South pole glacial climate reconstruction from multi-borehole laser particulate stratigraphy

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 59, Issue 218, 2013, Pages 1117-1128

  Aartsen, M G ^b   Abbasi, R ^z   Abdou, Y ^u   Ackermann, M ^am   Adams, J ^o   Aguilar, J A ^t   Ahlers, M ^z   Altmann, D ⁱ   Auffenberg, J ^z   Bai, X ^ad,an   Baker, M ^z   Barwick, S W ^v   Baum, V ^aa   Bay, R ^g   Beatty, J J ^q   Bechet, S ^l   Becker, K H ^al   Tjus, J Becker ^j   Bell, M ^aj   Benabderrahmane, M L ^am   BenZvi, S ^z   Berdermann, J ^am   Berghaus, P ^am   Berley, D ^p   Bernardini, E ^am   Bernhard, A ^ac   Bertrand, D ^l   Besson, D Z ^x   Binder, G ^g,h   Bindig, D ^al   Bissok, M ^a   Blaufuss, E ^p   Blumenthal, J ^a   Boersma, D J ^ak   Bohaichuk, S ^s   Bohm, C ^ag   Bose, D ^m   Boser S ^k   Botner, O ^ak   Brayeur, L ^m   Bretz, H P ^am   Brown, A M ^o   Bruijn, R ^w   Brunner, J ^am   Carson, M ^u   Casey, J ^e   Casier, M ^m   Cherwinka, J ^z   Chirkin, D ^z   Christov, A ^t   Christy, B ^p   Clark, K ^aj   Clevermann, F ^r   Coenders, S ^a   Cohen, S ^w   Cowen, D F ^aj   Silva, A H Cruz ^am   Danninger, M ^ag   Daughhetee, J ^e   Davis, J C ^q   De Clercq, C ^m   De Ridder, S ^u   Desiati, P ^z   De With, M ⁱ   De Young, T ^aj   Diaz Velez J C ^z   Dunkman, M ^aj   Eagan, R ^aj   Eberhardt, B ^aa   Eisch, J ^z   Ellsworth, R W ^p   Euler, S ^a   Evenson, P A ^ad   Fadiran, O ^z   Fazely, A R ^f   Fedynitch, A ^j   Feintzeig, J ^z   Feusels, T ^u   Filimonov, K ^g   Finley, C ^ag   Fischer Wasels, T ^al   Flis, S ^ag   Franckowiak, A ^k   Franke, R ^am   Frantzen, K ^r   Fuchs, T ^r   Gaisser, T K ^ad   Gallagher, J ^y   Gerhardt, L ^g,h   Gladstone, L ^z   Glusenkamp T ^am   Goldschmidt, A ^h   Golup, G ^m   Gonzalez, J G ^ad   Goodman, J A ^p   Gora D ^am   Grant, D ^s   Gross A ^ac   Gurtner, M ^al   Ha, C ^g,h   Ismail, A Haj ^u   Hallen, P ^a   Hallgren, A ^ak   Halzen, F ^z   Hanson, K ^l   Heereman, D ^l   Heinen, D ^a   Helbing, K ^al   Hellauer, R ^p   Hickford, S ^o   Hill, G C ^b   Hoffman, K D ^p   Hoffmann, R ^al   Homeier, A ^k   Hoshina, K ^z   Huelsnitz, W ^p,ao   Hulth, P O ^ag   Hultqvist, K ^ag   Hussain, S ^ad   Ishihara, A ⁿ   Jacobi, E ^am   Jacobsen, J ^z   Jagielski, K ^a   Japaridze, G S ^d   Jero, K ^z   Jlelati, O ^u   Kaminsky, B ^am   Kappes, A ⁱ   Karg, T ^am   Karle, A ^z   Kelley, J L ^z   Kiryluk, J ^ah   Kislat, F ^am   Klas J ^al   Klein, S R ^g,h   Kohne J H ^r   Kohnen, G ^ab   