Management of arterial vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Seminars in Neurology

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 488-497

  Dusick, Joshua R ^a   Gonzalez, Nestor R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

delayed cerebral ischemia; stroke; subarachnoid hemorrhage; vasospasm

Indexed keywords

DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL;

EID: 84893832099     PISSN: 02718235     EISSN: 10989021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1364216     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Becker K. J. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am: 1998; 9 3 435 444 (Pubitemid 28328461)
2. Wardlaw J. M., White P. M. The detection and management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Brain: 2000; 123 (Pt 2): 205 221 (Pubitemid 30055146)
3. Dombovy M. L., Drew-Cates J., Serdans R. Recovery and rehabilitation following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Part I: Outcome after inpatient rehabilitation. Brain Inj: 1998; 12 6 443 454 (Pubitemid 28274142)
4. Lee W. C., Christensen M. C., Joshi A. V., Pashos C. L. Long-term cost of stroke subtypes among Medicare beneficiaries. Cerebrovasc Dis: 2007; 23 1 57 65 (Pubitemid 46112803)
5. Wilkins R. H. Cerebral vasospasm. Crit Rev Neurobiol: 1990; 6 1 51 77 (Pubitemid 20320179)
6. Dorsch N. W. Cerebral arterial spasm-a clinical review. Br J Neurosurg: 1995; 9 3 403 412
7. Dorsch N. W., King M. T. A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Part I: Incidence and effects. J Clin Neurosci: 1994; 1 1 19 26
8. Fergusen S., Macdonald R. L. Predictors of cerebral infarction in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2007; 60 4 658 667, discussion 667 (Pubitemid 46581089)
9. Broderick J. P., Brott T. G., Duldner J. E., Tomsick T., Leach A. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 1994; 25 7 1342 1347 (Pubitemid 24198577)
10. Kassell N. F., Torner J. C., Haley E. C. Jr, Jane J. A., Adams H. P., Kongable G. L. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: Overall management results. J Neurosurg: 1990; 73 1 18 36 (Pubitemid 20206379)
11. Proust F., Hannequin D., Langlois O., Freger P., Creissard P. Causes of morbidity and mortality after ruptured aneurysm surgery in a series of 230 patients. The importance of control angiography. Stroke: 1995; 26 9 1553 1557
12. Zabramski J., Hamilton M. G. Cerebral Vasospasm. In: Spetzler R. F., ed. Neurovascular Surgery. New York, NY McGraw-Hill: 1994
13. Weir B., Macdonald R. L., Stoodley M. Etiology of cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien): 1999; 72 27 46
14. Weir B., Grace M., Hansen J., Rothberg C. Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg: 1978; 48 2 173 178 (Pubitemid 8269962)
15. Macdonald R. L., Kassell N. F., Mayer S., et al. CONSCIOUS-1 Investigators. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke: 2008; 39 11 3015 3021
16. Petruk K. C., West M., Mohr G., et al. Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg: 1988; 68 4 505 517
17. Rinkel G. J., Feigin V. L., Algra A., van den Bergh W. M., Vermeulen M., van Gijn J. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2005; 1 CD000277
18. Macdonald R. L., Pluta R. M., Zhang J. H. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nat Clin Pract Neurol: 2007; 3 5 256 263 (Pubitemid 46745473)
19. Bederson J. B., Levy A. L., Ding W. H., et al. Acute vasoconstriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 1998; 42 2 352 360
20. Siesjö B. K. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. J Neurosurg: 1992; 77 2 169 184
21. Asano T., Sano K. Pathogenetic role of no-reflow phenomenon in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs. J Neurosurg: 1977; 46 4 454 466 (Pubitemid 8067471)
22. Hadeishi H., Suzuki A., Yasui N., Hatazawa J., Shimosegawa E. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2002; 50 4 741 747, discussion 747-748
23. Hamann G. F., Okada Y., Fitridge R., del Zoppo G. J. Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke: 1995; 26 11 2120 2126
24. Uhl E., Lehmberg J., Steiger H. J., Messmer K. Intraoperative detection of early microvasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage by using orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. Neurosurgery: 2003; 52 6 1307 1315
25. Harada S., Kamiya K., Masago A., Iwata A., Yamada K. Subarachnoid hemorrhage induces c-fos, c-jun and hsp70 mRNA expression in rat brain. Neuroreport: 1997; 8 15 3399 3404 (Pubitemid 27461404)
