Primary antiphospholipid syndrome and pulmonary hypertension

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 545-551

  Mirrakhimov, Aibek E ^a   Hill, Nicholas S ^b  

^a SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid syndrome; Pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary hypertension; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BOSENTAN; ILOPROST; PHOSPHOLIPID DERIVATIVE; PROSTACYCLIN; RIOCIGUAT; SILDENAFIL;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISSOLUTION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDARTERECTOMY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; PATHOGENESIS; PREGNANCY DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; RISK FACTOR; ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION; THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84894100182     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161282004140213125951     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: S43-54.
2. Oswald-Mammosser M, Weitzenblum E, Quoix E, et al. Prognostic factors in COPD patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Importance of pulmonary artery pressure. Chest 1995; 107: 1193-8.
3. Lang IM, Benza R. Pulmonary hypertension: chapters of innovation and tribulation. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 961-8.
4. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 351-60.
5. Egermayer P, Peacock AJ. Is pulmonary embolism a common cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension? Limitations of the embolic hypothesis. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 440-8.
6. Klok FA, van Kralingen KW, van Dijk AP, Heyning FH, Vliegen HW, Huisman MV. Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Haematologica 2010; 95: 970-5.
7. Pengo V, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2257-64.
8. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.
9. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983; 322: 1211-4.
10. Giannakopoulos B, Passam F, Ioannou Y, Krilis SA. How we diagnose the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2009; 113: 985-94.
11. Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, et al. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/ Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 1737-40.
12. Yin H, Borghi MO, Delgado-Vega AM, Tincani A, Meroni PL, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Association of STAT4 and BLK, but not BANK1 or IRF5, with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2468-71.
13. Goldberg SN, Conti-Kelly AM, Greco TP. A family study of anticardiolipin antibodies and associated clinical conditions. Am J Med 1995; 99: 473-9.
14. Hirose N, Williams R, Alberts AR, et al. A role for the polymorphism at position 247 of the beta2-glycoprotein I gene in the generation of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1655-61.
15. Pardos-Gea J, Castro-Marrero J, Cortés-Hernández J, et al. Beta2-glycoprotein I gene polymorphisms Val247Leu and Trp316Ser in Spanish patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32: 927-32.
16. Jiménez S, Tàssies D, Espinosa G, et al. Double heterozygosity polymorphisms for platelet glycoproteins Ia/IIa and IIb/IIIa increases arterial thrombosis and arteriosclerosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome or with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 835-40.
17. Sanchez ML, Katsumata K, Atsumi T, et al. Association of HLADM polymorphism with the production of antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1645-8.
18. Schur PH. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1995; 4: 425-37.
19. Karassa FB, Bijl M, Davies KA, et al. Role of the Fcgamma receptor IIA polymorphism in the antiphospholipid syndrome: an international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 1930-8.
20. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet 2010; 376: 1498-509.
21. Ostrowski RA, Robinson JA. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008; 22: 53-65.
22. Cefle A, Inanc M, Sayarlioglu M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with antiphospholipid antibodies and severe disease outcome. Rheumatol Int 2011; 31:183-9.
23. Santiago M, Martinelli R, Ko A, et al. Anti-beta2 glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibodies in leptospirosis, syphilis and Kalaazar. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 425-30.
24. Dlott JS, Roubey RA. Drug-induced lupus anticoagulants and antiphospholipid antibodies. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012; 14: 71-8.
25. Mahaum N, Prete PE. Antiphospholipid antibodies in malignancy: are these pathogenic or epiphenomena? J Clin Rheumatol 2011; 17: 429-31.
26. Amengual O, Atsumi T, Koike T. Pathophysiology of thrombosis and potential targeted therapies in antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9: 606-18.
27. Blank M, Krause I, Fridkin M, et al. Bacterial induction of autoantibodies to beta2-glycoprotein-I accounts for the infectious etiology of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 797-804.
28. Merrill JT, Zhang HW, Shen C, et al. Enhancement of protein S anticoagulant function by beta2-glycoprotein I, a major target antigen of antiphospholipid antibodies: beta2-glycoprotein I interferes with binding of protein S to its plasma inhibitor, C4b-binding protein. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81: 748-57.
29. Esmon CT. The protein C pathway. Chest 2003; 124: 26S-32S.
30. Hurtado V, Montes R, Gris JC, et al. Autoantibodies against EPCR are found in antiphospholipid syndrome and are a risk factor for fetal death. Blood 2004; 104: 1369-74.
31. Nojima J, Kuratsune H, Suehisa E, Iwatani Y, Kanakura Y. Acquired activated protein C resistance associated with IgG antibodies against beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin as a strong risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 545-52.
32. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 109: III27-32.