Kolanoski, H ⁱ   Kopke L ^aa   Kopper, C ^z   Kopper, S ^al   Koskinen, D J ^aj   Kowalski, M ^k   Krasberg, M ^z   Krings, K ^a   Kroll, G ^aa   Kunnen, J ^m   Kurahashi, N ^z   Kuwabara, T ^ad   Labare, M ^m   Landsman, H ^z   Larson, M J ^ai   Lesiak Bzdak, M ^ah   Leuermann, M ^a   Leute, J ^ac   Lunemann J ^aa   Madsen, J ^af   Maruyama, R ^z   Mase, K ⁿ   Matis, H S ^h   McNally, F ^z   Meagher, K ^p   Merck, M ^z   Meszaros P ^aj   Meures, T ^l   Miarecki, S ^g,h   Middell, E ^am   Milke, N ^r   Miller, J ^m   Mohrmann, L ^am   Montaruli, T ^t,ap   Morse, R ^z   Nahnhauer, R ^am   Naumann, U ^al   Niederhausen, H ^ah   Nowicki, S C ^s   Nygren, D R ^h   Obertacke, A ^al   Odrowski, S ^ac   Olivas, A ^p   Olivo, M ^j   O'Murchadha, A ^l   Paul, L ^a   Pepper, J A ^ai   De Los Heros, C Pérez ^ak   Pfendner, C ^q   Pieloth, D ^r   Pinat, E ^l   Pirk, N ^am   Posselt, J ^al   Price, P B ^g   Przybylski, G T ^h   Radel L ^a   Rameez, M ^t   Rawlins, K ^c   Redl, P ^p   Reimann, R ^a   Resconi, E ^ac   Rhode, W ^r   Ribordy, M ^w   Richman, M ^p   Riedel, B ^z   Rodrigues, J P ^z   Rott, C ^q,aq   Ruhe, T ^r   Ruzybayev, B ^ad   Ryckbosch, D ^u   Saba, S M ^j   Salameh, T ^aj   Sander, H G ^aa   Santander, M ^z   Sarkar, S ^ae   Schatto, K ^aa   Scheel, M ^a   Scheriau, F ^r   Schmidt, T ^p   Schmitz, M ^r   Schoenen, S ^a   Schoneberg S ^j   Schonwald A ^am   Schukraft, A ^a   Schulte, L ^k   Schulz, O ^ac   Seckel, D ^ad   Sestayo, Y ^ac   Seunarine, S ^af   Sheremata, C ^s   Smith, M W E ^aj   Soiron, M ^a   Soldin, D ^al   Spiczak, G M ^af   Spiering, C ^am   Stamatikos, M ^q,ar   Stanev, T ^ad   Stasik, A ^k   Stezelberger, T ^h   Stokstad, R G ^h   Stossl A ^am   Strahler, E A ^m   Strom R ^ak   Sullivan, G W ^p   Taavola, H ^ak   Taboada, I ^e   Tamburro, A ^ad   Ter Antonyan, S ^f   Tesic G ^aj   Tilav, S ^ad   Toale, P A ^ai   Toscano, S ^z   Tosi, D ^g   Usner, M ^k   Van Der Drift, D ^g,h   Van Eijndhoven, N ^m   Van Overloop, A ^u   Van Santen, J ^z   Vehring, M ^a   Voge, M ^k   Vraeghe, M ^u   Walck, C ^ag   Waldenmaier, T ⁱ   Wallraff, M ^a   Wasserman, R ^aj   Weaver, Ch ^z   Wellons, M ^z   Wendt, C ^z   Westerhoff, S ^z   Whitehorn, N ^z   Wiebe, K ^aa   Wiebusch, C H ^a   Williams, D R ^ai   Wissing, H ^p   Wolf, M ^ag   Wood, T R ^s   Woschnagg, K ^g   Xu, C ^ad   Xu, D L ^ai   Xu, X W ^f   Yanez, J P ^am   Yodh, G ^v   Yoshida, S ⁿ   Zarzhitsky, P ^ai   Ziemann, J ^r   Zierke, S ^a   Zilles, A ^a   Zoll, M ^ag   more..

