Metabolic surgery: Shifting the focus from glycaemia and weight to end-organ health

The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 141-151

  Miras, Alexander D ^a   le Roux, Carel W ^b,c  

^a HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^c SAHLGRENSKA ACADEMY AT UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; COMPLICATION; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INFERTILITY; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; OBESITY; PANCREAS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; HUMANS; INFERTILITY; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE; OBESITY; PANCREAS;

EID: 84893407298     PISSN: 22138587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70158-X     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Stefan N, Häring H-U, Hu FB, Schulze MB Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013, 1:152-162.
2. Padwal RS, Pajewski NM, Allison DB, Sharma AM Using the Edmonton obesity staging system to predict mortality in a population-representative cohort of people with overweight and obesity. CMAJ 2011, 183:E1059-E1066.
3. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:579-584.
4. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:1597-1604.
5. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:621-628.
6. Stice E, Burger K, Yokum S Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods. Neuroimage 2013, 67:322-330.
7. Cameron JD, Goldfield GS, Cyr MJ, Doucet E The effects of prolonged caloric restriction leading to weight-loss on food hedonics and reinforcement. Physiol Behav 2008, 94:474-480.
8. Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, Raynor HA, Fava JL A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1563-1571.
9. Larsen TM, Dalskov SM, van Baak M, et al. Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:2102-2113. the Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Diogenes) Project.
10. Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:145-154. the Look AHEAD Research Group.
11. Kuna ST, Reboussin DM, Borradaile KE, et al. Long-term effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea severity in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sleep 2013, 36:641. the Sleep AHEAD Research Group of the Look AHEAD Research Group, 49A.
12. Gregg EW, Chen H, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2012, 308:2489-2496. the Look AHEAD Research Group.
13. Rejeski WJ, Ip EH, Bertoni AG, et al. Lifestyle change and mobility in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1209-1217. the Look AHEAD Research Group.
14. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007, 335:1194-1199.
15. O'Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012, 20:1426-1436.
16. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011, 377:1341-1352.
17. Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:741-752. the Swedish Obese Subjects Study.
18. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 299:316-323.
19. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1567-1576.
20. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1577-1585.
21. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: the Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013, 309:2240-2249.
22. Romeo S, Maglio C, Burza MA, et al. Cardiovascular events after bariatric surgery in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012, 35:2613-2617.
23. Sjöström L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA 2012, 307:56-65.
24. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC, et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:445-454. the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium.
25. Bal BS, Finelli FC, Shope TR, Koch TR Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012, 8:544-556.
26. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009, 122:248-256.
27. O'Brien PE, McPhail T, Chaston TB, Dixon JB Systematic review of medium-term weight loss after bariatric operations. Obes Surg 2006, 16:1032-1040.
28. Chapman A, Kiroff G, Game P, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of obesity: a systematic review. Surgery 2004, 135:326-351.
29. Brethauer SA, Hammel JP, Schauer PR Systematic review of sleeve gastrectomy as staging and primary bariatric procedure. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2009, 5:469-475.
30. Bult MJ, van Dalen T, Muller AF Surgical treatment of obesity. European journal of endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2008, 158:135-145.
31. Lim CS, Liew V, Talbot ML, Jorgensen JO, Loi KW Revisional bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2009, 19:827-832.
32. Himpens J, Dobbeleir J, Peeters G Long-term results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for obesity. Ann Surg 2010, 252:319-324.
33. DeMaria EJ, Sugerman HJ, Meador JG, et al. High failure rate after laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg 2001, 233:809-818.
34. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, et al. How do we define cure of diabetes?. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:2133-2135.
35. Pournaras DJ, Aasheim ET, Sovik TT, et al. Effect of the definition of type II diabetes remission in the evaluation of bariatric surgery for metabolic disorders. Br J Surg 2012, 99:100-103.
36. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Rubino F, Dixon JB IDF's view of bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2011, 378:108-110.
37. Dixon JB, Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Rubino F Bariatric surgery: an IDF statement for obese Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2011, 28:628-642. the International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention.
38. Miras AD, Risstad H, Baqai N, et al. Application of the International Diabetes Federation and American Diabetes Association criteria in the assessment of metabolic control after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014, 16:86-89.
39. Stefater MA, Wilson-Pérez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ All bariatric surgeries are not created equal: insights from mechanistic comparisons. Endocr Rev 2012, 33:595-622.
