflict." Factsheet.
79. "Children under Arms." 1999. Economist, 10 July, 21-23.
80. Christian Children's Fund/Angola. 2002. Free to Play in Peace: Angola's War Seen through the Eyes of Its Children. Luanda: CCF/Angola.
81. Cincotta, Richard, Robert Engelman, and Daniele Anastasion. 2003. The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Population Action International.
82. Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. New York: Cambridge University Press.
83. -. ed. 1998. African Guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey.
84. CNN.com. 2001. "Sudan Protests UNICEF Child Soldier Airlift." 7 March.
85. -. 2005. "U. S. Commander: Taliban Recruiting Children. " 23 July. http://www.cnn. com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/07/23/afghan. taliban. ap/.
86. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSUCS). 2000. The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa: A Country Analysis of Child Recruitment and Participation in Armed Conflict, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/ chilsold.htm.
87. -. 2001. Child Soldiers: Global Report, http://www.child-soldiers.org.
88. -. 2002. Child Soldiers 1379 Report. November, http://www.child-soldiers. org/document-get.php?id=740.
89. -. 2004a. Child Soldiers: Global Report 2004. London: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
90. -. 2004b. Child Soldier Use 2004: A Briefngfor the 4 th UN Security Council, Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict, http://www.hrw.org/reports/ 2004/childsoldiers0104/i.htm.
91. -. 2008. The Security Council and Children and Armed Conflict: Next Steps towards Ending Violations against Children. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib. nsf/db900sid/SODA-7DP3ZS/$file/Full-Report.pdf?openelement.
92. Cobb, Charles. 2001. "Arms and Africa on UN Agenda This Week." AllAfrica.com. 9 July
93. Cohn, Ilene, and Guy S. Goodwin-Gill. 1994. Child Soldiers: The Role of Children in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
94. Collier, Paul. 2000a. Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy. World Bank Report, June 15.
95. -. 2000b. "Rebellion as a Quasi-Criminal Activity." Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(6):839-854
96. -. 2003. "How to Stem Civil Wars, It's the Economy, Stupid." International Herald Tribune, 21 May.
97. Collier, Paul, Lance Elliot, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2003. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Oxford and Washington, DC: Oxford University Press and World Bank.
98. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 1998. "On Economic Causes of Civil Wars." Oxford Economic Papers 50:563-573.
99. -. 2000. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." World Bank Policy Research Paper, no. 2355. Washington, DC: World Bank.
100. -. 2002. "On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:13-28.
101. -. 2004. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 56:563-595.
102. Collier, Paul, and Nicholas Sambanis, eds. 2005a. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Volume 1). Washington, DC: World Bank.
103. -. 2005b. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Volume 2). Washington, DC: World Bank.
104. Cramer, Christopher. 2002. "Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War." World Development 30(11):1845-1864.
105. Dallaire, Romeo. 2004. Shaking Hands with the Devil. Toronto: Random House Canada.
106. Dallaire, Romeo, Phil Lancaster, Jacqueline O'Neil, and Sarah Spencer. 2007. Children in Conflict: Eradicatingthe Child Soldier Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, http://www.ksg. harvard.edu/cchrp/p df/Child S oldierRep or t.pdf.
107. Dao, James. 2002. "The War on Terrorism Takes an Aim at Crime." New York Times, April 7.
108. Defense for Children International. 2004. "Use of Children in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: Perspective on Child Soldiers." Palestine Section. July.
109. Deng Deng, William. 2001. A Survey of Programs on the Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers 2001. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/child/survey/profile7.html.
110. Derlyn, I., E. Broekart, G. Schuyten, E. De Temmerman. 2004. "Post-traumatic Stress in Former Ugandan Child Soldiers." Lancet 363:861-863.
111. Dolo, Emmanuel T. 2007. Ethnic Tensions in Liberia's National Identity Crisis: Problems and Possibilities. Cherry Hill, NJ: Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers.
112. Duffield, Mark. 1999. "Globalisation and War Economies: Promoting Order or the Return of History." Fletcher Forum on World Affairs 23(2):19-36.
113. -. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. London: Zed Books.
114. Dufka, Corinne. 2005. "Youth, Poverty and Blood: The Lethal Legacy of West Africa's Regiónal Warriors." Human Rights Watch Report 17 (5A). http://hrw.org/reports/2005/westafrica0405/index.htm.
115. Dyregrov, Atle, Rolf Gjestad, and Magne Raundalen. 2002. "Children Exposed to Warfare: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Traumatic Stress 15:59-68.
116. Ellis, Stephen. 1999. The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War. New York: New York University Press.
117. Elster, Jon. 2000. "Rational Choice History: A Case of Excessive Ambition. " American Political Science Review 94(3):685-695.
118. Erchak, Gerald. 1998. "Kpelle." Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM, Macmillan. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/kpelle. htm.
119. Estrada Armas, Hugo. 2005. "Promoting Literacy and Women's Development in Mayan Communities in Guatemala." In From Bullets to Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia, ed. Emily Vargas-Baron and Hernando Bernal Alarcon. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
120. European Union. 2003. "European Union Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict." Council of the European Union document, adopted by the Political and Security Committee (PSC) at its meeting on 4 December.
121. Fearon, James. 2005. "Civil War since 1945: Some Facts and a Theory." Draft working paper, Department of Political Science, Stanford University.
122. Fearon, James, and David Laitin. 2003. "Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War." American Political Science Review 97:75-90.
123. -. 2004. "Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States." International Security 28:5-43.
124. Ferro, Juan Guillermo, and Graciela Uribe. 2002. El orden de laguerra. Las FARC-EP: Entre la organization y lapoh'tica. Bogotá: CEJA.
125. Finnemore, Martha. 1996. "Constructing Norms of Human Intervention. " In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politic, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein, 153-185. New York: Columbia University Press.
126. Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez. 1987. Nuclear Deterrence, Morality, and Realism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
127. Frelick, Bill. 1997. "Assistance without Protection: Feed the Hungry, Clothe the Naked, and Watch Them Die." Worldwide Refugee Information. Washington, DC: United States Committee for Refugees.
128. Frey, Bruno. 1997. Not Just for the Money. Cheltenham, UK: Edgar Elgar Publishing.
129. Friman, H. Richard, and Simon Reich. 2008. "Human Trafficking and Human Security." In Human Trafficking, Human Security and the Balkans, ed. H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich, 136-154. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
130. Fromm, Erich. 1997. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. London: Pimlico.
131. Fullinwider, Robert K. 1985. "War and Innocence." In International Ethics, ed. Charles R. Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, and A. John Simmons, 90-97. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
132. Gates, Scott. 2002. "Recruitment and Allegiance: The Microfoundations of Rebellion. " Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:111-130.
133. -. 2004. "Recruiting Child Soldiers." Paper presented at the CSCW Workshop on Techniques of Violence in Civil War, PRIO, Oslo, 20-21 August.
134. Gautam, Shobha, Amrita Banskota, and Rita Manchanda. 2003. "Where There Are No Men: Women in the Maoists Insurgency in Nepal." In Understandingthe Maoist Movement of Nepal, ed. Deepak Thapa. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.
135. Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2007. "Transnational Dimensions of Civil War." Journal of Peace Research 44(3):293-309.
136. Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Havard Strand. 2002. "Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset." Journal of Peace Research 39:615-637.
137. Global Security.org Database. 2005. "Movement for Democracy in Liberia." http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/model.htm.
138. Guichaoua, Y. 2006. "Why Do Youths Join Ethnic Militias? A Survey on the Oodua People's Congress in Southwestern Nigeria." Centre for Research on Inequality Human Security and Ethnicity Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
139. Gunaratna, Rohan. 1998. "LTTE Child Combatants." Jane's Intelligence Review (July): 32-37.
140. Gupta, Leila. 2000. "Psychosocial Assessment of Displaced Children Exposed to War Related Violence in Sierra Leone." Plan International Document, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 25 February.
141. Gurr, Ted Robert. 1971. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
142. Gutiérrez, Francisco. 2004. "Criminal Rebels? A Discussion of War and Criminality from the Colombian Experience." Politics and Society 32(2):257-285.
143. -. 2006a. "Organizing Minors." Paper presented at the Child Soldiers Initiative Working Group Session, Pittsburgh, 15-16 September.
144. -. 2006b. "Tendencias del Homicidio Politico en Colombia, 1975-2004: Una Discusion Preliminar." In Nuestra guerra sin nombre: Transformaciones del Conflicto en Colombia, ed. Maria Emma Wills and Gonzalo Sanchez, 475-504. Bogotá: Norma.
145. Gutierrez, Francisco, and Mauricio Baron. 2005. "Re-Stating the State: Paramilitary Territorial Control and Political Order in Colombia (1978-2004)." Crisis States Research Centre Working Paper 66. London: London School of Economics.
146. Guzman, Jose Luis. 2005. "Educational Reform in Post-War El Salvador." In From Bullets to Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia, ed. Emily Vargas-Baron and Hernando Bernal Alacron, 43-62. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
147. Guzmán De Luna, Eduvigis Auxiliadora. 2005. "Reintegrating Ex-Combatants into Society in El Salvador." In From Bullets to Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia, ed. Emily Vargas-Baron and Hernando Bernal Alacron, 159-174. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
148. Harbaugh, W. T., and K. Krause. 1999. "Children's Contributions in Public Good Experiments: The Development of Altruistic and Free-Riding Behaviors." Working Paper Series, University of Oregon Department of Economics.
149. Harbaugh, W. T., K. Krause, and L. Vesterlund. 2001. "Risk Attitudes of Children and Adults: Choices over Small and Large Probability Gains and Losses." Working Paper Series, University of Oregon Department of Economics.
150. -. 2004. "Learning to Bargain. " Working Paper Series, University of Oregon Department of Economics.
151. Harbom, Lotta, Stina Hogbladh, and Peter Wallensteen. 2006. "Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements." Journal of Peace Research 43:617-631.
152. Harden, Blaine. 2000. "Africa's Gems: Warfare's Best Friend." New York Times, 6 April.
153. Hegre, Havard. 2004. "The Duration and Termination of Civil War." Journal of Peace Research 41(3):243-252.
154. Hegre, Håvard, Tanja Ellingsen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Scott Gates. 2001. "Towards a Democratic Civil Peace!" American Political Science Review 95:33-48.
155. Hegre, Havard, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2006. "Sensitivity Analysis of the Empirical Literature on Civil War Onset." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50(4):508-535.
156. Hill, R. Carter, William E. Griffiths, and George G. Judge. 2001. Undergraduate Econometrics. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
157. Hogg, Charu Lata. 2006. Child Recruitment in South Asian Conflicts: A Comparative Analysis of Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
158. Høiskar, A. H. 2001. "Underage and Under Fire: An Enquiry into the Use of Child Soldiers 1994-98." Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research 8(3):340-360.
159. Homer-Dixon, Thomas. 1994. "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases." International Security 19(1):5-40.
160. -. 2003. "Synchronous Failure: The Real Danger of the 21st Century." Presentation, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 1 December.
161. Honaker, James, and Gary King. 2006. "What to Do about Missing Values in Time Series Cross-Section Data." http://gking.harvard.edu/files/ pr.pdf.
162. Honwana, Alcinda. 2006. Child Soldiers in Afi-ica. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
163. Hovil, L., and E. Werker. 2005. "Portrait of a Failed Rebellion: An Account of Rational, Sub-Optimal Violence in Western Uganda." Rationality and Society 17(1):5-34.
164. Howe, Herbert. 2001. Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
165. Hultman, Lisa. 2005. "Killing Civilians to Signal Resolve: Rebel Strategies in Intrastate Conflict." Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
166. Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB). 2006. Despite Promises: Child Soldiers in Burma's Armed Forces. Chiang Mai: HREIB.
