Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: A systematic review

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 84-90

  Gardner, Andrew ^a   Iverson, Grant L ^b,c   McCrory, Paul ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d FLOREY INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOXING; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN INJURY; CONCUSSION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INJURY; NEUROLOGY; NOMENCLATURE; ONSET AGE; PATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SPORT INJURY; SPORTING INJURIES; SYNDROME; TRAUMATOLOGY;

CONCUSSION; HEAD INJURIES; NEUROLOGY; SPORTING INJURIES; TRAUMA SURGERY;

AGE OF ONSET; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BOXING; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN INJURY, CHRONIC; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; SYNDROME; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84893485820     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: 14730480     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092646     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Schwarz A. Head injuries in football. New York Times 21 October 2010.
2. Gregory S. The problem with football: how to make it safer. TIME Magazine 2010:36-43.
3. Schwarz A. Expert ties ex-player's suicide to brain damage. New York Times 2007.
4. King P. The hits that are changing football. Sports Illustrated. 2010.
5. Jackson DZ. The black hole of sports. The Boston Globe. 2012.
6. Maki A. Fomer CFLer Doug MacIver had CTE. The Globe and Mail 17 September 2012.
7. Kaye AH, McCrory P. Does football cause brain damage? Available evidence suggests anecdotal media reports need to be assessed carefully. Med J Aust 2012;196:547-9.
8. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009;68:709-35.
9. Omalu BI, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, et al. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) in a National Football League Player: case report and emerging medicolegal practice questions. J Forensic Nurs 2010;6:40-6.
10. Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes JE, et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery 2005;57:719-26.
11. McKee AC, Stein TD, Nowinski CJ, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain 2013;136:43-64.
12. Lehman EJ, Hein MJ, Baron SL, et al. Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology 2012;79:1970-4.
13. Cantu RC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League. Neurosurgery 2007;61:223-5.
14. Smith DH, Johnson VE, Stewart W. Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia? Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:211-21.
15. DeKosky ST, Blennow K, Ikonomovic MD, et al. Acute and chronic traumatic encephalopathies: pathogenesis and biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:192-200.
16. Zetterberg H, Smith DH, Blennow K. Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:201-10.
17. Jordan BD. The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:222-30.
18. Roozenbeek B, Maas AIR, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:231-6.
19. McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Kutcher JS, et al. What is the evidence for chronic concussion-related changes in retired athletes: behavioural, pathological and clinical outcomes? BJSM 2013;47:327-30.
20. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;6:1-28.
21. Martland HS. Punch drunk. JAMA 1928;91:1103-7.
22. Roberts AH. Brain damage in boxers: a study of the prevalence of traumatic encephalopathy among ex-professional boxers. London, UK: Pitman, 1969.
23. McCrory P, Zazryn T, Cameron P. The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing. Sports Med 2007;37:467-76.
24. Clausen M, Anderson V, McCrory P. The risk of chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxing: change in exposure variables in professional boxing over the past century. BJSM 2005;39:661-5.
25. McCrory P. Sports concussion and the risk of chronic neurological impairment. Clin J Sport Med 2011;21:6-12.
26. Johnson J. Organic psychosyndromes due to boxing. Br J Psychiatry 1969;115:45-53.
27. Roberts GW, Allsop D, Bruton C. The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:373-8.
28. Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA 1997;278:136-40.
29. Nowak LA, Smith GG, Reyes PF. Dementia in a retired world boxing champion: case report and literature review. Clin Neuropathol 2009;28:275-80.
30. Corsellis JA, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D. The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med 1973;3:270-303.
31. Schmidt ML, Zhukareva V, Newell KL, et al. Tau isoform profile and phosphorylation state in dementia pugilistica recapitulate Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2001;101:518-24.
32. La Cava G. Boxer's encephalopathy. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1963;168:87-92.
33. Guterman A, Smith R. Neurological sequelae of boxing. Sports Med 1987;4:194-210.
34. Hazrati LN, Tartaglia MC, Diamandis P, et al. Absence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired football players with multiple concussions and neurological symptomatology. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; in press.
