Direct linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 ka BP)

Climate of the Past

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 749-766

  Svensson, A ^a   Bigler, M ^b   Blunier, T ^a   Clausen, H B ^a   Dahl Jensen, D ^a   Fischer, H ^b   Fujita, S ^c   Goto Azuma, K ^c   Johnsen, S J ^a   Kawamura, K ^c   Kipfstuhl, S ^d   Kohno, M ^e   Parrenin, F ^f,g   Popp, T ^a   Rasmussen, S O ^a   Schwander, J ^b   Seierstad, I ^a   Severi, M ^h   Steffensen, J P ^a   Udisti, R ^h   Uemura, R ⁱ   Vallelonga, P ^a   Vinther, B M ^a   Wegner, A ^d   Wilhelms, F ^d   Winstrup, M ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF POLAR RESEARCH   (Japan)

^d ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^f université Bourgogne Franche Comté   (France)

^g LABORATOIRE DE GLACIOLOGIE ET GÉOPHYSIQUE DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^h UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COOLING; DECADAL VARIATION; GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; ICE CORE; INTERSTADIAL; ISOTOPE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; TEPHRA; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

ARCTIC; GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS; GREENLAND; SUMATRA; SUNDA ISLES;

EID: 84881141089     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-9-749-2013     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abbott, P. M., Davies, S. M., Steffensen, J. P., Pearce, N. J. G., Bigler, M., Johnsen, S. J., Seierstad, I. K., Svensson, A., and Wastegard, S.: A detailed framework of Marine Isotope Stages 4 and 5 volcanic events recorded in two Greenland ice-cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 59-77, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2011.05.001, 2012.
2. Ambrose, S. H.: Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans, J. Hum. Evol., 34, 623-651, doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219, 1998. (Pubitemid 28431399)
3. Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., Johnsen, S. J., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Siggaard- Andersen, M.-L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Vinther, B. M., and Clausen, H. B.: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15-42 ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3246- 3257, 2006. (Pubitemid 46209388)
4. Bay, R. C., Bramall, N. E., Price, P. B., Clow, G. D., Hawley, R. L., Udisti, R., and Castellano, E.: Globally synchronous ice core volcanic tracers and abrupt cooling during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D11108, doi:10.1029/2005jd006306, 2006. (Pubitemid 44137668)
5. Bazin, L., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Veres, D., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Ritz, C., Capron, E., Lipenkov, V., Loutre, M.-F., Raynaud, D., Vinther, B., Svensson, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Blunier, T., Leuenberger, M., Fischer, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Chappellaz, J., andWolff, E.: An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120-800 ka, Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 5963-6009, doi:10.5194/cpd-8-5963-2012, 2012.
6. Bender, M., Sowers, T., Dickson, M.-L., Orchardo, J., Grootes, P., Mayewski, P. A., and Meese, D. A.: Climate correlations between Greenland and Antarctica during the last 100,000 years, Nature, 372, 663-666, 1994.
7. Bigler, M.: Hochauflösende Spurenstoffmessungen an polaren Eisbohrkernen: Glazio-chemische und klimatische Prozessstudien, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland, 2004.
8. Blockley, S. P. E., Lane, C. S., Hardiman, M., Rasmussen, S. O., Seierstad, I. K., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Lotter, A. F., Turney, C. S. M., and Ramsey, C. B.: Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental records over the last 60,000 years, and an extended INTIMATE(1) event stratigraphy to 48,000 b2k, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 36, 2-10, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.017, 2012.
9. Blunier, T. and Brook, E. J.: Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, Science, 291, 109-112, 2001. (Pubitemid 32056675)
10. Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dällenbach, A., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., and Johnsen, S. J.: Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature, 394, 739-743, 1998. (Pubitemid 28391630)
11. Blunier, T., Spahni, R., Barnola, J.-M., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., and Schwander, J.: Synchronization of ice core records via atmospheric gases, Clim. Past, 3, 325-330, doi:10.5194/cp-3-325- 2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46973882)
12. Boch, R., Cheng, H., Spötl, C., Edwards, R. L., Wang, X., and Häuselmann, Ph.: NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60 ka, Clim. Past, 7, 1247-1259, doi:10.5194/cp-7- 1247-2011, 2011.
