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2
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4
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0003532481
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7
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0024799672
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12
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1842286248
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note
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The Blackman-Tukey method obtains the spectral power by first forming the autocorrelation function of the data and then performing a Fourier transform. If only a partial autocorrelation is performed, for example, if the maximum delay is only 1/3 of the time interval of the data set, then we say the "lag" is 1/3. The spectral peak in the lagged analysis is broadened by a factor equal to 1/lag.
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13
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1842274554
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note
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Spectral power is computed by interpolating the data to equally spaced points, removing the average (but not the trend), using a boxcar window (that is, taking all points equally weighted), and then taking the square of the Fourier transform. The spectrum is normalized to unit mean. The data presented here have also been examined with other spectral methods (such as Blackman-Tukey with various lags, and Lomb-Spergel) and other windows (such as Hanning and Parzen). The conclusions are robust to all data methods, excluding those that significantly degrade the resolution and therefore could not resolve the narrow features from which we draw our conclusions.
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14
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1842384175
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note
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-6) = 99.98%.
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15
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1842352414
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note
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The age of 1.5 Ma corresponds to an adjusted depth of 66.83 m, and the age of 2.5 Ma corresponds to an adjusted depth of 112.40 m. These give an average sedimentation rate of 45.6 m per million years.
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16
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1842276491
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note
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-4 cycles/ky.
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17
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1842272542
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note
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The frequency of oscillation is f - 1/P, where P is the period; the FWHM is Δf = 0.886/T, where T is the duration of the interval. Therefore the fractional width is Δf/f = (0.886/T)P = 0.886/N, where N = T/P is the number of cycles in the interval T.
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18
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0003985181
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Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York
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The response may have a different phase than the driving force, but it has the same frequency, even if several resonances are present. For a simple introduction to some of the properties of forced and free oscillations, see J. B. Marion and S. T. Thornton, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1988).
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Marion, J.B.1
Thornton, S.T.2
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21
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0021608121
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U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
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N. J. Shackleton and M. A. Hall, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1984), vol. 81, pp. 599-609.
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Shackleton, N.J.1
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W. H. Berger, T. Bickert, H. Schmidt, G. Wefer, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 130, 381 (1993).
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Berger, W.H.1
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84874986698
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A. Berger et al., Eds. Riedel, Dordrecht, Netherlands
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J. Imbrie et al., in Milankovitch and Climate, Part 1, A. Berger et al., Eds. (Riedel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1984), pp. 269-305.
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Imbrie, J.1
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Kortenkamp, S.J.1
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Liou, J.C.3
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44
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1842392059
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Additional data were obtained over the World Wide Web from the site maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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We thank W. Alvarez and the Renaissance Geology Group for many stimulating discussions, and M. Raymo, W. Berger, M. Yasuda, P. Olsen, and S. Clemens for providing data in digital form. Additional data were obtained over the World Wide Web from the site maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Supported in part by the Department of Energy (under contract DE-AC03-7bSF00098) and by the Ann and Gordon Getty Foundation.
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Raymo, M.1
Berger, W.2
Yasuda, M.3
Olsen, P.4
Clemens, S.5
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