Interventions for erythropoietin-resistant anaemia in dialysis patients

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Badve, Sunil V ^a   Beller, Elaine M ^b   Cass, Alan ^c   Francis, Daniel P ^d   Hawley, Carmel ^a   Macdougall, Iain C ^e   Perkovic, Vlado ^c   Johnson, David W ^a  

^a PRINCESS ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d QUEENSLAND HEALTH   (Australia)

^e KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRITIN; HEMOGLOBIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN;

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY; ANEMIA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; HEMATOCRIT; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMODIALYSIS; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG RESISTANCE; ERYTHROPOIESIS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; DRUG EFFECT;

ANEMIA; DRUG RESISTANCE; ERYTHROPOIESIS; ERYTHROPOIETIN; HEMATOCRIT; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RENAL DIALYSIS;

EID: 84893365513     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006861.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Attallah N, Osman-Malik Y, Adams B, Frinak S, Besarab A. Effect of intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia and hyperferritenemia [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:488A.
2. Attallah N, Osman-Malik Y, Frinak S, Besarab A. Effect of intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with EPO-hyporesponsive anemia and hyperferritinemia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(4):644-54. [MEDLINE: 16564942]
3. Ayli D, Ayli M, Azak A, Yksel C, Kosmaz GP, Atilgan G, et al. The effect of high-flux hemodialysis on renal anemia. Journal of Nephrology 2004;17(5):701-6. [MEDLINE: 15593038]
4. Ayli M, Ayli D, Azak A, Yuksel C, Atilgan G, Dede F, et al. The effect of high-flux hemodialysis on dialysis-associated amyloidosis. Renal Failure 2005;27(1):31-4. [MEDLINE: 15717632]
5. Abe M, Okada K, Maruyama T, Maruyama N, Soma M, Matsumoto K. Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2010;11(10):1611-20. [MEDLINE: 20540652]
6. Acchiardo SR, Quinn BP, Burk LB, Moore LW. Are high flux dialysis and erythropoietin treatment in a collision course?. ASAIO Transactions 1989;35(3):308-10. [MEDLINE: 2688711]
7. Aliev MA, Ismagilov RZ, Tsoy GM, Yusumbaeva AS. Influence of Eprex in combination with antihistamine drugs on correction of anemia in haemodialysis patients [abstract]. 34th Congress European Renal Association/European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; Geneva, Switzerland. 1997:236.
8. Andrulli S, Di Filippo S, Manzoni C, Stefanelli L, Floridi A, Galli F, et al. Effect of synthetic vitamin E-bonded membrane on responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Nephron 2010;115(1):c82-9. [MEDLINE: 20215781]
9. Ballal SH, Domoto DT, Polack DC, Marciulonis P, Martin KJ. Androgens potentiate the effects of erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of end-stage renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1991;17(1):29-33. [MEDLINE: 1986567]
10. Barany P. Treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients to a normal hemoglobin concentration - results of an open randomized clinical trial of epoetin beta [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998;9:243A.
11. Berns JS, Rudnick MR, Cohen RM. A controlled trial of recombinant human erythropoietin and nandrolone decanoate in the treatment of anemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 1992;37(5):264-7. [MEDLINE: 1606777]
12. Brockenbrough AT, Dittrich MO, Page ST, Smith T, Stivelman JC, Bremner WJ. Transdermal androgen therapy to augment EPO in the treatment of anemia of chronic renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(2):251-62. [MEDLINE: 16431254]
13. Buchwald D, Argyres S, Easterling RE, Oelshlegel FJ, Brewer GJ, Schoomaker EB, et al. Effect of nandrolone decanoate on the anemia of chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1977;18(4):232-8. [MEDLINE: 323739]
14. Cao W, Liu JH, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang LY, Pan MM. Effect of acupoint injection on erythropoietin resistance in patients with chronic renal failure. Zhongguo Zhenjiu [Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion] 2010;30(11):891-5. [MEDLINE: 21246842]
15. Caruso U, Leone L, Cravotto E, Nava D. Effects of L-carnitine on anemia in aged hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin: A pilot study. Dialysis & Transplantation 1998;27(8):498-506. [EMBASE: 1998284168]
16. The effect of hemodiafiltration with on-line endogenous reinfusion (on-line HFR) on anemia: design of a European, open, randomised, multicentre trial. European Collaborative Study. Journal of Nephrology 2000;13(1):34-42. [MEDLINE: 10720212]
17. Chan D, Irish A, Croft KD, Dogra G. Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on plasma isoprostanes in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(1):234-5. [MEDLINE: 16204285]
18. Chan D, Irish A, Dogra G. Efficacy and safety of oral compared with intravenous ascorbic acid in improving anaemia in erythropoietin hyporesponsive, iron overloaded, haemodialysis patients - a randomised open-label study [abstract]. Nephrology 2003;8 Suppl 3:A80-1.