13. Broecker, W. S.: Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw?, Paleoceanography, 13, 119-121, 1998.
14. Buizert, C., Martinerie, P., Petrenko, V. V., Severinghaus, J. P., Trudinger, C. M., Witrant, E., Rosen, J. L., Orsi, A. J., Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Hogan, C., Laube, J. C., Sturges, W. T., Levchenko, V. A., Smith, A. M., Levin, I., Conway, T. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Lang, P. M., Kawamura, K., Jenk, T. M., White, J.W. C., Sowers, T., Schwander, J., and Blunier, T.: Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer characterisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4259-4277, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4259-2012, 2012.
15. Capron, E., Landais, A., Chappellaz, J., Schilt, A., Buiron, D., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Loulergue, L., Leuenberger, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Meyer, H., Oerter, H., and Stenni, B.: Millennial and sub-millennial scale climatic variations recorded in polar ice cores over the last glacial period, Clim. Past, 6, 345-365, doi:10.5194/cp-6- 345- 2010, 2010a.
16. Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt, A., Masson- Delmotte, V., Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., and Oerter, H.: Synchronising EDML and NorthGRIP ice cores using 18O of atmospheric oxygen (18Oatm) and CH4 measurements over MIS5 (80-123 kyr), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 222-234, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.014, 2010b.
17. Cavitte, M. G. P., Blankenship, D. D., Young, D. A., Siegert, M. J., and Le Meur, E.: Radar stratigraphy connecting Lake Vostok and Dome C, East Antarctica, constrains the EPICA/DMC ice core time scale, The Cryosphere Discuss., 7, 321-342, doi:10.5194/tcd-7-321-2013, 2013.
18. Chesner, C. A.: The Toba Caldera Complex, Quaternary Int., 258, 5-18, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.09.025, 2012.
19. Chesner, C. A. and Luhr, J. F.: A melt inclusion study of the Toba Tuffs, Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 197, 259- 278, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.06.001, 2010.
20. Chesner, C. A., Rose, W. I., Deino, A., Drake, R., and Westgate, J. A.: Eruptive history of Earth's Largest Quaternary Caldera (Toba, Indonesia) clarified, Geology, 19, 200-203, 1991.
21. Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Kipfstuhl, J., and Legrand, M.: A comparison of the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye3 Greenland ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26707-26723, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220229)
22. Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Miller, H.,Watanabe, O., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Clausen, H. B., Svensson, A., and Larsen, L. B.: The NorthGRIP deep drilling program, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 1-4, 2002.
23. Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Steffensen, J. P., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A. E., Jouzel, J., and Bond, G.: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218-220, 1993. (Pubitemid 24391986)
24. Ellis, B. S., Mark, D. F., Pritchard, C. J., and Wolff, J. A.: Temporal dissection of the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff using the Ar-40/Ar-39 dating technique, Quat. Geochronol., 9, 34-41, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.01.006, 2012.
25. EPICA community members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623-628, 2004.
26. EPICA community members: One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greeland and Antartctica, Nature, 444, 195- 198, 2006.
27. Faria, S. H., Freitag, J., and Kipfstuhl, S.: Polar ice structure and the integrity of ice-core paleoclimate records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 338-351, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.016, 2010.
28. Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Ruth, U., Twarloh, B., Wegner, A., Udisti, R., Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Morganti, A., Severi, M., Wolff, E., Littot, G., Röthlisberger, R., Mulvaney, R., Hutterlid, M. A., Kaufmann, P., Federer, U., Lambert, F., Bigler, M., Hansson, M., Jonsell, U., Angelis, M. D., Boutron, C., Siggaard-Andersen, M.- L., Steffensen, J. P., Barbante, C., Gaspari, V., Gabrielli, P., and Wagenbach, D.: Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 260, 340-354, 2007a. (Pubitemid 47053792)
29. Fischer, H., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Ruth, U., Röthlisberger, R., and Wolff, E.: Glacial/interglacial changes in mineral dust and sea-salt records in polar ice cores: Sources, transport, and deposition, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG1002, doi:1010.1029/2005RG000192, 2007b. (Pubitemid 46876944)
30. Fujita, S., Azuma, N., Motoyama, H., Kameda, T., Narita, H., Fujii, Y., and Watanabe, O.: Electrical measurements on the 2503m Dome F Antarctic ice core, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 313-320, 2002. (Pubitemid 36386609)
31. Fujita, S., Holmlund, P., Matsuoka, K., Enomoto, H., Fukui, K., Nakazawa, F., Sugiyama, S., and Surdyk, S.: Radar diagnosis of the subglacial conditions in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 6, 1203-1219, doi:10.5194/tc-6- 1203-2012, 2012.
32. Gao, C. C., Robock, A., and Ammann, C.: Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D23111, doi:10.1029/2008jd010239, 2008.
33. Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A., and Armand, L.: Seasurface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum - a circum- Antarctic view based on siliceous microfossil records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 869-896, 2005. (Pubitemid 40383450)
34. Goujon, C., Barnola, J.-M., and Ritz, C.: Modeling the densification of polar firn including heat diffusion: Application to close-off characteristics and gas isotopic fractionation for Antarctica and Greenland sites, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4792, doi:4710.1029/2002JD003319, 2003.
35. Grootes, P. M. and Stuiver, M.: Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10-3- to 105-year time resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26455-26470, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220206)
36. Haslam,M. and Petraglia, M.: Comment on "Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia" by Williams,M. A. J., Ambrose, S. H., van der Kaars, S., Ruehlemann, C., Chattopadhyaya, U., Pal, J., and Chauhan, P. R., Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 296, 199-203, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010. 03.057, 2010.
37. Hörhold, M. W., Laepple, T., Freitag, J., Bigler, M., Fischer, H., and Kipfstuhl, S.: On the impact of impurities on the densification of polar firn, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 325, 93-99, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.022, 2012.
38. Huang, C. Y., Zhao, M. X., Wang, C. C., and Wei, G. J.: Cooling of the South China Sea by the Toba eruption and correlation with other climate proxies similar to 71,000 years ago, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3915-3918, doi:10.1029/2000gl006113, 2001. (Pubitemid 33056422)
39. Iizuka, Y., Horikawa, S., Sakurai, T., Johnson, S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., and Hondoh, T.: A relationship between ion balance and the chemical compounds of salt inclusions found in the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dome Fuji ice cores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, doi:10.1029/2007jd009018, 2008.
40. Jones, G. S., Gregory, J. M., Stott, P. A., Tett, S. F. B., and Thorpe, R. B.: An AOGCM simulation of the climate response to a volcanic super-eruption, Clim. Dynam., 25, 725-738, doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0066-8, 2005. (Pubitemid 41829832)
41. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years, Science, 317, 793-796, doi:10.1126/science.1141038, 2007. (Pubitemid 47263433)
42. Kaufmann, P., Fundel, F., Fischer, H., Bigler, M., Ruth, U., Udisti, R., Hansson, M., de Angelis, M., Barbante, C., Wolff, E. W., Hutterli, M., and Wagenbach, D.: Ammonium and non-sea salt sulfate in the EPICA ice cores as indicator of biological activity in the Southern Ocean, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 313-323, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.009, 2010.