167. Human Rights Watch. 1990. Liberia: A Human Rights Disaster. Violations of the Laws of War by All Parties to the Conflict. New York: Human Rights Watch.
168. -. 1994. Easy Prey: Child Soldiers in Liberia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
169. -. 1995a. Children in Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Child Soldiers. New York
170. Human Rights Watch
171. -. 1995b. "Liberia." In Human Rights Watch World Report 1995. New York: Human Rights Watch.
172. -. 1999. "The Use of Child Soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo." http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/crp/congo.htm.
173. -. 2001. "Democratic Republic of the Congo, Reluctant Recruits: Children and Adults Forcibly Recruited for Military Service in North Kivu." Human Rights Watch Report 13(3):1-19.
174. -. 2002a. Erased in a Moment: Suicide Bombing Attacks against Israeli Civilians. New York: Human Rights Watch.
175. -. 2002b. Liberian Refugees in Guinea: Refoulement, Militarization of Camps, and Other Protection Concerns. New York: Human Rights Watch.
176. -. 2002c. "My Gun Was as Tall as Me": Child Soldiers in Burma. New York: Human Rights Watch.
177. -. 2002d. "UN Cites Child Recruiters but Omits Leading Offenders." Human Rights News, 16 December, http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/ 12/childsoldiers1216, htm.
178. -. 2003a. Forgotten Fighters: Child Soldiers in Angola. New York: Human Rights Watch. Available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0403/.
179. -. 2003b. We'll Kill You If You Cry: Sexual Violence in the Sierra Leone Conflict. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
180. -. 2003c. You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
181. -. 2004a. "Child Soldier Use 2003: A Briefing for the 4th UN Security Council Open Debate on Children. " New York: Human Rights Watch.
182. -. 2004b. How to Fight, How to Kill. New York: Human Rights Watch.
183. -. 2004c. Living in Fear: Child Soldiers and the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka. New York: Human Rights Watch.
184. -. 2005. Clear Culpability: "Disappearances" by Security Forces in Nepal. New York: Human Rights Watch.
185. -. 2007a. Children in the Ranks: The Maoists' Use of Child Soldiers in Nepal. New York: Human Rights Watch.
186. -. 2007b. Complicit in Crime: State Collusion in Abduction and Child Recruitment by the Karuna Group. New York: Human Rights Watch.
187. -. 2007c. Early to War: Child Soldiers in the Chad Conflict. New York: Human Rights Watch.
188. Human Security Center. 2005. Human Security Report 2005. New York: Oxford University Press.
189. Human Security Network and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. 2003. Children and Armed Conflict: International Standards for Action, http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ HSNBook.pdf.
190. Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy Weinstein. 2004. "What the Fighters Say: A Survey of Ex-combatants in Sierra Leone." Working Paper no. 20, Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York.
191. -. 2005. "Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War: Determinants of the Strategies of Warring Factions." Unpublished paper, Department of Political Science, Stanford University.
192. -. 2006a. "Who Rebels? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War." Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Conference, Chicago, 20 April.
193. -. 2006b. "Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War." American Political Science Review 100(3):429-447.
194. -. 2008. "Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War." American Journal of Political Science 52(2):436-455.
195. Ignatieff, Michael. 1998. The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
196. ILO/IPEC. 2003. Wounded Childhood: The Use of Children in Armed Conflict in Central Africa. Geneva: ILO/OPEC.
197. Integrated Regiónal Information Networks (IRIN). 2003a. "Afghanistan: Eight Thousand Children under Arms Look for a Future." 8 August, http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain. aspx?InDepthId=24&ReportId= 66989&Country=Yes.
198. -. 2003b. "Africa: Too Small to Be Fighting in Anyone's War." December, http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthM ain. aspx?IndepthId=24&ReportId= 6628o op.
199. -. 2003c. "Liberia: New Rebel Group Pushes Closer to Capital." 28 April, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=4326o.
200. -. 2006a. "DRC: Security Situation in North Kivu Remains Precarious." 8 August, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=6oo49.
201. -. 2006b. "Iraq: Insurgents Using Children to Fight US-Led Forces." 2 November. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=61917.
202. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). 2000. Annual Report 2000. Colombia. Washington, DC: IACHR.
203. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). 2006. "Democratic Republic of Congo: Some 40, 000 Flee Ongoing Fighting Every Month. A Profile of the Internal Displacement Situation. " UNHCR Refworld, 1 March, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/do cid/4451e9544.html.
204. International Criminal Court (ICC). 2002. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Criminal Court.
205. -. 2006. "Decision to Unseal the Warrant of Arrest against Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and Related Documents." Public Document no. ICC-01/04-01/06, 17 March.
206. Iversen, V. 2002. "Autonomy in Child Labor Migrants." World Development 30:817-834.
207. -. 2005. "Segmentation and Rural Network Multipliers in Rural-Urban Migration. " Working Paper T9. Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex, UK.
208. Jacobs, Dan. 1991. "Protecting Children from the Scourge of War." Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development 10:1-27.
209. Jaramillo, Ana, M. Ceballos, and Villa Marta. 1998. "En la Encrucijada." Corporatión Región (Medellin), 1-27.
210. Jepperson, Ronald L., Alexander Wendt, and Peter Katzenstein. 1996. "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security." In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein, 35-47. New York: Columbia University Press.
211. Jezequel, Jean-Herve. 2004. "Liberia: Orchestrated Chaos." In In the Shadow of "Just Wars": Violence, Politics and Humanitarian Action, ed. Fabrice Weissman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
212. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 2000. Choices, Values, and Frames. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
213. Kaiser, David. 1990. Politics and War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
214. Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New and Old Wars. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
215. -. 2001. Las nuevas guerras. Violencia organizada en la era global. Barcelona: Tusquets.