40. Bradley D, Magkos F, Klein S Effects of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology 2012, 143:897-912.
41. Dirksen C, Jørgensen NB, Bojsen-Møller KN, et al. Mechanisms of improved glycaemic control after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Diabetologia 2012, 55:1890-1901.
42. Castagneto M, Mingrone G The effect of gastrointestinal surgery on insulin resistance and insulin secretion. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012, 14:624-630.
43. Pournaras DJ, Osborne A, Hawkins SC, et al. Remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass and banding: mechanisms and 2 year outcomes. Ann Surg 2010, 252:966-971.
44. Kashyap SR, Daud S, Kelly KR, et al. Acute effects of gastric bypass versus gastric restrictive surgery on beta-cell function and insulinotropic hormones in severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010, 34:462-471.
45. Rodieux F, Giusti V, D'Alessio DA, Suter M, Tappy L Effects of gastric bypass and gastric banding on glucose kinetics and gut hormone release. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:298-305.
46. Falkén Y, Hellström PM, Holst JJ, Näslund E Changes in glucose homeostasis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity at day three, two months, and one year after surgery: role of gut peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:2227-2235.
47. Laferrere B, Reilly D, Arias S, et al. Differential metabolic impact of gastric bypass surgery versus dietary intervention in obese diabetic subjects despite identical weight loss. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3:80re2.
48. Laferrère B, Teixeira J, McGinty J, et al. Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:2479-2485.
49. Korner J, Inabnet W, Febres G, et al. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009, 33:786-795.
50. Umeda LM, Silva EA, Carneiro G, Arasaki CH, Geloneze B, Zanella MT Early improvement in glycemic control after bariatric surgery and its relationships with insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. Obes Surg 2011, 21:896-901.
51. Borg CM, le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Patel AG, Aylwin SJ Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg 2006, 93:210-215.
52. Laferrère B, Heshka S, Wang K, et al. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:1709-1716.
53. Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, et al. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:359-365.
54. Hofsø D, Jenssen T, Bollerslev J, et al. Beta cell function after weight loss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 164:231-238.
55. Lin E, Davis SS, Srinivasan J, et al. Dual mechanism for type-2 diabetes resolution after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Am Surg 2009, 75:498-502.
56. García-Fuentes E, García-Almeida JM, García-Arnés J, et al. Morbidly obese individuals with impaired fasting glucose have a specific pattern of insulin secretion and sensitivity: effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2006, 16:1179-1188.
57. Reed MA, Pories WJ, Chapman W, et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass corrects hyperinsulinemia implications for the remission of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:2525-2531.
58. Morínigo R, Lacy AM, Casamitjana R, Delgado S, Gomis R, Vidal J GLP-1 and changes in glucose tolerance following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Obes Surg 2006, 16:1594-1601.
59. Lin E, Liang Z, Frediani J, et al. Improvement in β-cell function in patients with normal and hyperglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 299:E706-E712.
60. Isbell JM, Tamboli RA, Hansen EN, et al. The importance of caloric restriction in the early improvements in insulin sensitivity after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes Care 2010, 33:1438-1442.
61. Nannipieri M, Mari A, Anselmino M, et al. The role of beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in the remission of type 2 diabetes after gastric bypass surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:E1372-E1379.
62. Campos GM, Rabl C, Peeva S, et al. Improvement in peripheral glucose uptake after gastric bypass surgery is observed only after substantial weight loss has occurred and correlates with the magnitude of weight lost. J Gastrointest Surg 2010, 14:15-23.
63. Bradley D, Conte C, Mittendorfer B, et al. Gastric bypass and banding equally improve insulin sensitivity and β cell function. J Clin Invest 2012, 122:4667-4674.
64. Peterli R, Wölnerhanssen B, Peters T, et al. Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2009, 250:234-241.
65. Lee WJ, Ser KH, Chong K, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for diabetes treatment in nonmorbidly obese patients: efficacy and change of insulin secretion. Surgery 2010, 147:664-669.
66. Basso N, Capoccia D, Rizzello M, et al. First-phase insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY changes 72 h after sleeve gastrectomy in obese diabetic patients: the gastric hypothesis. Surg Endosc 2011, 25:3540-3550.
67. Polyzogopoulou EV, Kalfarentzos F, Vagenakis AG, Alexandrides TK Restoration of euglycemia and normal acute insulin response to glucose in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery. Diabetes 2003, 52:1098-1103.
68. Guidone C, Manco M, Valera-Mora E, et al. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Diabetes 2006, 55:2025-2031.