26. Kawamura Y., Yamada K., Masago A., Katano H., Matsumoto T., Mase M. Hypothermia modulates induction of hsp70 and c-jun mRNA in the rat brain after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma: 2000; 17 3 243 250 (Pubitemid 30174162)
27. Marzatico F., Gaetani P., Rodriguez y Baena R., Silvani V., Paoletti P., Benzi G. Bioenergetics of different brain areas after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke: 1988; 19 3 378 384
28. Marzatico F., Gaetani P., Silvani V., Lombardi D., Sinforiani E., Rodriguez y Baena R. Experimental isobaric subarachnoid hemorrhage: regional mitochondrial function during the acute and late phase. Surg Neurol: 1990; 34 5 294 300 (Pubitemid 20363176)
29. Matz P., Turner C., Weinstein P. R., Massa S. M., Panter S. S., Sharp F. R. Heme-oxygenase-1 induction in glia throughout rat brain following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res: 1996; 713 1-2 211 222 (Pubitemid 26114842)
30. Nilsson O. G., Säveland H., Boris-Möller F., Brandt L., Wieloch T. Increased levels of glutamate in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage as measured by intracerebral microdialysis. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien): 1996; 67 45 47 (Pubitemid 126446201)
31. Peerdeman S. M., van Tulder M. W., Vandertop W. P. Cerebral microdialysis as a monitoring method in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, and correlation with clinical events-a systematic review. J Neurol: 2003; 250 7 797 805 (Pubitemid 36898110)
32. Sarrafzadeh A. S., Sakowitz O. W., Kiening K. L., Benndorf G., Lanksch W. R., Unterberg A. W. Bedside microdialysis: a tool to monitor cerebral metabolism in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients? Crit Care Med: 2002; 30 5 1062 1070 (Pubitemid 34508030)
33. Säveland H., Nilsson O. G., Boris-Möller F., Wieloch T., Brandt L. Intracerebral microdialysis of glutamate and aspartate in two vascular territories after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 1996; 38 1 12 19, discussion 19-20
34. Wang X., Marton L. S., Weir B. K., Macdonald R. L. Immediate early gene expression in vascular smooth-muscle cells synergistically induced by hemolysate components. J Neurosurg: 1999; 90 6 1083 1090 (Pubitemid 29241177)
35. Takeuchi H., Handa Y., Kobayashi H., Kawano H., Hayashi M. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation during the development of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates. Neurosurgery: 1991; 28 1 41 48
36. Yundt K. D., Grubb R. L. Jr, Diringer M. N., Powers W. J. Autoregulatory vasodilation of parenchymal vessels is impaired during cerebral vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab: 1998; 18 4 419 424 (Pubitemid 28166517)
37. Gonzalez N. R., Boscardin W. J., Glenn T., Vinuela F., Martin N. A. Vasospasm probability index: a combination of transcranial Doppler velocities, cerebral blood flow, and clinical risk factors to predict cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2007; 107 6 1101 1112 (Pubitemid 350255170)
38. Toi H., Matsumoto N., Yokosuka K., Matsubara S., Hirano K., Uno M. Prediction of cerebral vasospasm using early stage transcranial Doppler. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo): 2013; 53 6 396 402
39. Friedman J. A., Goerss S. J., Meyer F. B., et al. Volumetric quantification of Fisher grade 3 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a novel method to predict symptomatic vasospasm on admission computerized tomography scans. J Neurosurg: 2002; 97 2 401 407 (Pubitemid 34827341)
40. Reilly C., Amidei C., Tolentino J., Jahromi B. S., Macdonald R. L. Clot volume and clearance rate as independent predictors of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2004; 101 2 255 261 (Pubitemid 38971001)
41. Kramer A. H., Hehir M., Nathan B., et al. A comparison of 3 radiographic scales for the prediction of delayed ischemia and prognosis following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2008; 109 2 199 207
42. Harrod C. G., Bendok B. R., Batjer H. H. Prediction of cerebral vasospasm in patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review. Neurosurgery: 2005; 56 4 633 654, discussion 633-654
43. Conway J. E., Tamargo R. J. Cocaine use is an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 2001; 32 10 2338 2343 (Pubitemid 32954806)
44. Mocco J., Ransom E. R., Komotar R. J., et al. Racial differences in cerebral vasospasm: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurgery: 2006; 58 2 305 314
45. Rabinstein A. A., Pichelmann M. A., Friedman J. A., et al. Symptomatic vasospasm and outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between surgical repair and endovascular coil occlusion. J Neurosurg: 2003; 98 2 319 325 (Pubitemid 36151027)