19. Chan D, Irish A, Dogra G. Efficacy and safety of oral versus intravenous ascorbic acid for anaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology 2005;10(4):336-40. [MEDLINE: 16109077]
20. Chen WT, Lin YF, Yu FC, Kao WY, Huang WH, Yan HC. Effect of ascorbic acid administration in hemodialysis patients on in vitro oxidative stress parameters: influence of serum ferritin levels. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1):158-66. [MEDLINE: 12830468]
21. Cruz DN, De Cal M, Garzotto F, Brendolan A, Nalesso F, Corradi V, et al. Effect of vitamin E-coated dialysis membranes on anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: an Italian multicenter study. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2008;31(6):545-52. [MEDLINE: 18609507]
22. Culleton BF, Walsh M, Klarenbach SW, Mortis G, Scott-Douglas N, Quinn RR, et al. Effect of frequent nocturnal hemodialysis vs conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular mass and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298(11):1291-9. [MEDLINE: 17878421]
23. Culleton BF, Walsh M, Klarenbach SW, Mortis G, Scott-Douglas N, Quinn RR, et al. Nocturnal hemodialysis lowers blood pressure and reduces left ventricular mass: results of a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):67A-8A.
24. Khangura J, Culleton BF, Manns BJ, Zhang J, Barnieh L, Walsh M, et al. Association between routine and standardized blood pressure measurements and left ventricular hypertrophy among patients on hemodialysis. BMC Nephrology 2010;11:13. [MEDLINE: 20576127]
25. Manns BJ, Klarenbach S, Walsh M, Quinn R, Tonelli M, Scott-Douglas N, et al. The impact of nocturnal hemodialysis on quality of life: results of a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts):298A-9A.
26. Manns BJ, Walsh MW, Culleton BF, Hemmelgarn B, Tonelli M, Schorr M, et al. Nocturnal hemodialysis does not improve overall measures of quality of life compared to conventional hemodialysis. Kidney International 2009;75(5):542-9. [MEDLINE: 19109588]
27. Schorr M, Manns BJ, Culleton B, Walsh M, Klarenbach S, Tonelli M, et al. The effect of nocturnal and conventional hemodialysis on markers of nutritional status: results from a randomized trial. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2011;21(3):271-6. [MEDLINE: 20650654]
28. Walsh M, Manns B, Tonelli M, Quinn R, Culleton B. Description of a randomized controlled trial on the effects of nocturnal hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy compared to conventional hemodialysis [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:734A-5A.