216. Kalyvas, Stathis. 2001. "'New' and 'Old' Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?" World Politics 54(1):99-118.
217. -. 2003. "The Ontology of'Political Violence': Action and Identity in Civil Wars." Perspectives on Politics 1(3):475-494.
218. -. 2005a. "The Ontology of Political Violence: Action and Identity in Civil Wars." Perspectives on Politics 1:475-494.
219. -. 2005b. "Warfare in Civil Wars." In Rethinking the Nature of War, ed. Isabelle Duyvesteyn and Jan Angstrom, 88-108. Abington: Frank Cass.
220. -. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
221. Kaplan, Robert D. 1994. "The Coming Anarchy." Atlantic Monthly, February, 44-76.
222. Kaufman, Stuart J. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
223. Keairns, Yvonne. 2002. The Voices of Girl Soldiers: Summary. New York: Quaker United Nations Office.
224. Kelso, Casey. 2004. In Child Soldiers: Global Report 2004. London: Coalition to Stop Child Soldiers.
225. Kenny, Anthony. 1985. The Logic of Deterrence. London: Waterstone.
226. Khapoya, Vincent B. 1998. The Afiican Experience: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
227. Kielland, A., and I. Sanogo. 2002. Burkina Faso: Child Labor Migration from Rural Areas. Washington, DC: World Bank.
228. King, Gary, James Honaker, Anne Joseph, and Kenneth Scheve. 2001. "Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation. " American Political Science Review 95(1):49-69.
229. King, Gary, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
230. King, Gary, and Christopher J. L. Murray. 2002. "Rethinking Human Security." Political Science Quarterly 116:585-610.
231. Kingma, Kees. 2002. "Demobilization, Reintegration and Peacebuilding in Africa." International Peacekeeping 9(2):181-201.
232. Klare, Michael. 1999. "The Kalashnikov Age." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 55(1):18-22.
233. Lachanthaboun, Sengdeuane, Khamla Phomsavanh, and Anne Thomas. 2005. "Teacher Training in Remote Areas of Lao PDR." In From Bulletsto Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia, ed. Emily Vargas-Barón and Hernando Bernal Alacron, 63-82. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
234. Lacina, Bethany Ann, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2005. "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths." European Journal of Population 21:145-165.
235. Laitin, David. 1995. "National Revivals and Violence." Archive Europeennes de Sociologie 36:3-43.
236. Lara, Patricia. 2000. Las Mujeres en la Guerra. Bogotá: Planeta.
237. Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1968. The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
238. Levi, Primo. 1989. The Drowned and the Saved. New York: Vintage.
239. Levitt, Jeremy I. 2005. The Evolution of Deadly Conflict in Liberia. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
240. Lichbach, Mark. 2005. "How to Organize Your Mechanisms: Research Programs, Stylized Facts, and Historical Narratives." In Repression and Mobilization, ed. Christian Davenport, Hank Johnston, and Carol Mueller, 227-243. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
241. Lischer, Sarah Kenyon. 2000. "Refugee Involvement in Political Violence: Quantitative Evidence from 1987-1998." Working Paper no. 26, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
242. -. 2005. Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
243. -. 2006. "War, Displacement, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers." Paper presented at the Child Soldiers Initiative Working Group Session, Pittsburgh, 15-16 September 2006.
244. Little, Roderick, and Donald Rubin. 1987. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. New York: Wiley.
245. LLECE. 2002. First International Comparative Study (Language Mathematics and Associated Factors. Santiago de Chile: UNESCO/OREALC.
246. Lock, Peter. 1998. "Military Downsizing and Growth in the Security Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa." Strategic Analysts 22(9):1393-1426.
247. Loescher, Gil, and James Milner. 2005. "The Significance of Protracted Refugee Situations." Adelphi Papers 45(375):7-12.
248. Machel, Graca. 1996. "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children. " United Nations Document A/51/306 and Add.1.1996. New York: United Nations.
249. -. 2001. The Impact of War on Children. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.
250. Makarenko, Tamara. 2003. "AModel of Terrorist-Criminal Relations." Jane's Intelligence Review (August): 6-10.
251. Mazurana, Dyan, Susan McKay, Khristopher Carlson, and Janet Kasper. 2002. "Girls in Fighting Forces and Groups: Their Recruitment, Participation, Demobilization, and Reintegration. " Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8(2):97-124.
252. McClure, Maureen, and Gonzalo Retamal. 2007a. "The Goat Stays." In Wise Investments in Future Neighbors: Recruitment Deterrence, Human Agency, and Education, 1-34. Pittsburgh: Ford Institute.
253. -. 2007b. "Youth Security in Refugee Camps: Using Humanitarian Education to Turn Them from Recruitment Centers for Soldiers to Child-Friendly Spaces." In Mse Investments in Future Neighbors: Recruitment Deterrence, Human Agency, and Education. Pittsburgh: Ford Institute for Human Security and University of Pittsburgh.
254. McKay, Susan, and Dyan Mazurana. 2004. Where Are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives during and after War. Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development.
255. Médecins Sans Frontieres. 2006. "Food, Nutrition, and Mortality Situation of IDPs in Dubie, Katanga." 23-25 March, Medecins Sans Frontieres. http://www.msf.org/source/countries/Africa/drc/2oo6-dubie-report. doc.
256. Medina Gallego, Carlos. 1990. Autodefensas, paramilitaresy narcotrafico: Origen, desarrollo y consolidatión. El caso Puerto Boyaca, Bogotá: Documentos Periodisticos.
257. -. 1996. ELN: Una historia contada a dos voces. Bogotá: Rodríguez Quito Editores.
258. Mehlum, Halvor, and Karl Ove Moene. 2006. "Fighting against the odds." Economics of Governance 7(1):75-87.
259. Merrier, Craig A., and Rachel A. Vannatta. 2001. Advanced and Multivariate Statistical Methods: Practical Application and Interpretation. Los Angeles: Pyrczak Publishing.