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA ANCHORAGE   (United States)

^d CLARK ATLANTA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁱ HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^j RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^l UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^m VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

ⁿ CHIBA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^o UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

^p University of Maryland   (United States)

^q OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^r TU DORTMUND UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^s UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^t UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^u GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^v UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^w EPFL   (Switzerland)

^x UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^y UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^z Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power Electronics Consortium   (United States)

^aa JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF MONS   (Belgium)

^ac TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^ad UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^ae UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^af UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN RIVER FALLS   (United States)

^ag STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^ah STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ai UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

^aj PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ak UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^al UNIVERSITY OF WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

^am DESY   (Germany)

^an SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^ao LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^ap INFN SEZIONE DI BARI   (Italy)

^aq Sungkyunkwan University   (South Korea)

^ar NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894146452     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3189/2013JoG13J068     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ackermann M and 116 others (2006) Optical properties of deep glacial ice at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D13), D13203 (doi: 10.1029/ 2005JD006687)
2. AMANDA Collaboration (1995) On the age vs depth and optical clarity of deep ice at the South Pole. J. Glaciol., 41(139), 445-454
3. AMANDA Collaboration (2001) Observation of high-energy neutrinos using Cerenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice. Nature, 410(6827), 441-443 (doi: 10.1038/35068509)
4. Ambrose SH (1998) Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. J. Human Evol., 34(6), 623-651 (doi: 10.1006/jhev.1998.0219)
5. Askebjer P and 29 others (1995) Optical properties of the South Pole ice at depths between 0.8 and 1 kilometer. Science, 267(5201), 1147-1150 (doi: 10.1126/science.267.5201.1147)
6. Askebjer P and 35 others (1997a) Optical properties of deep ice at the South Pole: absorption. Appl. Opt., 36(18), 4168-4180 (doi: 10.1364/AO.36. 004168)
7. Askebjer P and 34 others (1997b) UV and optical light transmission properties in deep ice at the South Pole. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(11), 1355-1358 (doi: 10.1029/97GL01246)
8. Barkov NI and Lipenkov VYa (1985) Kolichestvennaya harakteristika struktury l'da do glubiny 1400m v rajone stantsii Vostok v Antarktide [Numerical characteristics of ice structure down to a depth of 1,400 m in the region of Vostok Station, Antarctica]. Mater. Glyatsiol. Issled. 51, 178
9. Bay RC, Price PB, Clow GD and Gow AJ (2001) Climate logging with a new rapid optical technique at Siple Dome. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(24), 4635-4638 (doi: 10.1029/2001GL013763)
10. Bay RC and 6 others (2006) Globally synchronous ice core volcanic tracers and abrupt cooling during the last glacial period. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D11), D11108 (doi: 10.1029/2005JD006306)
11. Bay RC, Rohde RA, Price PB and Bramall NE (2010) South Pole paleowind from automated synthesis of ice core records. J. Geophys. Res., 115(D14), D14126 (doi: 10.1029/2009JD013741)
12. Berger AL (1978) Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35(12), 2362-2367 (doi: 10.1175/1520- 0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2)
13. Bigler M, Röthlisberger R, Lambert F, Stocker TF and Wagenbach D (2006) Aerosol deposited in East Antarctica over the last glacial cycle: detailed apportionment of continental and sea-salt contributions. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D8), D08205 (doi: 10.1029/2005JD006469)