43. Kawamura, K., Parrenin, F., Lisiecki, L., Uemura, R., Vimeux, F., Severinghaus, J. P., Hutterli, M. A., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Jouzel, J., Raymo, M. E., Matsumoto, K., Nakata, H., Motoyama, H., Fujita, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Fujii, Y., and Watanabe, O.: Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360,000 years, Nature, 448, 912-914, doi:10.1038/nature06015, 2007. (Pubitemid 47312769)
44. Kudrass, H. R., Hofmann, A., Doose, H., Emeis, K., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Modulation and amplification of climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere by the Indian summer monsoon during the past 80 k.y, Geology, 29, 63-66, 2001.
45. Lane, C., Haslam, M., Petraglia, M., Ditchfield, P., Smith, V., and Korisettar, R.: Cryptotephra from the 74 ka BP Toba supereruption in the Billa Surgam caves, southern India, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 1819-1824, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.010, 2011.
46. Lemieux-Dudon, B., Blayo, E., Petit, J. R., Waelbroeck, C., Svensson, A., Ritz, C., Barnola, J. M., Narcisi, B. M., and Parrenin, F.: Consistent dating for Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 8-20, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.010, 2010.
47. Loulergue, L., Parrenin, F., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Spahni, R., Schilt, A., Raisbeck, G., and Chappellaz, J.: New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr, Clim. Past, 3, 527-540, doi:10.5194/cp-3-527-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47330729)
48. Louys, J.: Mammal community structure of Sundanese fossil assemblages from the Late Pleistocene, and a discussion on the ecological effects of the Toba eruption, Quaternary Int., 258, 80-87, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.027, 2012.
49. Mark, D. F., Petraglia, M., Smith, V. C., Morgan, L. E., Barfod, D. N., Ellis, B. S., Pearce, N. J., Pal, J. N., and Korisettar, R.: A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Young Toba Tuff and dating of ultra-distal tephra: forcing of Quaternary climate and implications for hominin occupation of India, Quat. Geochronol., online first, doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.12.004, 2013.
50. Mayewski, P. A., Meeker, L. D., Twickler, M. S., Whitlow, S., Yang, Q. Z., Lyons,W. B., and Prentice, M.: Major features and forcing of high-latitude northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation using a 110,000-year-long glaciochemical series, J. Geophys. Res.- Ocean, 102, 26345-26366, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220199)
51. North Greenland Ice Core Project members: High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147-151, 2004.
52. Oppenheimer, C.: Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba approximate to 74 kyr BP?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 1593-1609, doi:10.1016/s0277- 3791(01)00154-8, 2002. (Pubitemid 34869433)
53. Parrenin, F., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Chappellaz, J., Dreyfus, G., Fischer, H., Fujita, S., Jouzel, J., Kawamura, K., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Loulergue, L., Masson- Delmotte, V., Narcisi, B., Petit, J.-R., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Ruth, U., Schwander, J., Severi, M., Spahni, R., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Udisti, R., Waelbroeck, C., and Wolff, E.: The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core, Clim. Past, 3, 485-497, doi:10.5194/cp-3-485-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47293599)
54. Parrenin, F., Petit, J.-R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Wolff, E., Basile- Doelsch, I., Jouzel, J., Lipenkov, V., Rasmussen, S. O., Schwander, J., Severi, M., Udisti, R., Veres, D., and Vinther, B. M.: Volcanic synchronisation between the EPICA Dome C and Vostok ice cores (Antarctica) 0-145 kyr BP, Clim. Past, 8, 1031-1045, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1031-2012, 2012.
55. Pedro, J. B., van Ommen, T. D., Rasmussen, S. O., Morgan, V. I., Chappellaz, J., Moy, A. D., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Delmotte, M.: The last deglaciation: timing the bipolar seesaw, Clim. Past, 7, 671-683, doi:10.5194/cp-7-671-2011, 2011.