29. Walsh M, Manns BJ, Klarenbach S, Quinn R, Tonelli M, Culleton BF. The effects of nocturnal hemodialysis compared to conventional hemodialysis on change in left ventricular mass: rationale and study design of a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Nephrology 2006;7:2. [MEDLINE: 16504054]
30. Walsh M, Manns BJ, Klarenbach S, Tonelli M, Hemmelgarn B, Culleton B. The effects of nocturnal compared with conventional hemodialysis on mineral metabolism: a randomized-controlled trial. Hemodialysis International 2010;14(2):174-81. [MEDLINE: 20041960]
31. Deira J, Diego J, Martinez R, Oyarbide A, Gonzalez A, Diaz H, et al. Comparative study of intravenous ascorbic acid versus low-dose desferroxamine in patients on hemodialysis with hyperferritinemia. Journal of Nephrology 2003;16(5):703-9. [MEDLINE: 14733417]
32. Di Iorio BR, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, De Nicola L, Iodice C, Conte G. Supplemented very low-protein diet in advanced CRF: is it money saving?. Kidney International 2004;65(2):742. [MEDLINE: 14717953]
33. Di Iorio BR, Minutolo R, De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, Catapano F, Iodice C, et al. Supplemented very low protein diet ameliorates responsiveness to erythropoietin in chronic renal failure. Kidney International 2003;64(5):1822-8. [MEDLINE: 14531817]
34. Rossert J, Gassmann-Mayer C, Frei D, McClellan W. Prevalence and predictors of epoetin hyporesponsiveness in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(3):794-800. [MEDLINE: 17210593]
35. Rossert J, Gassmann-Mayer C, Frei D, McClellan W. Prevalence and risk factors for erythropoetin hyporesponsiveness in chronic kidney disease: analysis of the ECAP study [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):141A.
36. Rossert J, Levin A, Roger S, Horl W, Gassman-Mayer C, Frei D, et al. Effect of early correction of anemia on the progression of chronic kidney disease: final results ECAP study [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):546A.
37. Rossert J, Levin A, Roger SD, Horl WH, Fouqueray B, Gassmann-Mayer C, et al. Effect of early correction of anemia on the progression of CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(5):738-50. [MEDLINE: 16632012]
38. Rossert J, Roger S, Levin A, Horl W, McClellan W. Effect on early correction of anemia on the progression of chronic kidney disease (ECAP) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):811A.
39. Eiselt J, Racek J, Opatrny K. The effect of hemodialysis and acetate-free biofiltration on anemia. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2000;23(3):173-80. [MEDLINE: 10795662]
40. Garcia Cortes MJ, Sanchez Pearles MC, Perez del Barrio MP, Borrego Utiel FJ, Liebana A, Borrego Hinojosa J, et al. Effects of biocompatible membranes on uremic anemia in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1999;14(9):A260.
41. Garcia Cortes MJ, Sanchez Perales MC, Liebana A, Gil JM, Borrego FJ, Borrego J, et al. Beneficial effect of AN69 membranes on anemia in hemodialyzed patients. Nefrologia 2001;21(4):370-5. [MEDLINE: 11816513]
42. Garrote N, Guinsburg M, Garcia L, Boubee S, Moretto H, Canale R, et al. Vitamin C improves HB levels and reduce EPO resistance in hemodialysis (HD) patients with functional iron deficiency (FID). A randomized, open label, controlled multicentric trial [abstract SA778]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan (Italy). 2009.
43. Gastaldello K, Vereerstraeten A, Nzame-Nze T, Vanherweghem JL, Tielemans C. Resistance to erythropoietin in iron-overloaded haemodialysis patients can be overcome by ascorbic acid administration. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(Suppl 6):44-7. [MEDLINE: 8524494]
44. Gaughan WJ, Liss KA, Dunn SR, Mangold AM, Buhsmer JP, Michael B, et al. A 6-month study of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin alone and in combination with androgens for the treatment of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1997;30(4):495-500. [MEDLINE: 9328363]
45. Liss KA, Gaughan WJ, Dunn SR, Michael B, Goldman JM, Armenti VT, et al. A six month study of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin alone and in combination with androgen for the treatment of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996;7(9):1490.
46. Giancaspro V, Nuzziello M, Pallotta G, Sacchetti A, Petrarulo F. Intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with functional iron deficiency: a clinical trial. Journal of Nephrology 2000;13(6):444-9. [MEDLINE: 11132761]
47. Hakemi MS, Ganji MR, NajafiI, Shekarchi M. Intravenous ascorbic acid in comparison to intravenous iron in erythropoietin resistant anemia with iron overload in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl):A314.