33. Simantov R, LaSala JM, Lo SK, et al. Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 2211-9.
34. Del Papa N, Guidali L, Spatola L, et al. Relationship between antiphospholipid and anti-endothelial cell antibodies III: beta 2 glycoprotein I mediates the antibody binding to endothelial membranes and induces the expression of adhesion molecules. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13: 179-85.
35. Aksu K, Donmez A, Keser G. Inflammation-induced thrombosis: mechanisms, disease associations and management. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18: 1478-93.
36. Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Mavragani CP, Bourazopoulou E, Balitsari AV, Routsias JG. Anti-CD40 antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92: 1303-11.
37. Vega-Ostertag M, Casper K, Swerlick R, Ferrara D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS. Involvement of p38 MAPK in the up-regulation of tissue factor on endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1545-54.
38. Hamid C, Norgate K, D'Cruz DP, et al. Anti-beta2GPI-antibodyinduced endothelial cell gene expression profiling reveals induction of novel pro-inflammatory genes potentially involved in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1000-7.
39. López-Pedrera C, Cuadrado MJ, Herández V, et al. Proteomic analysis in monocytes of antiphospholipid syndrome patients: deregulation of proteins related to the development of thrombosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 2835-44.
40. Silver RK, Mullen TA, Caplan MS, O'Connell PD, Ragin A. Inducible platelet adherence to human umbilical vein endothelium by anticardiolipin antibody-positive sera. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 702-7.
41. Nojima J, Kuratsune H, Suehisa E, Kitani T, Iwatani Y, Kanakura Y. Strong correlation between the prevalence of cerebral infarction and the presence of anti-cardiolipin/beta2-glycoprotein I and antiphosphatidylserine/ prothrombin antibodies-Co-existence of these antibodies enhances ADP-induced platelet activation in vitro. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91: 967-76.
42. Vega-Ostertag M, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS. Intracellular events in platelet activation induced by antiphospholipid antibodies in the presence of low doses of thrombin. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 2911-9.
43. Shi T, Giannakopoulos B, Yan X, et al. Anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in complex with beta2-glycoprotein I can activate platelets in a dysregulated manner via glycoprotein Ib-IX-V. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2558-67.
44. Tsai HM. Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol 2010; 91: 1-19.
45. Tan CW, Ward CM, Morel-Kopp MC. Evaluating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: the old and the new. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38: 135-43.
46. Ramos-Casals M, Campoamor MT, Chamorro A, et al. Hypocomplementemia in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance in 667 patients. Lupus 2004; 13: 777-83.
47. Chen M, Daha MR, Kallenberg CG. The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2010; 34: J276-86.
48. Oku K, Atsumi T, Bohgaki M, et al. Complement activation in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 1030-5.
49. Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 1019-27.
50. Toubi E, Krause I, Fraser A, et al. Livedo reticularis is a marker for predicting multi-system thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23: 499-504.
51. Tektonidou MG, Varsou N, Kotoulas G, Antoniou A, Moutsopoulos HM. Cognitive deficits in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: association with clinical, laboratory, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2278-84.
52. Camargo EW, Freire PV, Silva CA, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome plus rheumatic fever: a higher risk factor for stroke? Rheumatol Int 2012; 32: 1721-5.
53. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Mackworth-Young CG, Patel BM, Derue G, Hughes GR. Lupoid sclerosis: a possible pathogenetic role for antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 281-3.
54. Farzaneh-Far A, Roman MJ, Lockshin MD, et al. Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 3918-25.
55. Farsi A, Domeneghetti MP, Fedi S, et al. High prevalence of antibeta2 glycoprotein I antibodies in patients with ischemic heart disease. Autoimmunity 1999; 30: 93-8.
56. Sacré K, Brihaye B, Hyafil F, et al. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemic disease in antiphospholipid syndrome: a controlled cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 2093-100.
57. Gigante A, Gasperini ML, Cianci R, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and renal involvement. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30: 405-12.
58. Diz-Küçükkaya R, Hacihanefioǧlu A, Yenerel M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood 2001; 98: 1760-4.
59. Espinosa G, Bucciarelli S, Cervera R, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 730-6.
60. Erkan D, Espinosa G, Cervera R. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: updated diagnostic algorithms. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10: 74-9.
61. Pengo V, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2257-64.
62. Lang IM. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-not so rare after all. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2236-8.
63. Berger G, Azzam ZS, Hardak E, Tavor Y, Yigla M. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pul monary hypertension: can we be certain? Isr Med Assoc J 2011; 13: 106-10.
64. Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation 2011; 124: 1973-81.
65. Ahearn GS, Tapson VF, Rebeiz A, Greenfield JC Jr. Electrocardiography to define clinical status in primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to collagen vascular disease. Chest 2002; 122: 524-47.
66. Bossone E, Bodini BD, Mazza A, Allegra L. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: the key role of echocardiography. Chest 2005; 127: 1836-43.