260. Mesquida, Christian, and Neil I. Weiner. 1999. "Male Age Composition and Severity of Conflicts." Politics and Life Sciences 18(2):181-89.
261. Metz, Stephen. 2000a. Armed Conflict in the 21st Century: The Information Revolution and Post-Modern Warfare. Carlisle, PA: U. S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute.
262. -. 2000b. Refining American Strategy in Africa. Carlisle, PA: U. S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute.
263. Misser, Francois. 2006. "Democratic Republic of the Congo: Prospects for Peace and Normality." Writenet, March 2006. Available at: http://www.unhcr.ch.
264. Model United Nations of the University of Chicago. 2003. Reintegration of Child Soldiers. Chicago: MUNUC.
265. Molano, Alfredo. 2001a. Trochasyfusiles. Bogotá: El Áncora.
266. -. 2001b. "La justicia guerillera." In El caleidoscopio de las Universidad de los Andes, ed. Bonaventura de Sousa Santos and Garcia Mauricio, 331-388. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Siglo del Hombre.
267. Morin, Richard. 2001. "Boy Trouble." Washington Post, 24 June.
268. Mosley, Paul, and John Hudson. 2001. "Aid, Poverty Reduction and the New Conditionality." Paper presented at the Aid Impact Forum, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen, October 22.
269. Mueller, John. 2003. "Policing the Remnants of War." Journal of Peace Research 40(5):507-518.
270. Mwepu, Francis. 2006. "Ituri: The Congo's Own Rwanda." Institute for War and Peace Reporting, July 27. http://www.iwpr.net/?p= acr&s=f&o=322577&apc-state=henpacr.
271. Nagel, Thomas. 1985. "War and Massacre." In International Ethics, ed. Charles R. Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, and A. John Simmons, 53-74. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
272. Napoleon. 1999. On the Art of War. Selected, edited, and translated by jay Luvaas. New York: Simon & Schuster.
273. National Transitional Government of Liberia, United Nations, World Bank. 2004. "Joint Needs Assessment, February 2004." http://www.lr.undp.org/ needs-assessment.pdf.
274. NCDDRRJoint Implementation Unit (JIU). 2006. Status Report. 2 October. Austin: NCDDRR/JIU.
275. Neild, Robert. 2000. "Expose the Unsavory Business behind Cruel Wars." International Herald Tribune, 17 February.
276. Ngowi, Rodrique. 2003. "War Has a Baby Face in the Congo." Star (South Africa), 10 July
277. Nichiporuk, Brian. 2001. The Security Dynamics of Demographic Factors. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
278. Nichols, Johanna. 2000a. The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background Information. Berkeley: University of California.
279. -. 2000b. Information on the Chechen Refugee Situation in Ingushetia. Berkeley: University of California.
280. Norwegian Refugee Council. 2005. "Profile of Internal Displacement: Liberia." Global IDP database, 25 August, http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/ liberia/mediacentre/press/doc/Liberia%20-August%202005.pdf.
281. Olson, Mancur. 1971. Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
282. Oluwaniyi, Oluwatoyin O. 2003. "The Phenomenon of Child Soldiers in Liberia and Sierra Leone." African Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies 1(1):140-157.
283. Organization of African Unity. 1969. Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa ("OAU Convention"), 10 September. UNHCR Refworld. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b36018.html.
284. Ospina Serna, Hector Fabio, and Sara Victoria Alvarado Salgado. 2001. Los ninos, las nin̄asy los jóvenes recuperan su voz en la constructión de procesos de paz: Experiencia en 32 instituciones educativas ofciales e instituciones de protection en Colombia. Bogotá: CINDE.
285. Otis, John. 2001. "Rebel Held: Child Soldiers." Houston Chronicle, 3 August.
286. Otunnu, Olara A. 2003. Rights of the Child: Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. Submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 51/77* United Nations Economic and Social Council General, E/CN.4/2003/77, 3 March, http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2003/documentation/commission/e-cn4-2003-77.htm.
287. Pais, Marta Santos. 1999. Human Rights Conceptual Frameworkfor UNICEF. New York: UNICEF.
288. Pape, Robert. 2005. Dyingto Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House.
289. Paris, Roland. 2001. "Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air." International Security 26:87-102.
290. Pedersen, J. 2005. "What Should We Know about Children in Armed Conflict and How Should We Go about Knowing It." Fagforeningenas Forskerorganisasion MS.
291. Peters, Krijn. 2004. Re-Examining Voluntarism: Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
292. Petersen, Roger. 1993. "A Community-Based Theory of Rebellion. " European Journal of Sociology 34:41-78.
293. Pinto, Borrego Maria Eugenia, Vergara Ballen Andres, and Percipiano Yilberto La Huerta. 2002. "Diagnostico del programa de reinsertion en Colombia: Mecanismos para incentivar la reinsertión voluntaria individual." Document 211, Archivos de Macroeconomia Departamento Nacional de Planeacion.
294. Pizarro, Eduardo. 2004. Balancey perspectivas del conflicto armado Colombiano. Bogotá: Norma.
295. Platteau, J. P., and C. Andre. 1996. "Land Relations under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap. " Paper presented at the Center of Research in the Economics of Development, University of Namur, Belgium.
296. Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
297. Polgreen, Lydia. 2006. "Violence Forces U. N. to Evacuate Darfur Camp. " New York Times, 8 May.
298. Population International. 2003. Briefing Notes, March, http://www.population institute.org/index.php.
299. Posada-Carbo, Eduardo. 2006. La natión sonada. Bogotá: Norma-FIP.
300. Profiles. 1999. "Natural Born Killers." May.
301. Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
302. Pugel, James. 2006. "Key Findings from the Nation Wide Survey of Ex-combatants in Liberia: Reintegration and Reconciliation, February-March 2006." Report for the UNDP Liberia.
303. -. 2007. What the Fighters Say: A Survey of Ex-combatants in Liberia. Report for the UNDP Liberia.