48. Hsu PY, Lin CL, Yu CC, Chien CC, Hsiau TG, Sun TH, et al. Ultrapure dialysate improves iron utilization and erythropoietin response in chronic hemodialysis patients - a prospective cross-over study. Journal of Nephrology 2004;17(5):693-700. [MEDLINE: 15593037]
49. Hung SC, Tung TY, Yang CS, Tarng DC. High-calorie supplementation increases serum leptin levels and improves response to rHuEPO in long-term hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005;45(6):1073-83. [MEDLINE: 15957137]
50. Imada A, Yoshimoto S, Ohno T, Takahashi K, Imada T, Iida N. Effect of Vitamin C on recombinant human erythropoietin refractory anemia in patients with chronic hemodialysis [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):332A.
51. Comparison of the effect of erythropoietin, L-carnitine and erythropoietin plus L-carnitine in correction of anemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN96315193/ISRCTN96315193 (accessed 11th March 2013).
52. Jacobs C. Intravenous vitamin C can improve anemia in erythropoietin-hyporesponsive hemodialysis patients. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology 2006;2(10):552-3. [MEDLINE: 17003830]
53. Janssen MJ, van der Kuy A, Ter Wee PM, van Boven WP. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate and erythropoietin dosages in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(12):2321-4. [MEDLINE: 8808233]
54. Kato A, Takita T, Furuhashi M, Takahashi T, Maruyama Y, Hishida A. No effect of losartan on response to erythropoietin therapy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron 2000;86(4):538-9. [MEDLINE: 11124620]
55. Deicher R, Horl WH. Vitamin C for hyporesponsiveness to EPO: a cure for all?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(4):848-9. [MEDLINE: 14520639]
56. Keven K, Kutlay S, Nergizoglu G, Duman N, Erturk S. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on erythropoietin response in haemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):229.
57. Keven K, Kutlay S, Nergizoglu G, Erturk S. Randomized, crossover study of the effect of vitamin C on EPO response in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;41(6):1233-9. [MEDLINE: 12776276]
58. Keven K, Kutlay S, Nergizoglu G, Erturk S. The effect of Vitamin C on erythropoietin response in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):357A-8A.
59. Klarenbach S, Heidenheim AP, Leitch R, Lindsay RM, Daily/Nocturnal Dialysis Study Group. Reduced requirement for erythropoietin with quotidian hemodialysis therapy. ASAIO Journal 2002;48(1):57-61. [MEDLINE: 11814098]
60. Kletzmayr J, Mayer G, Legenstein E, Heinz-Peer G, Leitha T, Horl WH, et al. Anemia and carnitine supplementation in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney International - Supplement 1999;55(Suppl 69):S93-S106. [MEDLINE: 10084293]
61. Koronis C, Makris F, Stavroulaki E, Lambropoulou A, Orthopoulos V. Combination of low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin with androgens for the treatment of anaemia in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. 37th Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association. European Kidney Research Organisation; Nice (France). 2000:235.
62. Labonia WD. L-carnitine effects on anemia in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1995;26(5):757-64. [MEDLINE: 7485128]
63. Lee M, Ahn S, Song J. Effects of adjuvant androgen on anemia and nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients using low-dose recombinant human erythropoietin [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):358A-9A.
64. Locatelli F, Andrulli S, Del Vecchio L. Anemia of hemodialysis patients: evaluation of the effect of BK-F polymethylmethacrylate membrane. Contributions to Nephrology 1999;125:173-81. [MEDLINE: 9895439]
65. Locatelli F, Andrulli S, Pecchini F, Pedrini L, Agliata S, Lucchi L, et al. Effect of high-flux dialysis on the anaemia of haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):1399-409. [MEDLINE: 10978398]
66. Malegos I, Kaloheretis P, Drouzas A, Papadakis I. Does haemodialysis membrane's biocompatibility affect recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) effect on the anemia of hemodialyzed patients? [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A156.
67. Miyahara S, Motomori T, Miyazaki F, Noda S, Eto K, Nakamura Y, et al. Clinical studies of mepitiostane for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure. Kiso to Rinsho (The Clinical Report) 1990;24(5):2963-8.