46. Connolly E. S. Jr, Rabinstein A. A., Carhuapoma J. R., et al. American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke: 2012; 43 6 1711 1737
47. Aaslid R., Markwalder T. M., Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg: 1982; 57 6 769 774 (Pubitemid 13208286)
48. Lindegaard K. F., Nornes H., Bakke S. J., Sorteberg W., Nakstad P. Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements. Acta Neurochir (Wien): 1989; 100 1-2 12 24 (Pubitemid 19247138)
49. Condette-Auliac S., Bracard S., Anxionnat R., et al. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: interest in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Stroke: 2001; 32 8 1818 1824 (Pubitemid 32772213)
50. Egge A., Sjoholm H., Waterloo K., Solberg T., Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B. Serial single-photon emission computed tomographic and transcranial Doppler measurements for evaluation of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2005; 57 2 237 242, discussion 237-242
51. Hertel F., Walter C., Bettag M., Mörsdorf M. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with vasospasm: a useful new tool in the management of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2005; 56 1 28 35, discussion 35 (Pubitemid 40053971)
52. Minhas P. S., Menon D. K., Smielewski P., et al. Positron emission tomographic cerebral perfusion disturbances and transcranial Doppler findings among patients with neurological deterioration after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2003; 52 5 1017 1022
53. Sviri G. E., Britz G. W., Lewis D. H., Newell D. W., Zaaroor M., Cohen W. Dynamic perfusion computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery: 2006; 59 2 319 325, discussion 319-325
54. van der Schaaf I., Wermer M. J., van der Graaf Y., Velthuis B. K., van de Kraats C. I., Rinkel G. J. Prognostic value of cerebral perfusion-computed tomography in the acute stage after subarachnoid hemorrhage for the development of delayed cerebral ischemia. Stroke: 2006; 37 2 409 413 (Pubitemid 43731996)
55. Weidauer S., Lanfermann H., Raabe A., Zanella F., Seifert V., Beck J. Impairment of cerebral perfusion and infarct patterns attributable to vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective MRI and DSA study. Stroke: 2007; 38 6 1831 1836 (Pubitemid 46847255)
56. Vajkoczy P., Horn P., Thome C., Munch E., Schmiedek P. Regional cerebral blood flow monitoring in the diagnosis of delayed ischemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2003; 98 6 1227 1234 (Pubitemid 36617926)
57. Unterberg A. W., Sakowitz O. W., Sarrafzadeh A. S., Benndorf G., Lanksch W. R. Role of bedside microdialysis in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2001; 94 5 740 749 (Pubitemid 32799622)
58. Kett-White R., Hutchinson P. J., Al-Rawi P. G., Gupta A. K., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J. Adverse cerebral events detected after subarachnoid hemorrhage using brain oxygen and microdialysis probes. Neurosurgery: 2002; 50 6 1213 1221
59. Skjoth-Rasmussen J., Schulz M., Kristensen S. R., Bjerre P. Delayed neurological deficits detected by an ischemic pattern in the extracellular cerebral metabolites in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2004; 100 1 8 15 (Pubitemid 38017809)
60. Rathakrishnan R., Gotman J., Dubeau F., Angle M. Using continuous electroencephalography in the management of delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care: 2011; 14 2 152 161
61. Heran N. S., Hentschel S. J., Toyota B. D. Jugular bulb oximetry for prediction of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci: 2004; 31 1 80 86 (Pubitemid 38325763)
62. Yokose N., Sakatani K., Murata Y., et al. Bedside monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation and hemodynamics after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage by quantitative time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. World Neurosurg: 2010; 73 5 508 513
63. Mutoh T., Ishikawa T., Suzuki A., Yasui N. Continuous cardiac output and near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring to assist in management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care: 2010; 13 3 331 338
64. Nakagawa A., Su C. C., Sato K., Shirane R. Evaluation of changes in circulating blood volume during acute and very acute stages of subarachnoid hemorrhage: implications for the management of hypovolemia. J Neurosurg: 2002; 97 2 268 271 (Pubitemid 34827324)
65. Egge A., Waterloo K., Sjoholm H., Solberg T., Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B. Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery: 2001; 49 3 593 605