67. Raisinghani A, Ben-Yehuda O. Echocardiography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 18: 230-5.
68. Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E, et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 615-21.
69. Morris TA, Auger WR, Ysrael MZ, et al. Parenchymal scarring is associated with restrictive spirometric defects in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1996; 110: 399-403.
70. Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K. Pulmonary function in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1028-35.
71. Tunariu N, Gibbs SJ, Win Z, et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. Nucl Med 2007; 48: 680-4.
72. Fishman AJ, Moser KM, Fedullo PF. Perfusion lung scans vs pulmonary angiography in evaluation of suspected primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1983; 84: 679-83.
73. Ryan KL, Fedullo PF, Davis GB, Vasquez TE, Moser KM. Perfusion scan findings understate the severity of angiographic and hemodynamic compromise in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1988; 93: 1180-5.
74. Hasegawa I, Boiselle PM, Hatabu H. Bronchial artery dilatation on MDCT scans of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: comparison with chronic or recurrent pulmonary embolism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 67-72.
75. Kreitner KF, Kunz RP, Ley S, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 11-21.
76. Auger WR, Fedullo PF, Moser KM, Buchbinder M, Peterson KL. Chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary artery obstruction: appearance at angiography. Radiology 1992; 182: 393-8.
77. Pitton MB, Düber C, Mayer E, Thelen M. Hemodynamic effects of nonionic contrast bolus injection and oxygen inhalation during pulmonary angiography in patients with chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 1996; 94: 2485-91.
78. Barrett BJ. Contrast nephrotoxicity. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 5: 125-137.
79. Cracowski JL, Leuchte HH. The potential of biomarkers in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110: 32S-38S.
80. Reesink HJ, Tulevski II, Marcus JT, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as noninvasive marker of the severity of right ventricular dysfunction in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84: 537-43.
81. Suntharalingam J, Goldsmith K, Toshner M, et al. Role of NTproBNP and 6MWD in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Respir Med 2007; 101: 2254-62.
82. Klok FA, Surie S, Kempf T, et al. A simple non-invasive diagnostic algorithm for ruling out chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2011; 128: 21-6.
83. Dentali F, Donadini M, Gianni M, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a preclinical marker of chronic pulmonary hypertension in patients with pulmonary embolism. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4: 123-8.
84. Nagaya N, Ando M, Oya H, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a noninvasive marker for efficacy of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: 180-4.
85. Surie S, Reesink HJ, van der Plas MN, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biomarker for haemodynamic outcome and mortality following pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 15: 973-8.
86. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Cuadrado MJ, Ruiz-Arruza I, et al. Evidencebased recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: report of a task force at the 13th International Congress on antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2011; 20: 206-18.
87. Erkan D, Harrison MJ, Levy R, et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2382-91.
88. Houman Fekrazad M, Lopes RD, Stashenko GJ, Alexander JH, Garcia D. Treatment of venous thromboembolism: guidelines translated for the clinician. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28: 270-5.
89. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1133-8.
90. Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 848-53.
91. Mayer E, Jenkins D, Lindner J, et al. Surgical management and outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141: 702-10.
92. Moser KM, Metersky ML, Auger WR, Fedullo PF. Resolution of vascular steal after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Chest 1993; 104: 1441-4.
93. Lee KC, Cho YL, Lee SY. Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary endarterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin 2001; 39: 97-101.
94. Freed DH, Thomson BM, Berman M, et al. Survival after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy: effect of residual pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141: 383-7.
95. Jaïs X, D'Armini AM, Jansa P, et al. Bosentan for treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: BENEFiT (Bosentan Effects in iNopErable Forms of chronIc Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension), a randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 2127-34.
96. Condliffe R, Kiely DG, Gibbs JS, et al. Improved outcomes in medically and surgically treated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 1122-7.
97. Nagaya N, Sasaki N, Ando M, et al. Prostacyclin therapy before pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2003; 123: 338-43.
98. Becattini C, Manina G, Busti C, Gennarini S, Agnelli G. Bosentan for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 2010; 126: e51-6.
99. Olschewski H, Simonneau G, Galiè N, et al. Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 322-9.
100. Cabrol S, Souza R, Jais X, et al. Intravenous epoprostenol in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26: 357-62.
101. Reichenberger F, Voswinckel R, Enke B, et al. Long-term treatment with sildenafil in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 922-7.
102. http://www. empr. com/phase-3-trial-update-of-riociguat-forchronic-thromboembolic-pulmonary-hypertension/article/265086/ Accessed December 3, 2012.
103. Ghofani H, Grimminger F, Hoeper M, et al. Riociguat for the treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study (CHEST-1). Chest 2012; 142: 1023A.
104. Gasparyan AY, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Mikhailidis DP, Toms TE, Douglas KM, Kitas GD. The rationale for comparative studies of accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatic diseases. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8: 437-49.