68. Mydlík M, Derzsiová K, Boldizsár J, Hríbiková M, Petrovicová J. Oral use of iron with vitamin C in hemodialyzed patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2003;13(1):47-51. [MEDLINE: 12563623]
69. Nakamoto H, Mimura T, Honda N. Orally administrated Juzen-taiho-to/TJ-48 ameliorates erythropoietin (rHuEPO)-resistant anemia in patients on hemodialysis. Hemodialysis International 2008;12(Suppl 2):S9-S14. [MEDLINE: 18837771]
70. Navarro JF, Mora C, Macia M, Chahin J, Gallego E, Mendez ML, et al. Effects of androgen therapy on hematologic and nutritional parameters in elderly peritoneal dialysis patients [abstract]. International Urology & Nephrology 2001;33(4):715-6.
71. Navarro JF, Mora C, Macia ML, Gallego E, Chahin J, Mendez ML, et al. Prospective comparison between rHuEPO and androgens in CAPD patients: impact on hematologic and nutritional parameters [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):436A.
72. Navarro JF, Mora C, Macía M, García J. Randomized prospective comparison between erythropoietin and androgens in CAPD patients. Kidney International 2002;61(4):1537-44. [MEDLINE: 11918762]
73. Odabas AR, Cetinkaya R, Selcuk Y, Keles S, Bilen H. The effect of high dose losartan on erythropoietin resistance in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Panminerva medica 2003;45(1):59-62. [MEDLINE: 12682621]
74. Ono K, Hisasue Y. Is folate supplementation necessary in hemodialysis patients on erythropoietin therapy. Clinical Nephrology 1992;38(5):290-2. [MEDLINE: 1451343]
75. Onoyama K, Sanai T, Motomura K, Fujishima M. Worsening of anemia by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and its prevention by antiestrogenic steroid in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1989;13(Suppl 3):S27-S30. [MEDLINE: 2474097]
76. Opatrný K Jr, Krouzecký A, Wirth J, Vít L, Eiselt J. The effects of a polyacrylonitrile membrane and a membrane made of regenerated cellulose on the plasma concentrations of erythropoietin during hemodialysis. Artificial Organs 1998;22(10):816-20. [MEDLINE: 9790077]
77. Panichi V, Barattini M, Angelini D, Petrone I, Ferrandello FP, Grazi G, et al. A vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane reduces inflammatory markers and EPO requirement in haemodialysis patients [abstract SA413]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan (Italy). 2009.
78. Panichi V, Rosati A, Paoletti S, Ferrandello P, Migliori M, Beati S, et al. A vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane reduces serum levels of inflammatory markers and resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized cross-over multicenter trial. Blood Purification 2011;32(1):7-14. [MEDLINE: 21242686]
79. Rao M, Muirhead N, Klarenbach S, Moist L, Lindsay RM. Management of anemia with quotidian hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1 Suppl):18-23. [MEDLINE: 12830439]
80. Richardson D, Lindley E, Bartlett C, Will EJ. Biocompatibility and erythropoiesis: - a randomised controlled, single center study of modified cellulose and polysulfone dialysers in a large hemodialysis cohort (n = 177) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):240A.
81. Richardson D, Lindley EJ, Bartlett C, Will EJ. A randomized, controlled study of the consequences of hemodialysis membrane composition on erythropoietic response. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(3):551-60. [MEDLINE: 12955684]
82. Saxena S, Dash SC, Tiwari SC, Agarwal SK, Jain PK, Aslam J. Effect of nandrolone deconoate on response to low dose erythropoietin (EPO) in anemia of end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) [abstract]. Nephrology 1997;3(Suppl 1):S310.
83. Sezer S, Ozdemir FN, Yakupoglu U, Arat Z, Turan M, Haberal M. Intravenous ascorbic acid administration for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anemia in iron loaded hemodialysis patients. Artificial Organs 2002;26(4):366-70. [MEDLINE: 11952508]
84. Shahrbanoo K, Taziki O. Effect of intravenous ascorbic acid in hemodialysis patients with anemia and hyperferritinemia. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2008;19(6):933-6. [MEDLINE: 18974579]
85. Sheashaa H, Abdel-Razek W, El Husseini A, Selim A, Hassan N, Abbas T, et al. Use of nandrolone decanoate as an adjuvant for erythropoietin dose reduction in treating anemia in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron 2005;99(4):c102-6. [MEDLINE: 15703460]
86. Sorge-Haedicke B, Goncalves-Marques M, Loew L, Samizadeh A. Routine intravenous l-carnitine-supplementation does not reduce erythropoietin (RH-EPO)- requirement in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients (P) with renal anemia (RA). Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(6):A135.