66. Lennihan L., Mayer S. A., Fink M. E., et al. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke: 2000; 31 2 383 391 (Pubitemid 30078170)
67. Treggiari M. M., Walder B., Suter P. M., Romand J. A. Systematic review of the prevention of delayed ischemic neurological deficits with hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2003; 98 5 978 984 (Pubitemid 36460888)
68. Lynch J. R., Wang H., McGirt M. J., et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke: 2005; 36 9 2024 2026 (Pubitemid 41266547)
69. Tseng M. Y., Czosnyka M., Richards H., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke: 2005; 36 8 1627 1632 (Pubitemid 41098752)
70. Tseng M. Y., Hutchinson P. J., Czosnyka M., Richards H., Pickard J. D., Kirkpatrick P. J. Effects of acute pravastatin treatment on intensity of rescue therapy, length of inpatient stay, and 6-month outcome in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 2007; 38 5 1545 1550 (Pubitemid 46684172)
71. Vergouwen M. D., Meijers J. C., Geskus R. B., et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab: 2009; 29 8 1444 1453
72. Tseng M. Y.; Participants in the International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Summary of evidence on immediate statins therapy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care: 2011; 15 2 298 301
73. Macdonald R. L., Higashida R. T., Keller E., et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol: 2011; 10 7 618 625
74. Macdonald R. L., Higashida R. T., Keller E., et al. Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke: 2012; 43 6 1463 1469
75. Wong G. K., Poon W. S., Chan M. T., et al. IMASH Investigators. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke: 2010; 41 5 921 926
76. Veyna R. S., Seyfried D., Burke D. G., et al. Magnesium sulfate therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2002; 96 3 510 514 (Pubitemid 34230205)
77. Stippler M., Crago E., Levy E. I., et al. Magnesium infusion for vasospasm prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2006; 105 5 723 729 (Pubitemid 44703935)
78. Schmid-Elsaesser R., Kunz M., Zausinger S., Prueckner S., Briegel J., Steiger H. J. Intravenous magnesium versus nimodipine in the treatment of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study. Neurosurgery: 2006; 58 6 1054 1065, discussion 1054-1065
79. Zhao X. D., Zhou Y. T., Zhang X., Zhuang Z., Shi J. X. A meta analysis of treating subarachnoid hemorrhage with magnesium sulfate. J Clin Neurosci: 2009; 16 11 1394 1397
80. Kawamoto S., Tsutsumi K., Yoshikawa G., et al. Effectiveness of the head-shaking method combined with cisternal irrigation with urokinase in preventing cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2004; 100 2 236 243 (Pubitemid 38140226)
81. Kramer A. H., Fletcher J. J. Locally-administered intrathecal thrombolytics following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care: 2011; 14 3 489 499
82. Amin-Hanjani S., Ogilvy C. S., Barker F. G. II. Does intracisternal thrombolysis prevent vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? A meta-analysis. Neurosurgery: 2004; 54 2 326 334
83. Hänggi D., Liersch J., Turowski B., Yong M., Steiger H. J. The effect of lumboventricular lavage and simultaneous low-frequency head-motion therapy after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a single center prospective Phase II trial. J Neurosurg: 2008; 108 6 1192 1199 (Pubitemid 351798496)
84. Klimo P. Jr, Kestle J. R., MacDonald J. D., Schmidt R. H. Marked reduction of cerebral vasospasm with lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2004; 100 2 215 224 (Pubitemid 38140223)
85. Andaluz N., Zuccarello M. Fenestration of the lamina terminalis as a valuable adjunct in aneurysm surgery. Neurosurgery: 2004; 55 5 1050 1059
86. Dalbasti T., Karabiyikoglu M., Ozdamar N., Oktar N., Cagli S. Efficacy of controlled-release papaverine pellets in preventing symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg: 2001; 95 1 44 50 (Pubitemid 32799771)
87. Kasuya H., Onda H., Sasahara A., Takeshita M., Hori T. Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery: 2005; 56 5 895 902, discussion 895-902
88. Zwienenberg-Lee M., Hartman J., Rudisill N., et al. Balloon Prophylaxis for Aneurysmal Vasospasm (BPAV) Study Group. Effect of prophylactic transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral vasospasm and outcome in patients with Fisher grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a phase II multicenter, randomized, clinical trial. Stroke: 2008; 39 6 1759 1765