56. Petraglia, M., Korisettar, R., Boivin, N., Clarkson, C., Ditchfield, P., Jones, S., Koshy, J., Lahr, M. M., Oppenheimer, C., Pyle, D., Roberts, R., Schwenninger, J. L., Arnold, L., and White, K.: Middle paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption, Science, 317, 114-116, doi:10.1126/science.1141564, 2007. (Pubitemid 47056467)
57. Raisbeck, G. M., Yiou, F., Jouzel, J., and Stocker, T. F.: Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10, Clim. Past, 3, 541-547, doi:10.5194/cp-3-541-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47384427)
58. Rampino, M. R. and Self, S.: Volcanic winter and accelerated glaciation following the Toba super-eruption, Nature, 359, 50- 52, 1992. (Pubitemid 23373922)
59. Rasmussen, M., Guo, X. S., Wang, Y., Lohmueller, K. E., Rasmussen, S., Albrechtsen, A., Skotte, L., Lindgreen, S., Metspalu, M., Jombart, T., Kivisild, T., Zhai, W. W., Eriksson, A., Manica, A., Orlando, L., De La Vega, F. M., Tridico, S., Metspalu, E., Nielsen, K., Avila-Arcos, M. C., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Muller, C., Dortch, J., Gilbert, M. T. P., Lund, O., Wesolowska, A., Karmin, M., Weinert, L. A., Wang, B., Li, J., Tai, S. S., Xiao, F., Hanihara, T., van Driem, G., Jha, A. R., Ricaut, F. X., de Knijff, P., Migliano, A. B., Romero, I. G., Kristiansen, K., Lambert, D. M., Brunak, S., Forster, P., Brinkmann, B., Nehlich, O., Bunce, M., Richards, M., Gupta, R., Bustamante, C. D., Krogh, A., Foley, R. A., Lahr, M. M., Balloux, F., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Villems, R., Nielsen, R.,Wang, J., andWillerslev, E.: An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia, Science, 333, 94-98, doi:10.1126/science. 1211177, 2011.
60. Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A. M., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.- L., Johnsen, S. J., Larsen, L. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Röthlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M. E., and Ruth, U.: A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006079, 2006. (Pubitemid 43675909)
61. Rasmussen, S. O., Seierstad, I. K., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Johnsen, S. J.: Synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores across MIS 2 and palaeoclimatic implications, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 18-28, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.016, 2008.
62. Robock, A.: Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191-219, 2000. (Pubitemid 32200846)
63. Robock, A., Ammann, C. M., Oman, L., Shindell, D., Levis, S., and Stenchikov, G.: Did the Toba volcanic eruption of similar to 74 kaBP produce widespread glaciation?, J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 114, D10107, doi:10.1029/2008jd011652, 2009.
64. Ruth, U., Wagenbach, D., Steffensen, J. P., and Bigler, M.: Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4098, doi:4010.1029/2002JD002376, 2003.
65. Ruth, U., Barnola, J.-M., Beer, J., Bigler, M., Blunier, T., Castellano, E., Fischer, H., Fundel, F., Huybrechts, P., Kaufmann, P., Kipfstuhl, S., Lambrecht, A., Morganti, A., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Rybak, O., Severi, M., Udisti, R., Wilhelms, F., and Wolff, E.: "EDML1": a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the last 150 000 years, Clim. Past, 3, 475-484, doi:10.5194/cp-3-475-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47230499)
66. Schulz, H., von Rad, U., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Correlation between Arabian sea and Greenland climate oscillation of the past 110,000 years, Nature, 393, 54-57, 1998. (Pubitemid 28240251)
67. Schulz, H., Emeis, K. C., Erlenkeuser, H., von Rad, U., and Rolf, C.: The Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the northern Indian Ocean, Quaternary Res., 57, 22-31, doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2291, 2002. (Pubitemid 36261121)
68. Schwander, J., Barnola, J.-M., Andrié, C., Leuenberger, M., Ludin, A., Raynaud, D., and Stauffer, B.: The age of the air in the firn and the ice at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2831- 2838, 1993. (Pubitemid 23381401)
69. Severi, M., Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Morganti, A., Traversi, R., Udisti, R., Ruth, U., Fischer, H., Huybrechts, P., Wolff, E., Parrenin, F., Kaufmann, P., Lambert, F., and Steffensen, J. P.: Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching, Clim. Past, 3, 367-374, doi:10.5194/cp-3-367-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47143406)
70. Sigl, M., McConnell, J. R., Layman, L., Maselli, O., McGwire, K., Pasteris, D., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B., Edwards, R., Mulvaney, R., and Kipfstuhl, S.: A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., online first, doi:10.1029/2012JD018603, 2012.