87. Taji Y, Morimoto T, Okada K, Fukuhara S, Fukui T, Kuwahara T. Effects of intravenous ascorbic acid on erythropoiesis and quality of life in unselected hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2004;17(4):537-43. [MEDLINE: 15372416]
88. Tarng DC, Huang TP. A parallel, comparative study of intravenous iron versus intravenous ascorbic acid for erythropoietin-hyporesponsive anaemia in haemodialysis patients with iron overload. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998;13(11):2867-72. [MEDLINE: 9829492]
89. Tarng DC, Wei YH, Huang TP, Kuo BI, Yang WC. Intravenous ascorbic acid as an adjuvant therapy for recombinant erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients with hyperferritinemia. Kidney International 1999;55(6):2477-86. [MEDLINE: 10354297]
90. Tarng DC, Hung SC, Huang TP. Effect of intravenous ascorbic acid medication on serum levels of soluble transferrin receptor in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(9):2486-93. [MEDLINE: 15339999]
91. Ursea N, Capsa D. Faster improvement of the anemia in chronic hemodialysed patients with combined treatment with erythropoetin and essential amino acids ketoanalogues [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(6):1051.
92. Usberti M, Gerardi G, Bufano G, Tira P, Micheli A, Albertini A, et al. Effects of erythropoietin and vitamin E-modified membrane on plasma oxidative stress markers and anemia of hemodialyzed patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002;40(3):590-9. [MEDLINE: 12200812]
93. Usberti M, Gerardi G, Micheli A, Tira P, Bufano G, Gaggia P, et al. Effects of a vitamin E-bonded membrane and of glutathione on anemia and erythropoietin requirements in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2002;15(5):558-64. [MEDLINE: 12455724]
94. Vaslaki L, Berta K, Ladanyi E, Pethoe F, Karatson A, Misz M, et al. Less need for erythropoietin in on-line haemodiafiltration compared to haemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v336.
95. Vaslaki L, Major L, Berta K, Karatson A, Misz M, Pethoe F, et al. On-line haemodiafiltration versus haemodialysis: stable haematocrit with less erythropoietin and improvement of other relevant blood parameters. Blood Purification 2006;24(2):163-73. [MEDLINE: 16352871]
96. Wang M-C, Huang J-J, Liao L-H, Ruaan M-K, Sung J-M, Lan R-R. Effect of high-dose folic acid on hemodialysis patients with poor erythropoietin response. Dialysis & Transplantation 2000;29(11):710-7. [EMBASE: 2000401292]
97. Yang CC, Hsu SP, Wu MS, Hsu SM, Chien CT. Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress. Kidney International 2006;69(4):706-14. [MEDLINE: 16395251]
98. Johnson DW, Hawley CM, Rosser B, Beller E, Thompson C, Fassett RG, et al. Oxpentifylline versus placebo in the treatment of erythropoietin-resistant anaemia: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2008;9:8. [MEDLINE: 18671885]
99. Improvement of EPO-resistance in hemodialysis patients with chronic inflammation by high cut-offhemodialysis (CIEPO-PILOT). http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT01526798 (accessed 18th March 2013).