304. Punamaki, R. L. 1996. "Can Ideological Commitment Protect Children's Psycho-Social Well-Being in Political Violence?" Child Development 67:55-69.
305. Refugees International. 2005a. "Democratic Republic of the Congo: Demobilization of Rwandan Soldiers Going Slowly." Refugees International Bulletin, 16 December. http://www.refugeesinternational.org.
306. -. 2005b. "Democratic Republic of the Congo: Internally Displaced Unable to Return Require Alternative Resettlement Possibilities." Refugees International, 23 June, http://www.refugeesinternational.org.
307. -. 2005c. "Refugee Voices: Child Soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Refugees International, 22 June, http://www. refugeesinternational.org.
308. -. 2005d. "Refugee Voices: One Female Child Soldier's Story in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Refugees International Bulletin, 7 November. http://www.refugeesinternational.org.
309. Renner, Michael. 1998. "The Global Divide: Socioeconomic Disparities and International Security." In World Security: Challenges for a New Century, ed. Michael Klare and Yogesh Chandrani. New York: St. Martin's Press.
310. Reuters. 2001. "To Child Soldier, 14, War Was 'Shoot or Be Killed.'" 12 June.
311. Reynolds, P. 1991. "Dance Civet Cat": The Tonga and Child Labor in Zimbabwe. London: Zed Books Ltd.
312. Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey.
313. Romero, Cesar. 2002. Cuestionario Atención Psiocosocial: Respuestas a Questionnaire on Psychosocial Support Intervention (s). Bogotá: UNICEF.
314. -. Atencion psicosocial a ninosy nin̄as afectados por el conflicto armado. Bogotá: UNICEF.
315. Romero, Mauricio. 2002. Paramilitaresy autodefensas, 1982-2003. Bogotá: Iepri-Planeta.
316. Salazar, Alonso. 1990. No nacimos pa semilla. Medellin: Corporatión Región.
317. -. 1993. Mujeres defuego. Medellin: Corporatión Región.
318. Salopek, Paul. 2002. "The Guns of Africa: Violence-Wracked Nations Are Dumping Grounds for World's Arsenals." Seattle Times, 27 February.
319. Save the Children, (n. d.). Child War Database. http://www. savethechildren. Se//programme/childreninarmed/childsoldiers/.
320. -. 2000. "Children of the Gun. " Children in Cn'sisproject report, September. http://www.savethechildren.org/crisis.
321. -. 2005. Forgotten Casualties of War: Girls in Armed Conflict. London: Save the Children.
322. -. 2006a. "Congo Case Study: Aimerance, Girl Soldier." Reuters Alert Net, 7 July.
323. -. 2006b. "Congo Case Study: Furaa, Girl Soldier." Reuters Alert Net, 7 July.
324. Save the Children Fund UK. 2000. War Brought Us Here: Protecting Children Displaced within Their Own Countries by Conflict. London: Save the Children Fund UK.
325. Schelling, Thomas. 2003. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
326. Schugurensky, Daniel. Forthcoming. Colombia Escuela Nueva. A work in progress edited by Department of Adult Education, Community Development and Counseling Psychology, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.
327. Scott, Colin. 1998. "Liberia: A Nation Displaced." In The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced, ed. Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng. Washington, DC: Brookings.
328. Sekaggya, Lisa. 2004. "Ugandan Children Born in Captivity and Their Human Rights." Paper presented at the Conference on War Babies, Pittsburgh, 13 November.
329. Shaw, Martin. 2000. "The Contemporary Mode of Warfare? Mary Kaldor's Theory of New Wars." Review of International Political Economy 7(1):171-180.
330. Shepler, Susan. 2004. "The Social and Cultural Context of Child Soldiering in Sierra Leone." Paper presented at the PRIO workshop, Techniques of Violence in Civil War, Oslo, Norway, 20-21 August.
331. Siegrist, Saudamini. 2003. Colombia Case Study. New York: UNICEF/EMOPS.
332. Singer, P. W. 2001. "Caution: Children at War." Parameters 4:40-56.
333. -. 2002. "AIDS and International Security." Survival 44:145-158.
334. -. 2004. "Talk Is Cheap: Getting Serious about Preventing Child Soldiers." Cornell International Law Journal 37(3):561-586.
335. -. 2005. Children at War. New York: Pantheon Books.
336. -. 2006. "The Enablers of War: Causal Factors behind the Child Soldier Phenomenon. " Paper presented at the Child Soldiers Initiative Working Group Session, Pittsburgh, 15-16 September.
337. Slim, Hugo. 2008. Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War. New York: Columbia University Press.
338. Smith, Chris, and Alex Vines. 1997. Light Weapons Proliferation in Southern Africa. London: Centre for Defence Studies.
339. Smith, Daniel, and Rachel Stohl. 1999. "Small Arms in Failed States: A Deadly Combination. " Paper presented at Failed States and International Security Conference at Purdue University, 8-11 April.
340. Smith, Deborah. 2001. "Children in the Heat of War." Monitor on Psychology 32 (8). http://www.apa.org/monitor/sepoi/childwar.html.
341. Somasundaram, Daya. 1993. Child Trauma. Jaffna, Sri Lanka: University of Jaffna.
342. Special Court for Sierra Leone. 2003. Case No. SCSL-2003-01-I. The Prosecutor against Charles Ghankay Taylor, Amended Indictment.
343. Stavou, Stavros, and Robert Stewart. 2000. "The Reintegration of Child Soldiers and Abducted Children: A Case Study of Palaro and Pabbo Gulu District." In Act Against Child Soldiers in Africa: A Reader, ed. Elizabeth Bennett, Virginia Gamba, and Deirdre van der Merwe. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute of Security Studies.
344. Stavrou, Vivi. 2005. Breaking the Silence: Girls Forcibly Involved in the Armed Straggle in Angola. Luanda: Christian Children's Fund/Angola.