69. Mari A, Manco M, Guidone C, et al. Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Diabetologia 2006, 49:2136-2143.
70. Salehi M, Prigeon RL, D'Alessio DA Gastric bypass surgery enhances glucagon-like peptide 1-stimulated postprandial insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes 2011, 60:2308-2314.
71. Chambers AP, Jessen L, Ryan KK, et al. Weight-independent changes in blood glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass or vertical sleeve gastrectomy in rats. Gastroenterology 2011, 141:950-958.
72. Melissas J, Leventi A, Klinaki I, et al. Alterations of global gastrointestinal motility after sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2013, 258:976-982.
73. Marsk R, Jonas E, Rasmussen F, Näslund E Nationwide cohort study of post-gastric bypass hypoglycaemia including 5040 patients undergoing surgery for obesity in 1986-2006 in Sweden. Diabetologia 2010, 53:2307-2311.
74. Service GJ, Thompson GB, Service FJ, Andrews JC, Collazo-Clavell ML, Lloyd RV Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with nesidioblastosis after gastric-bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:249-254.
75. Goldfine AB, Mun EC, Devine E, et al. Patients with neuroglycopenia after gastric bypass surgery have exaggerated incretin and insulin secretory responses to a mixed meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:4678-4685.
76. Galati SJ, Rayfield EJ Approach to the patient with postprandial hypoglycemia. Endocr Pract 2013, 18:1-28.
77. Navaneethan SD, Kelly KR, Sabbagh F, Schauer PR, Kirwan JP, Kashyap SR Urinary albumin excretion, HMW adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2010, 20:308-315.
78. Iaconelli A, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Effects of bilio-pancreatic diversion on diabetic complications: a 10-year follow-up. Diabetes Care 2011, 34:561-567.
79. Heneghan HM, Cetin D, Navaneethan SD, Orzech N, Brethauer SA, Schauer PR Effects of bariatric surgery on diabetic nephropathy after 5 years of follow-up. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013, 9:7-14.
80. Miras AD, Chuah LL, Lascaratos G, et al. Bariatric surgery does not exacerbate and may be beneficial for the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012, 35:e81.
81. Johnson BL, Blackhurst DW, Latham BB, et al. Bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in major macrovascular and microvascular complications in moderately to severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Surg 2013, 216:545-556. discussion 556-58.
82. Getty JL, Hamdallah IN, Shamseddeen HN, et al. Changes in renal function following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a prospective study. Obes Surg 2012, 22:1055-1059.
83. William J, Hogan D, Batlle D Predicting the development of diabetic nephropathy and its progression. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2005, 12:202-211.
84. Modanlou KA, Muthyala U, Xiao H, et al. Bariatric surgery among kidney transplant candidates and recipients: analysis of the United States renal data system and literature review. Transplantation 2009, 87:1167-1173.
85. Bueter M, Dubb SS, Gill A, et al. Renal cytokines improve early after bariatric surgery. Br J Surg 2010, 97:1838-1844.
86. Kodera R, Shikata K, Kataoka HU, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist ameliorates renal injury through its anti-inflammatory action without lowering blood glucose level in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011, 54:965-978.
87. Thakar CV, Kharat V, Blanck S, Leonard AC Acute kidney injury after gastric bypass surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 2:426-430.
88. Semins MJ, Asplin JR, Steele K, et al. The effect of restrictive bariatric surgery on urinary stone risk factors. Urology 2010, 76:826-829.
89. Dahl-Jørgensen K, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Hanssen KF, Sandvik L, Aagenaes O Rapid tightening of blood glucose control leads to transient deterioration of retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the Oslo study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1985, 290:811-815.
90. Varadhan L, Humphreys T, Walker AB, Cheruvu CV, Varughese GI Bariatric surgery and diabetic retinopathy: a pilot analysis. Obes Surg 2012, 22:515-516.
91. Lammert A, Hasenberg T, Kräupner C, Schnülle P, Hammes HP Improved arteriole-to-venule ratio of retinal vessels resulting from bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012, 20:2262-2267.
92. Giannarelli R, Coppelli A, Sartini MS, et al. Pancreas transplant alone has beneficial effects on retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2006, 49:2977-2982.
93. Becker DA, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL The Neurological Complications of Nutritional Deficiency following Bariatric Surgery. J Obes 2012, 2012:608534.
94. Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, et al. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 2003, 238:467-484. discussion 84-85.