35. Omalu BI, Bailes J, Hamilton RL, et al. Emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes. Neurosurgery 2011;69:173-83.
36. Samson K. NIH: NFL'S Junior Seau had chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neurol Today 2012;13:12-15.
37. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League Player. Neurosurgery 2005;57:128-34.
38. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009;68:709-35.
39. Omalu BI, Bailes J, Hammers JL, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, suicides and parasuicides in professional American athletes: the role of the forensic pathologist. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2010;31:1-3.
40. DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Gandy S. Traumatic brain injury-football, warfare, and long-term effects. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1293-6.
41. Maudsley C, Ferguson FR. Neurological disease in boxers. Lancet 1963;19:799-801.
42. Payne EE. Brains of boxers. Supplementum ad Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1968;11:173-88.
43. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Nicoll JA, et al. Neuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury. Acta Neurol Belg 1999;98:171-8.
44. Vagnozzi R, Tavazzi B, Signoretti S, et al. Temporal window of metabloic brain vulnerability to concussions: mitochondrial-related impairment-part I. Neurosurgery 2007;61:379-89.
45. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Hamilton RL, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: part II. Neurosurgery 2006;59:1086-93.
46. Jordan BD. Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing. Semin Neurol 2000;20:179-85.
47. Costanza A, Weber K, Gandy S, et al. Review: Contact sport-related chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the elderly: clinical expression and structural substrates. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011;37:570-84.
48. Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Bailes J, et al. Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:903-9.
49. Schwenk TL, Gorenflo DW, Dopp RR, et al. Depression and pain in retired professional football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:599-605.
50. De Beaumont L, Theoret H, Mongeon D, et al. Brain function decline in healthy retired athletes who sustained their last sports concussion in early adulthood. Brain 2009;132:695-708.
51. Gardner A, Kay-Lambkin F, Stanwell P, et al. A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging findings in sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 2012;29:2521-38.
52. Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Tavazzi B, et al. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes-part III. Neurosurgery 2008;62:1286-96.
53. Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Cristofori L, et al. Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 2010;133:3232-42.
54. Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Floris R, et al. Decrease in N-acetylaspartate following concussion may be coupled to decrease in creatine. J Head Trauma Rehab 2012; [Epub ahead of print].
55. Small GW, Kepe V, Siddarth P, et al. PET scanning of brain tau in retired National Football League players: preliminary findings. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;21:138-44.
56. Gavett BE, Stern RA, McKee AC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clin Sports Med 2011;30:179-88.
57. Cruz KS Santa, Sonnen JA, Pezhouh M Kherad, et al. Alzheimer disease pathology in subject without dementia in 2 studies of aging: the Nun Study and the Adult Changes in Thought Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011;70:832-40.
58. White LR. Brain lesions at autopsy in older Japanese-American men as related to cognitive impairment and dementia in the final years of life: a summary report from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Alzheimer Dis 2009;18:713-25.
59. Robinson R. Multiple pathologies in many Alzheimer disease patients. Neurol Today 2011;11:28-9.
60. Gelber RP, Launer LJ, White LR. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: epidemiologic and neuropathologic research on cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012;9:664-72.
61. Snowden DA. Healthy aging and dementia: findings from the Nun Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139(5 Pt 2):450-4.
62. Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, et al. Pathological correlates of dementia in a longitudinal, population-based sample of aging. Ann Neurol 2007;62:406-13.
63. Snowden DA. Healthy aging and dementia: findings for the Nun Study. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:450-4.
64. Snowden DA. Aging and Alzheimer's disease: lessons from the Nun Study. Gerontologist 1997;37:150-6.
65. Au R, Seshadri S, Knox K, et al. The Framingham Brain Donation Program: neuropathology along the cognitive continuum. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012;9:673-86.
66. Nelson PT, Alafuzoff I, Bigio EH, et al. Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathology changes with cognitive signs: a review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012;71:362-81.
67. Randolph C, Kirkwood MW. What are the real risks of sports-related concussion, and are they modifiable? J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009;15:512-20.