345. Stedman, Stephen John, and Fred Tanner. 2003. "Refugees as Resources in War." In Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering, ed. Stephen John Stedman and Fred Tanner. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
346. Stichick, Theresa, and Claude Bruderlein. 2001. "Children Facing Insecurity: New Strategies for Survival in a Global Era." Harvard Program in Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Policy Paper.
347. Stichick, Theresa, Rebecca Winthrop, Wendy Smith, and Gillian Dunn. 2002. "The IRC's Emergency Education Program for Chechen Children and Adolescents." Forced Migration Review 15:28-29.
348. Stohl, Rachel. 2002. "Targeting Children: Small Arms and Children in Conflict." Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1):281-292.
349. Swarns, Rachel. 2001. "Study Says AIDS Is Now Chief Cause of Death in South Africa." CNN.com, 16 October.
350. SWAY-Uganda. 2006. http://www.sway-uganda.org/.
351. Taylor, Michael. 1988. "Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action. " In Rationality and Revolution, ed. Michael Taylor. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
352. Terry, Fiona. 2002. Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
353. "They'd Make You Kill Your Parents." 2000. Toronto Star News, 23 July.
354. Tualeka, Baihajar, Sondang Irene Erisandy, and Livia Iskandar-Dharmawan. 2005. "Early Childhood Development for Refugee Children in Indonesia." In From Bullets to Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia, ed. Emily Vargas-Baron and Hernando Bernal Alacron. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
355. Twum-Danso, Afua. 2003. "Africa's Young Soldiers: The Co-Option of Childhood." Monograph no. 82, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No82/Content.html.
356. UNAIDS-UNICEF. 2002. Children on the Brink, 2002. New York: United Nations. http://data.unaids.org/Topics/Young-People/childrenonthebrink-en.pdf.
357. UNESCO Institute for Education/Plan International. 2000. Building a Rapid Educational Response, Joint UIE/Plan International Project, Freetown, March.
358. UNICEF. 1996. State of the World's Children: 1996. New York: UNICEF.
359. -. 1999. Child Friendly Spaces Initiative. Albania, internal document, UNICEF.
360. -. 2000. Progress of Nations. New York: UNICEF.
361. -. 2001. National Strategy for Children. Republic of Albania. http://www.unicef.org/albania/nationalchildstrategy.pdf.
362. -. 2002a. Adult Wars, Child Soldiers. Bangkok: UNICEF, http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/EAPRO-2ooi-AdultWars.pdf.
363. -. 2002b. Children Affected by Armed Conflict: UNICEF Actions. New York: UNICEF.
364. -. 2004a. Child Friendly Spaces/Environments (CFS/E): An Integrated Services Strategy for Emergencies and Their Aftermath. New York: UNICEF.
365. -. 2004b. "Fact Sheet: Child Soldiers." http://www.unicef.org/ emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf.
366. -. 2007. The Paris Principles: The Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups. Available at http://www.unicef. org/protection/files/ParisPrinciples310107English.pdf.
367. UNIFEM. 2004. Getting It Right, Doing It Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. New York: UNIFEM.
368. United Nations. 1999a. Security Council Resolution 1261. UN Doc. S/RES/1261 (1999).
369. -. 1999b. Security Council Resolution 1265. UN Doc. S/RES/1265 (1999).
370. -. 2001a. "Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal 2002: Liberia Internet." http://www.reliefweb.int/appeals/2002/files/lib02.pdf.
371. -. 2001b. Security Council Resolution 1379. UN Doc. S/RES/1379.
372. -. 2003a. Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Liberia. UN Doc. S/2003/582.
373. -. 2003b. Security Council Resolution 1460. UN Doc. S/RES/1460.
374. -. 2004a. Security Council Resolution 1539. UN Doc. S/RES/1539.
375. -. 2004b. "Uganda: Child Soldiers at Centre of Mounting Humanitarian Crisis." Ten Stories the World Should Hear More About. http://www.un.org/events/ten stories/story.asp?storyID=ioo.
376. -. 2005a. The Fifth Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on Children and Armed Conflict (2005). UN Doc. A/59/695-S/2005/72.
377. -. 2005b. Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict to the General Assembly. UN Doc. A/60/335.
378. -. 2005c. Security Council Resolution 1612. UN Doc. S/RES/1612.
379. -. 2006a. "Humanitarian Efforts in Darfur Jeopardized by Aid Workers' Deaths." United Nations Press Release, 6 August.
380. -. 2006b. 6th Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on Children and Armed Conflict, October 2006. UN Doc. A/61/529-S/2006/826.
381. -. 2006c. Second Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1591 (2005) Concerningthe Sudan. UN Doc. S/2006/250. Rec. 11.
382. UN Country Team in Colombia (UNCT). 2003. UN Humanitarian Situation Room, Colombia Report, March, UN OCHA Reliefweb. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/ db90oSID/SODA-6288JP?Open Document.
383. UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations. 2006. Confidential Code Cable no: 396, 28 November 2005; Code Cable no: 151, 4 May 2006.
384. UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). 2003. State of World Population: Making 1 Billion Count. New York: UNFPA.
385. UN General Assembly. 1951. Convention Relatingto the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951. United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3beoib964.html.
386. -. 2001. General Assembly Resolution no. 5 6, par. 136, 19 December.
387. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 1994. Liberia: What Hope for Peace? http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/print?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6bco.
388. -. 2000. Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Centre for Documentation and Research. Geneva: UNHCR.
389. -. 2001. Refugee Children in Africa: Trends and Patterns in the Refugee Population in Africa below the Age of 18 Years, http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/ STATISTICS/3b9378e42d.pdf.
390. -. 2002. Prima Facie: The Newsletter of UNHCR's Department of International Protection (April). Geneva, UNHCR.
391. -. 2003a. 2003 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva: UNHCR.
392. -. 2003b. "Turning Refugees into Gunmen. " Refugees 131:18.