14. Bingham RG, Siegert MJ, Young DA and Blankenship DD (2007) Organized flow from the South Pole to the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf: an assessment of balance velocities in interior East Antarctica using radio echo sounding data. J. Geophys. Res., 112(F3), F03S26 (doi: 10.1029/2006JF000556)
15. Bramall NE, Bay RC, Woschnagg K, Rohde RA and Price PB (2005) A deep high-resolution optical log of dust, ash, and stratigraphy in South Pole glacial ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(21), L21815 (doi: 10.1029/2005GL024236)
16. Coulter SE and 8 others (2012) Holocene tephras highlight complexity of volcanic signals in Greenland ice cores. J. Geophys. Res., 117(D21), D21303 (doi: 10.1029/2012JD017698)
17. D'Errico J (2005) Surface fitting using gridfit. MATLAB Central File Exchange http://www.mathworks.es/matlabcentral/fileexchange/8998-surface- fitting-using-gridfit
18. Delmonte B and 6 others (2008) Aeolian dust in East Antarctica (EPICA-Dome C and Vostok): provenance during glacial ages over the last 800 kyr. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(7), L07703 (doi: 10.1029/2008GL033382)
19. Drews R and 7 others (2009) Layer disturbances and the radio-echo free zone in ice sheets. Cryosphere, 3(2), 195-203 (doi: 10.5194/tcd-3-307-2009)
20. Fischer H and 28 others (2007) Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 260(1-2), 340-354 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.06.014)
21. Fudge TJ and Smith BE (2010) Light propagation in firn: application to borehole video. J. Glaciol., 56(198), 614-624 (doi: 10.3189/002214310793146205)
22. Gabrielli P and 11 others (2010) A major glacial-interglacial change in aeolian dust composition inferred from Rare Earth Elements in Antarctic ice. Quat. Sci. Rev., 29(1-2), 265-273 (doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.002)
23. Gray DE ed. (1972) American Institute of Physics handbook, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
24. Hamilton GS (2004) Topographic control of regional accumulation rate variability at South Pole and implications for ice-core interpretation. Ann. Glaciol., 39, 214-218 (doi: 10.3189/172756404781814050)
25. Hays JD, Imbrie J and Shackleton N (1976) Variations in the Earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science, 194(4270), 1121-1132
26. He YD and Price PB (1998) Remote sensing of dust in deep ice at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res., 103(D14), 17 041-17 056 (doi: 10.1029/98JD01643)
27. Huybers P and Wunsch C (2005) Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations. Nature, 434(7032), 491-494 (doi: 10.1038/nature03401)
28. IceCube Collaboration (2006) First year performance of the IceCube neutrino telescope. Astropart. Phys., 26(3), 155-173 (doi: 10.1016/j. astropartphys.2006.06.007)
29. IceCube Collaboration (2009) The IceCube data acquisition system: signal capture, digitization, and timestamping. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 601(3), 294-316 (doi: 10.1016/j.nima. 2009.01.001)
30. IceCube Collaboration (2010) Measurement of sound speed vs. depth in South Pole ice for neutrino astronomy. Astropart. Phys., 33(5-6), 277-286 (doi: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.01.012)
31. IceCube Collaboration (2011) Measurement of acoustic attenuation in South Pole ice. Astropart. Phys., 34(6), 382-393 (doi: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010. 10.003)
32. IceCube Collaboration (2013) Measurement of South Pole ice transparency with the IceCube LED calibration system. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 711, 73-89 (doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.054)
33. Jones N (2007) Polar research: buried treasure. Nature, 446(7132), 126-128 (doi: 10.1038/446126a)
34. Jouzel J and 31 others (2007) Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science, 317(5839), 793-796 (doi: 10.1126/science.1141038)
35. Kravchenko I, Besson D, Ramos A and Remmers J (2011) Radio frequency birefringence in south polar ice and implications for neutrino reconstruction. Astropart. Phys., 34(10), 755-768 (doi: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.01.008)
36. Kurbatov AV and 6 others (2006) A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D12), D12307 (doi: 10.1029/2005JD006072)
37. Lambert F, Bigler M, Steffensen JP, Hutterli M and Fischer H (2011) The calcium-dust relationship in high-resolution data from Dome C, Antarctica. Climate Past Discuss., 7(2), 1113-1137 (doi: 10.5194/cpd-7-1113-2011)
38. Lambert F, Bigler M, Steffensen JP, Hutterli M and Fischer H (2012) Centennial mineral dust variability in high-resolution ice core data from Dome C, Antarctica. Climate Past, 8(2), 609-623 (doi: 10.5194/cp-8-609-2012)
39. Legrand M and Mayewski P (1997) Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: a review. Rev. Geophys., 35(3), 219-243 (doi: 10.1029/96RG03527)