89. Dorhout Mees S. M., van den Bergh W. M., Algra A., Rinkel G. J. Antiplatelet therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: 2007; 4 CD006184
90. Jost S. C., Diringer M. N., Zazulia A. R., et al. Effect of normal saline bolus on cerebral blood flow in regions with low baseline flow in patients with vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2005; 103 1 25 30 (Pubitemid 43193930)
91. Dankbaar J. W., Slooter A. J., Rinkel G. J., Schaaf I. C. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care: 2010; 14 1 R23
92. Miller J. A., Dacey R. G. Jr, Diringer M. N. Safety of hypertensive hypervolemic therapy with phenylephrine in the treatment of delayed ischemic deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 1995; 26 12 2260 2266
93. Amin-Hanjani S., Schwartz R. B., Sathi S., Stieg P. E. Hypertensive encephalopathy as a complication of hyperdynamic therapy for vasospasm: report of two cases. Neurosurgery: 1999; 44 5 1113 1116 (Pubitemid 29202872)
94. Hoh B. L., Carter B. S., Ogilvy C. S. Risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms during and after hypertensive hypervolemic therapy. Neurosurgery: 2002; 50 6 1207 1211
95. Raabe A., Beck J., Keller M., Vatter H., Zimmermann M., Seifert V. Relative importance of hypertension compared with hypervolemia for increasing cerebral oxygenation in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2005; 103 6 974 981 (Pubitemid 43194545)
96. Jun P., Ko N. U., English J. D., et al. Endovascular treatment of medically refractory cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol: 2010; 31 10 1911 1916
97. Terry A., Zipfel G., Milner E., et al. Safety and technical efficacy of over-the-wire balloons for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus: 2006; 21 3 E14
98. Smith W. S., Dowd C. F., Johnston S. C., et al. Neurotoxicity of intra-arterial papaverine preserved with chlorobutanol used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 2004; 35 11 2518 2522 (Pubitemid 39458410)
99. Keuskamp J., Murali R., Chao K. H. High-dose intraarterial verapamil in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg: 2008; 108 3 458 463 (Pubitemid 351357976)
100. Tanaka K., Minami H., Kota M., Kuwamura K., Kohmura E. Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with intra-arterial fasudil hydrochloride. Neurosurgery: 2005; 56 2 214 223, discussion 214-223
101. Arakawa Y., Kikuta K., Hojo M., et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo): 2004; 44 8 393 400, discussion 401 (Pubitemid 39243814)
102. Arakawa Y., Kikuta K., Hojo M., Goto Y., Ishii A., Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery: 2001; 48 4 723 728, discussion 728-730
103. Fraticelli A. T., Cholley B. P., Losser M. R., Saint Maurice J. P., Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 2008; 39 3 893 898 (Pubitemid 351619546)
104. Westhout F. D., Nwagwu C. I. Intra-arterial verapamil-induced seizures: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol: 2007; 67 5 483 486, discussion 486 (Pubitemid 46574896)
105. Apostolides P. J., Greene K. A., Zabramski J. M., Fitzgerald J. W., Spetzler R. F. Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in the management of concomitant cerebral vasospasm and cardiac failure after subarachnoid hemorrhage: technical case report. Neurosurgery: 1996; 38 5 1056 1059, discussion 1059-1060
106. Nussbaum E. S., Sebring L. A., Ganz W. F., Madison M. T. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation augments cerebral blood flow in the patient with cerebral vasospasm: a xenon-enhanced computed tomography study. Neurosurgery: 1998; 42 1 206 213
107. Appelboom G., Strozyk D., Hwang B. Y., et al. Bedside use of a dual aortic balloon occlusion for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Neurocrit Care: 2010; 13 3 385 388
108. Schellinger P. D., Shuaib A., Köhrmann M., et al. for the SENTIS Trial Investigators. Reduced mortality and severe disability rates in the SENTIS Trial. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol: 2013; (Jul): 4
109. Shuaib A., Bornstein N. M., Diener H. C., et al. SENTIS Trial Investigators. Partial aortic occlusion for cerebral perfusion augmentation: safety and efficacy of NeuroFlo in Acute Ischemic Stroke trial. Stroke: 2011; 42 6 1680 1690
110. Chun-jing H., Shan O., Guo-dong L., Hao-xiong N., Yi-ran L., Ya-ping F. Effect of cervical sympathetic block on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Acta Cir Bras: 2013; 28 2 89 93
111. Treggiari M. M., Romand J. A., Martin J. B., Reverdin A., Rüfenacht D. A., de Tribolet N. Cervical sympathetic block to reverse delayed ischemic neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke: 2003; 34 4 961 967