393. -. 2004. 2004 Global Refugee Trends. Geneva: UNHCR.
394. -. 2005. "Life Is Precarious, Unpredictable, and Sometimes Deadly." Refugees 2(139):9
395. -. 2006. State of the World's Refugees. 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
396. UN Human Settlements Program. 2003. The Challenge of Slums. New York: UN-HABITAT.
397. UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC). 2006. "Statement of UN Mission in DR Congo's (MONUC) Mandate." http://www.monuc.org.
398. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). 1998. "Refugees and ID Psin the Democratic Republic of Congo." http://www.reliefweb.int.
399. -. 2001. "DRC, Affected Populations by Province, Refugees and Internally Displaced." Map prepared by UN OCHA Great Lakes Regiónal Office, Nairobi, September.
400. -. 2002a. "Affected Populations in the Great Lakes Región. " UN OCHA Regiónal Support Office-Central and East Africa, 31 July.
401. -. 2002b. "Humanitarian Briefing Pack-Democratic Republic of the Congo" and "Access and Vulnerability in the DRC" (map).
402. -. 2003. "DRC Affected Populations by Province Internally Displaced." http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps-Af.nsf/luFull Map/327A0E3B63609642C1257069 oo3681F3/$File/ocha-AFC-cod15o6o5.pdf? OpenElement.
403. U. S. Department of Labor. 2003. Bureau of International Labor Affairs.
404. See http://www.dol.gov/ilab.
405. U. S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. 2006. Trafficking in Persons Report 2006. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2006/65983.htm.
406. Universidad de Ibague and Universidad del Rosario. 2006. Escuelas que Educan y Sanan: Evaluation Intermedia. Bogotá: Universidades del Ibague and Rosario.
407. University Teachers for Human Rights (UTHR). 1995. "Children in the North East War: 1985-1995." University Teachers for Human Rivhts Briefnv Document No. 2. Jaffna, Sri Lanka: UTHR.
408. Vargas-Baron, Emily. 2005-2006. Planning Policies for Early Childhood Development: Guidelines for Action. Paris, Geneva, and Bogotá: UNICEF, UNESCO, ADEA, CINDE and Red Primera Infancia.
409. -. 2007. Formative Evaluation of Parenting Programmes in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia and Kazakhstan. Geneva: UNICEF.
410. Vargas-Barón, Emily, and Hernando Bernal Alarcon, eds. 2005. From Bullets to Blackboards: Education for Peace in Latin America and Asia. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
411. Vargas-Baron, Emily, and Maureen McClure. 1998. "The New Heroics of Generational Commitment: Education in Nations with Chronic Crises." In Education as a Humanitarian Response, ed. Gonzalo Retamal and Ruth Aledo-Richmond, 271-289. London: Cassell Press and UNESCO's International Bureau of Education.
412. Veale, Angela. 2004. From Child Soldier to Ex-fighter: Female Fighters, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Ethiopia, ISS Monograph no. 85. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies.
413. Veale, Angela, and Aki Stavrou. 2003. Violence, Reconciliation and Identity: The Reintegration of Lord's Resistance Army Child Abduct ees in Northern Uganda, ISS Monograph 92. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies.
414. Velez, Maria Alejandra. 1999. FARC-ELN: Evolution y expansión territorial. Bogotá: Tesis de grado de la Facultad de Economia de la Universidad de los Andes.
415. Verhey, Beth. 2001. "Child Soldiers: Preventing, Demobilizing and Reintegrating." In World Bank Africa Región Working Paper Series No. 23. Washington, DC: World Bank.
416. Vick, Karl. 2001. "Small Arms' Global Reach Uproots Tribal Traditions." Washington Post, 8 July.
417. Vitoria, Francisco De. 2006. "On the American Indians." In The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, ed. Gregory M. Reichberg, Henrik Syse, and Endre Begby. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
418. Von Clausewitz, C. 1976. On War. Ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
419. Walzer, Michael. 1977. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books.
420. Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict (WCAC). 2003. The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). New York: WCAC.
421. Weinstein, Jeremy. 2002. "The Structure of Rebel Organizations: Implications for Post-Conflict Reconstruction. " Research Dissemination Note 4, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit. Washington, DC: World Bank.
422. -. 2005. "Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruitment." Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4):598-624.
423. -. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
424. Wessells, Michael. 2006. Child Soldiers: From Violence to Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
425. West, Harry. 2004. "Girls with Guns: Narrating the Experience of War of FRELIMO's 'Female Detachment.'" In Children and Youth on the Front Line: Ethnography, Armed Conflict and Displacement, ed. Jo Boyden and Joanna de Berry, 180-194. New York: Berghahn.
426. Wiles, P. J. D. 1977. Economic Institutions Compared. New York: Wiley.
427. Williamson, John. 2006. "The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Child Soldiers: Social and Psychological Transformation in Sierra Leone." Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work and Counselling in Areas of Armed Convict 4:185-205.
428. Williamson, John, and Malia Robinson. 2006. "Psychosocial Interventions, or Integrated Programming for Well-Being?" Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work and Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict 4:4-25.
429. Wilson, Scott. 2003. "Colombian Fighters Drug Trade Is Detailed." Washington Post, 25 June.
430. Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children. 2001. "Against All Odds: Surviving the War on Adolescents." Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children. http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/ug.pdf.
431. Wood, Brian, and Johan Peleman. 1999. "The Arms Fixers." PRIO Report. Oslo: PRIO.
432. Wood, Elisabeth. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.
433. World Bank. 2004. Annual Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
434. -. 2005. Poverty Manual. Washington, DC: World Bank. http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/PGLP/Resources/povertymanual-ch3.pdf.
435. World's Children's Prize for the Right of the Child. 2008. "Prize Laureates: The Children's Peace Movement." http://www.childrensworld.org/ page.html?cid=589.
436. Young, Crawford. 1998. Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy. New York: St. Martin's Press and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.