71. Singer, B. S., Guillou, H., Jicha, B. R., Laj, C., Kissel, C., Beard, B. L., and Johnson, C. M.: Ar-40/Ar-39, K-Ar and Th-230-U-238 dating of the Laschamp excursion: A radioisotopic tie-point for ice core and climate chronologies, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 286, 80-88, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06. 030, 2009.
72. Steffensen, J. P., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl- Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. E., Svensson, A., and White, J. W. C.: High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years, Science, 321, 680-684, 2008.
73. Stenni, B., Buiron, D., Frezzotti, M., Albani, S., Barbante, C., Bard, E., Barnola, J. M., Baroni, M., Baumgartner, M., Bonazza, M., Capron, E., Castellano, E., Chappellaz, J., Delmonte, B., Falourd, S., Genoni, L., Iacumin, P., Jouzel, J., Kipfstuhl, S., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Maggi, V., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mazzola, C., Minster, B., Montagnat, M., Mulvaney, R., Narcisi, B., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Petit, J. R., Ritz, C., Scarchilli, C., Schilt, A., Schupbach, S., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Severi, M., Stocker, T. F., and Udisti, R.: Expression of the bipolar see-saw in Antarctic climate records during the last deglaciation, Nat. Geosci., 4, 46-49, doi:10.1038/ngeo1026, 2010.
74. Stocker, T. F. and Johnsen, S. J.: A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw, Paleoceanography, 18, 1087, doi:1010.1029/2003PA000920, 2003.
75. Storey, M., Roberts, R. G., and Saidin, M.: Astronomically calibrated Ar-40/Ar-39 age for the Toba supereruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary records, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 18684-18688, doi:10.1073/pnas.1208178109, 2012.
76. Svensson, A., Nielsen, S. W., Kipfstuhl, S., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Bigler, M., Ruth, U., and Röthlisberger, R.: Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (North- GRIP) ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02108, doi:02110.01029/02004JD005134, 2005.
77. Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl- Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J., Muscheler, R., Parrenin, F., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Seierstad, I., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology, Clim. Past, 4, 47-57, doi:10.5194/cp-4-47- 2008, 2008. (Pubitemid 351468294)
78. Taylor, K. C., Alley, R. B., Lamorey, G.W., and Mayewski, P.: Electrical measurements on the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Core, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26511-26517, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220210)
79. Timmreck, C., Graf, H. F., Zanchettin, D., Hagemann, S., Kleinen, T., and Kruger, K.: Climate response to the Toba super-eruption: Regional changes, Quaternary Int., 258, 30-44, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.008, 2012.
80. Udisti, R., Becagli, S., Castellano, E., Delmonte, B., Jouzel, J., Petit, J. R., Schwander, J., Stenni, B., and Wolff, E. W.: Stratigraphic correlations between the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C and Vostok ice cores showing the relative variations of snow accumulation over the past 45 kyr, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08101, doi:08110.01029/02003JD004180, 2004.
81. Vallelonga, P., Bertagna, G., Blunier, T., Kjær, H. A., Popp, T. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., Stowasser, C., Svensson, A. S.,Warming, E.,Winstrup, M., Bigler, M., and Kipfstuhl, S.: Duration of Greenland Stadial 22 and ice-gas 1 age from counting of annual layers in Greenland NGRIP ice core, Clim. Past, 8, 1839-1847, doi:10.5194/cp-8-1839-2012, 2012.
82. Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 6011-6049, doi:10.5194/cpd-8-6011- 2012, 2012.
83. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Johnsen, S. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Buchardt, S. L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Seierstad, I. K., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. M., Olsen, J., and Heinemeier, J.: A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13102, doi:13110.11029/12005JD006921, 2006.
84. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Kipfstuhl, S., Fischer, H., Bigler, M., Oerter, H.,Wegner, A.,Wilhelms, F., Severi, M., Udisti, R., Beer, J., Steinhilber, F., Muscheler, R., Rasmussen, S. O., and Svensson, A.: An annual layer counted EDML time scale covering the past 16 700 years, Geophys. Res. Abstr., EGU2012-13043, EGU General Assembly 212, Vienna, Austria, 2012.
85. Wang, Y. J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Kong, X. G., Shao, X. H., Chen, S. T., Wu, J. Y., Jiang, X. Y., Wang, X. F., and An, Z. S.: Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years, Nature, 451, 1090-1093, doi:10.1038/nature06692, 2008. (Pubitemid 351317452)
86. Watanabe, O., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S., Parrenin, F., Shoji, H., and Yoshida, N.: Homogeneous climate variability across East Antarctica over the past three glacial cycles, Nature, 422, 509- 512, doi:10.1038/nature01525, 2003. (Pubitemid 36433643)
87. Westaway, R., Mishra, S., Deo, S., and Bridgland, D. R.: Methods for determination of the age of Pleistocene tephra, derived from eruption of Toba, in central India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 120, 503- 530, doi:10.1007/s12040-011- 0087-0, 2011.
88. Westgate, J. A., Shane, P. A. R., Pearce, N. J. G., Perkins, W. T., Korisettar, R., Chesner, C. A.,Williams, M. A. J., and Acharyya, S. K.: All Toba tephra occurrences across peninsular India belong to the 75,000 yr BP eruption, Quaternary Res. 50, 107-112, doi:10.1006/qres.1998.1974, 1998. (Pubitemid 29007536)
89. Wilhelms, F., Kipfstuhl, J., Miller, H., Heinloth, K., and Firestone, J.: Precise dielectric profiling of ice cores: a new device with improved guarding and its theory, J. Glaciol., 44, 171-174, 1998. (Pubitemid 128769171)
90. Williams, M.: The similar to 73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: History of a debate, Quaternary Int., 258, 19-29, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08. 025, 2012.
91. Wolff, E. W., Moore, J. C., Clausen, H. B., and Hammer, C. U.: Climatic implications of background acidity and other chemistry derived from electrical studies of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26325-26332, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220197)
92. Wolff, E. W., Cook, E., Barnes, P. R. F., and Mulvaney, R.: Signal variability in replicate ice cores, J. Glaciol., 51, 462-468, 2005. (Pubitemid 43246008)
93. Wolff, E. W., Chappellaz, J., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., and Svensson, A.: Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial: The ice core record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2828-2838, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10. 013, 2010.
94. Yang, Q., Mayewski, P. A., Zielinski, G. A., Twickler, M., and Taylor, K. C.: Depletion of atmospheric nitrate and chloride as a consequence of the Toba volcanic eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2513-2516, doi:10.1029/96gl02201, 1996.
95. Yiou, F., Raisbeck, G. M., Baumgartner, S., Beer, J., Hammer, C., Johnsen, S., Jouzel, J., Kubik, P. W., Lestringuez, J., Stiévenard, M., Suter, M., and Yiou, P.: Beryllium 10 in Greenland Ice Core Project ice core at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26783-26794, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220228)
96. Zielinski, G. A.: Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism-climate system, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 417-438, 2000. (Pubitemid 30018307)
97. Zielinski, G. A., Mayewski, P. A., Meeker, L. D., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M. S., and Taylor, K.: Potential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ∼ 71,000 years ago, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 837-840, 1996.