40. Li F, Ginoux P and Ramaswamy V (2008) Distribution, transport, and deposition of mineral dust in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica: contribution of major sources. J. Geophys. Res., 113(D10), D10207 (doi: 10.1029/2007JD009190)
41. Li F, Ramaswamy V, Ginoux P, Broccoli AJ, Delworth T and Zeng F (2010) Toward understanding the dust deposition in Antarctica during the Last Glacial Maximum: sensitivity studies on plausible causes. J. Geophys. Res., 115(D24), D24120 (doi: 10.1029/2010JD014791)
42. Lipenkov VYa, Barkov NI, Duval P and Pimienta P (1989) Crystalline texture of the 2083 m ice core at Vostok Station, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 35(121), 392-398
43. Markov MA and Zheleznykh IM (1986) Large-scale Cherenkov detectors in ocean, atmosphere and ice. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 248(1), 242-251
44. Muller RA and MacDonald GJ (1997) Glacial cycles and astronomical forcing. Science, 277(5323), 215-218 (doi: 10.1126/science.277.5323.215)
45. Narcisi B, Petit JR, Delmonte B, Basile-Doelsch I and Maggi V (2005) Characteristics and sources of tephra layers in the EPICA-Dome C ice record (East Antarctica): implications for past atmospheric circulation and ice core stratigraphic correlations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 239(3-4), 253-265 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.005)
46. Nielsen SHH, Hodell DA, Kamenov G, Guilderson T and Perfit MR (2007) Origin and significance of ice-rafted detritus in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8(12), Q12005 (doi: 10.1029/2007GC001618)
47. Obbard R and Baker I (2007) The microstructure of meteoric ice from Vostok, Antarctica. J. Glaciol., 53(180), 41-62 (doi: 10.3189/ 172756507781833901)
48. Palais JM, Mosley-Thompson E and Thomas E (1987) Correlation of a 3,200 year old tephra in ice cores from Vostok and South Pole stations, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 14(8), 804-807 (doi: 10.1029/GL014i008p00804)
49. Parrenin F and 26 others (2007a) The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core. Climate Past, 3(3), 485-497 (doi: 10.5194/cp-3-485-2007)
50. Parrenin F and 15 others (2007b) 1-D-ice flow modelling at EPICA Dome C and Dome Fuji, East Antarctica. Climate Past, 3(2), 243-259 (doi: 10.5194/cp-3-243-2007)
51. Price PB and Woschnagg K (2001) Role of group and phase velocity in high-energy neutrino observatories. Astropart. Phys., 15(1), 97-100 (doi: 10.1016/S0927-6505(00)00142-0)
52. Price PB, Woschnagg K and Chirkin D (2000) Age vs depth of glacial ice at South Pole. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(14), 2129-2132 (doi: 10.1029/2000GL011351)
53. Price PB and 9 others (2002) Temperature profile for glacial ice at the South Pole: implications for life in a nearby subglacial lake. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (PNAS), 99(12), 7844-7847 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.082238999)
54. Rampino MR and Self S (1992) Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption. Nature, 359(6390), 50-52 (doi: 10.1038/359050a0)
55. Rasmussen SO (2006) Improvement, dating and analysis of Greenland ice core stratigraphies. (PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen)
56. Rose WI and Chesner CA (1990) Worldwide dispersal of ash and gases from earth's largest known eruption: Toba, Sumatra, 75 ka. Global Planet. Change, 3(3), 269-275 (doi: 10.1016/0921-8181(90)90023-6)
57. Siegert MJ and Hodgkins R (2000) A stratigraphic link across 1100 km of the Antarctic ice sheet between the Vostok ice-core site and Titan Dome (near South Pole). Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(14), 2133-2136 (doi: 10.1029/2000GL008479)
58. Sime LC, Wolff EW, Oliver KIC and Tindall JC (2009) Evidence for warmer interglacials in East Antarctic ice cores. Nature, 462(7271), 342-345 (doi: 10.1038/nature08564)
59. Storey M, Roberts RG and Saidin M (2012) Astronomically calibrated 40Ar/39Ar age for the Toba supereruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary records. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (PNAS), 109(46), 18 684-18 688 (doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208178109)
60. Svensson A and 25 others (2013) Direct linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 ka BP). Climate Past, 9(2), 749-766 (doi: 10.5194/cp-9-749-2013)
61. Toohey M, Kruger K and Timmreck C (2013) Volcanic sulfate deposition to Greenland and Antarctica: a modeling sensitivity study. J. Geophys. Res., 118(10), 4788-4800 (doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50428)
62. Uchida T, Shimada W, Hondoh T, Mae S and Barkov NI (1995) Refractive-index measurements of natural air-hydrate crystals in an Antarctic ice sheet. Appl. Opt., 34(25), 5746-5749 (doi: 10.1364/AO.34.005746)
63. Woschnagg K and Price PB (2001) Temperature dependence of absorption in ice at 532 nm. Appl. Opt., 40(15), 2496-2500 (doi: 10.1364/AO.40.002496)