100. Badve SV, Hawley CM, Johnson DW. Is the problem with the vehicle or the destination? Does high-dose ESA or high haemoglobin contribute to poor outcomes in CKD?. Nephrology 2011;16(2):144-53. [MEDLINE: 21272125]
101. Benz RL, Pressman MR, Hovick ET, Peterson DD. A preliminary study of the effects of correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on sleep, sleep disorders, and daytime sleepiness in hemodialysis patients (The SLEEPO study). American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1999;34(6):1089-95. [MEDLINE: 10585319]
102. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339(9):584-90. [MEDLINE: 9718377]
103. Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, Bradbury BD, Liu J, Winkelmayer WC. Comparative mortality risk of anemia management practices in incident hemodialysis patients. JAMA 2010;303(9):857-64. [MEDLINE: 20197532]
104. Eschbach JW, Kelly MR, Haley NR, Abels RI, Adamson JW. Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. New England Journal of Medicine 1989;321(3):158-63. [MEDLINE: 2747747]
105. Gandra SR, Finkelstein FO, Bennett AV, Lewis EF, Brazg T, Martin ML. Impact of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on energy and physical function in nondialysis CKD patients with anemia: a systematic review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(3):519-34. [MEDLINE: 20031287]
106. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60. [MEDLINE: 12958120]
107. Higgins JP, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
108. Kausz AT, Solid C, Pereira BJ, Collins AJ, St Peter W. Intractable anemia among hemodialysis patients: a sign of suboptimal management or a marker of disease?. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2005;45(1):136-47. [MEDLINE: 15696453]
109. NKF KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease: update 2000. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2001;37(1 Suppl 1):S182-238. [MEDLINE: 11229970]
110. KDOQI. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(5 Suppl 3):S11-145. [MEDLINE: 16678659]
111. Kilpatrick RD, Critchlow CW, Fishbane S, Besarab A, Stehman-Breen C, Krishnan M, et al. Greater epoetin alfa responsiveness is associated with improved survival in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(4):1077-83. [MEDLINE: 18417744]
112. Locatelli F, Aljama P, Barany P, Canaud B, Carrera F, Eckardt KU, et al. Revised European best practice guidelines for the management of anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004;19(Suppl 2):ii1-47. [MEDLINE: 15206425]
113. Macdougall IC, Cooper AC. Erythropoietin resistance: the role of inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 11):39-43. [MEDLINE: 12386257]
114. Messana JM, Chuang CC, Turenne M, Wheeler J, Turner J, Sleeman K, et al. Association of quarterly average achieved hematocrit with mortality in dialysis patients: a time-dependent comorbidity-adjusted model. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2009;53(3):503-12. [PUBMED: 19185402]
115. Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Garg AX, et al. Meta-analysis: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;153(1):23-33. [MEDLINE: 20439566]
116. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;361(21):2019-32. [MEDLINE: 19880844]
117. Phrommintikul A, Haas SJ, Elsik M, Krum H. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;369(9559):381-8. [MEDLINE: 17276778]
118. Regidor DL, Kopple JD, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, McAllister CJ, Aronovitz J, et al. Associations between changes in hemoglobin and administered erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and survival in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(4):1181-91. [MEDLINE: 16565261]
119. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, et al. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(20):2085-98. [MEDLINE: 17108343]
120. Solomon SD, Uno H, Lewis EF, Eckardt KU, Lin J, Burdmann EA, et al. Erythropoietic response and outcomes in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(12):1146-55. [MEDLINE: 20843249]
121. Szczech LA, Barnhart HX, Inrig JK, Reddan DN, Sapp S, CaliffRM, et al. Secondary analysis of the CHOIR trial epoetin-alpha dose and achieved hemoglobin outcomes. Kidney International 2008;74(6):791-8. [PUBMED: 18596733]
122. Valderrabano F. Erythropoietin in chronic renal failure. Kidney International 1996;50(4):1373-91. [MEDLINE: 8887302]
123. Zhang Y, Thamer M, Stefanik K, Kaufman J, Cotter DJ. Epoetin requirements predict mortality in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004;44(5):866-76. [MEDLINE: 15492953]
124. Zhang Y, Thamer M, Cotter D, Kaufman J, Hernan MA. Estimated effect of epoetin dosage on survival among elderly hemodialysis patients in the United States. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(3):638-44. [MEDLINE: 19261818]
125. Badve SV, Beller E, Cass A, Francis DP, Hawley C, Macdougall IC, et al. Interventions for erythropoietin-resistant anaemia in dialysis patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006861.pub2]