95. Ashrafian H, le Roux CW, Darzi A, Athanasiou T Effects of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular function. Circulation 2008, 118:2091-2102.
96. Vest AR, Heneghan HM, Agarwal S, Schauer PR, Young JB Bariatric surgery and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. Heart 2012, 98:1763-1777.
97. Sjöström CD, Peltonen M, Sjöström L Blood pressure and pulse pressure during long-term weight loss in the obese: the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Intervention Study. Obes Res 2001, 9:188-195.
98. Afzali A, Berry K, Ioannou GN Excellent posttransplant survival for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Liver Transpl 2012, 18:29-37.
99. Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:811-826. the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the American College of Gastroenterologythe American College of Gastroenterology, the American Gastroenterological Associationthe American Gastroenterological Association.
100. Chavez-Tapia NC, Tellez-Avila FI, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Mendez-Sanchez N, Lizardi-Cervera J, Uribe M Bariatric surgery for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 1. CD007340.
101. Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, Sood GK Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 6:1396-1402.
102. Mathurin P, Hollebecque A, Arnalsteen L, et al. Prospective study of the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on liver injury in patients without advanced disease. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:532-540.
103. Burza MA, Romeo S, Kotronen A, et al. Long-term effect of bariatric surgery on liver enzymes in the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. PLoS One 2013, 8:e60495.
104. Klein S, Mittendorfer B, Eagon JC, et al. Gastric bypass surgery improves metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:1564-1572.
105. Pasquali R, Pelusi C, Genghini S, Cacciari M, Gambineri A Obesity and reproductive disorders in women. Hum Reprod Update 2003, 9:359-372.
106. Brewer CJ, Balen AH The adverse effects of obesity on conception and implantation. Reproduction 2010, 140:347-364.
107. Santoro N, Lasley B, McConnell D, et al. Body size and ethnicity are associated with menstrual cycle alterations in women in the early menopausal transition: The Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:2622-2631.
108. Jain A, Polotsky AJ, Rochester D, et al. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2468-2473.
109. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Positions statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:4237-4245. the Androgen Excess Society.
110. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Beckers K, Vansant G Maternal obesity: pregnancy complications, gestational weight gain and nutrition. Obes Rev 2008, 9:140-150.
111. Bastounis EA, Karayiannakis AJ, Syrigos K, Zbar A, Makri GG, Alexiou D Sex hormone changes in morbidly obese patients after vertical banded gastroplasty. Eur Surg Res 1998, 30:43-47.
112. Rochester D, Jain A, Polotsky AJ, et al. Partial recovery of luteal function after bariatric surgery in obese women. Fertil Steril 2009, 92:1410-1415.
113. Gerrits EG, Ceulemans R, van Hee R, Hendrickx L, Totté E Contraceptive treatment after biliopancreatic diversion needs consensus. Obes Surg 2003, 13:378-382.
114. Legro RS, Dodson WC, Gnatuk CL, et al. Effects of gastric bypass surgery on female reproductive function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:4540-4548.
115. Kinzl JF, Trefalt E, Fiala M, Hotter A, Biebl W, Aigner F Partnership, sexuality, and sexual disorders in morbidly obese women: consequences of weight loss after gastric banding. Obes Surg 2001, 11:455-458.
116. Kim KK, Kang HC, Kim SS, Youn BB Influence of weight reduction by sibutramine on female sexual function. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006, 30:758-763.
117. Camps MA, Zervos E, Goode S, Rosemurgy AS Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Body Image Perception and Sexuality in Morbidly Obese Patients and their Partners. Obes Surg 1996, 6:356-360.
118. Escobar-Morreale HF Surgical management of metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. Steroids 2012, 77:312-316.
119. Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Sancho J, San Millán JL The polycystic ovary syndrome associated with morbid obesity may resolve after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:6364-6369.
120. Eid GM, Cottam DR, Velcu LM, et al. Effective treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2005, 1:77-80.
121. Maggard MA, Yermilov I, Li Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: a systematic review. JAMA 2008, 300:2286-2296.
122. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Vansant G Reproductive outcome after bariatric surgery: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update 2009, 15:189-201.
123. Hammoud A, Gibson M, Hunt SC, et al. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on the sex steroids and quality of life in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:1329-1332.
124. Lazaros L, Hatzi E, Markoula S, et al. Dramatic reduction in sperm parameters following bariatric surgery: report of two cases. Andrologia 2012, 44:428-432.