Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult myelodysplastic syndromes

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 164, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 503-525

  Killick, Sally B ^a   Carter, Chris ^b   Culligan, Dominic ^c   Dalley, Christopher ^d   Das Gupta, Emma ^e   Drummond, Mark ^f   Enright, Helen ^g   Jones, Gail L ^h   Kell, Jonathan ⁱ   Mills, Juliet ^j   Mufti, Ghulam ^k   Parker, Jane ^l   Raj, Kavita ^m   Sternberg, Alexander ⁿ   Vyas, Paresh ^o   Bowen, David ^p  

^a POOLE HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b HULL AND EAST YORKSHIRE HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c ABERDEEN ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^d SHEFFIELD TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^e NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f BEATSON WEST OF SCOTLAND CANCER CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^g ADELAIDE AND MEATH HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^h NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF WALES   (United Kingdom)

^j WORCESTERSHIRE ACUTE HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^k KING'S COLLEGE HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^l NORTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^m GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ GREAT WESTERN HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^o OXFORD UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^p LEEDS TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Guideline; Management; Myelodysplastic syndrome

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; ANTIANEMIC AGENT; AZACITIDINE; DEFERASIROX; DEFERIPRONE; DEFEROXAMINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HYDROXYUREA; LENALIDOMIDE; NOVEL ERYTHROPOIESIS STIMULATING PROTEIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; ROMIPLOSTIM; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ALLOTRANSPLANTATION; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CHELATION THERAPY; CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS; CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYTOGENETICS; CYTOPENIA; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; EMOTIONAL STABILITY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FOLLOW UP; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY; INTERNATIONAL PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM; IRON CHELATION; MEGALOCYTOSIS; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REFRACTORY ANEMIA; REFRACTORY ANEMIA WITH RINGED SIDEROBLASTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SPIRITUAL CARE; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION;

DIAGNOSIS; GUIDELINE; MANAGEMENT; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME;

HUMANS; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES;

EID: 84892962944     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12694     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Ades, L., Le Bras, F., Sebert, M., Kelaidi, C., Lamy, T., Dreyfus, F., Eclache, V., Delaunay, J., Bouscary, D., Visanica, S., Turlure, P., Bresler, A.G., Cabrol, M.P., Banos, A., Blanc, M., Vey, N., Delmer, A., Wattel, E., Chevret, S. & Fenaux, P. (2012) Treatment with lenalidomide does not appear to increase the risk of progression in lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes with 5q deletion. A comparative analysis by the Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies. Haematologica, 97, 213-218.
2. Al-Ali, H.K., Brand, R., van Biezen, A., Finke, J., Boogaerts, M., Fauser, A.A., Egeler, M., Cahn, J.Y., Arnold, R., Biersack, H., Niederwieser, D. & de Witte, T. (2007) A retrospective comparison of autologous and unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia: a report on behalf of the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Leukemia, 21, 1945-1951.
3. Alessandrino, E.P., Della Porta, M.G., Bacigalupo, A., Van Lint, M.T., Falda, M., Onida, F., Bernardi, M., Iori, A.P., Rambaldi, A., Cerretti, R., Marenco, P., Pioltelli, P., Malcovati, L., Pascutto, C., Oneto, R., Fanin, R. & Bosi, A. (2008) WHO classification and WPSS predict posttransplantation outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a study from the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Blood, 112, 895-902.
4. Alessandrino, E.P., Della Porta, M.G., Bacigalupo, A., Malcovati, L., Angelucci, E., Van Lint, M.T., Falda, M., Onida, F., Bernardi, M., Guidi, S., Lucarelli, B., Rambaldi, A., Cerretti, R., Marenco, P., Pioltelli, P., Pascutto, C., Oneto, R., Pirolini, L., Fanin, R. & Bosi, A. (2010) Prognostic impact of pre-transplantation transfusion history and secondary iron overload in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a GITMO study. Haematologica, 95, 476-484.
5. Alyea, E.P., Kim, H.T., Ho, V., Cutler, C., DeAngelo, D.J., Stone, R., Ritz, J., Antin, J.H. & Soiffer, R.J. (2006) Impact of conditioning regimen intensity on outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for advanced acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 12, 1047-1055.
6. Anderson, J.E., Anasetti, C., Appelbaum, F.R., Schoch, G., Gooley, T.A., Hansen, J.A., Buckner, C.D., Sanders, J.E., Sullivan, K.M. & Storb, R. (1996) Unrelated donor marrow transplantation for myelodysplasia (MDS) and MDS-related acute myeloid leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology, 93, 59-67.
7. Aribi, A., Borthakur, G., Ravandi, F., Shan, J., Davisson, J., Cortes, J. & Kantarjian, H. (2007) Activity of decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer, 109, 713-717.
8. Armand, P., Kim, H.T., Cutler, C.S., Ho, V.T., Koreth, J., Alyea, E.P., Soiffer, R.J. & Antin, J.H. (2007) Prognostic impact of elevated pretransplantation serum ferritin in patients undergoing myeloablative stem cell transplantation. Blood, 109, 4586-4588.
9. Armand, P., Kim, H.T., Rhodes, J., Sainvil, M.M., Cutler, C., Ho, V.T., Koreth, J., Alyea, E.P., Hearsey, D., Neufeld, E.J., Fleming, M.D., Steen, H., Anderson, D., Kwong, R.Y., Soiffer, R.J. & Antin, J.H. (2011) Iron overload in patients with acute leukemia or MDS undergoing myeloablative stem cell transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 17, 852-860.
10. Armand, P., Sainvil, M.M., Kim, H.T., Rhodes, J., Cutler, C., Ho, V.T., Koreth, J., Alyea, E.P., Neufeld, E.J., Kwong, R.Y., Soiffer, R.J. & Antin, J.H. (2012) Does iron overload really matter in stem cell transplantation? American Journal of Hematology, 87, 569-572.
11. Attal, M., Lauwers-Cances, V., Marit, G., Caillot, D., Moreau, P., Facon, T., Stoppa, A.M., Hulin, C., Benboubker, L., Garderet, L., Decaux, O., Leyvraz, S., Vekemans, M.C., Voillat, L., Michallet, M., Pegourie, B., Dumontet, C., Roussel, M., Leleu, X., Mathiot, C., Payen, C., Avet-Loiseau, H. & Harousseau, J.L. (2012) Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1782-1791.
12. Aul, C., Gattermann, N., Heyll, A., Germing, U., Derigs, G. & Schneider, W. (1992) Primary myelodysplastic syndromes: analysis of prognostic factors in 235 patients and proposals for an improved scoring system. Leukemia, 6, 52-59.
13. Bain, B., Clark, D.M. & Wilkins, B.S. (2010) Bone Marrow Pathology. Wiley-Blackwell Press, Chichester, UK.
14. Balleari, E., Rossi, E., Clavio, M., Congiu, A., Gobbi, M., Grosso, M., Secondo, V., Spriano, M., Timitilli, S. & Ghio, R. (2006) Erythropoietin plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is better than erythropoietin alone to treat anemia in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: results from a randomized single-centre study. Annals of Hematology, 85, 174-180.
15. Bejar, R., Stevenson, K., Abdel-Wahab, O., Galili, N., Nilsson, B., Garcia-Manero, G., Kantarjian, H., Raza, A., Levine, R.L., Neuberg, D. & Ebert, B.L. (2011) Clinical effect of point mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2496-2506.
16. Bejar, R., Stevenson, K.E., Caughey, B.A., Abdel-Wahab, O., Steensma, D.P., Galili, N., Raza, A., Kantarjian, H., Levine, R.L., Neuberg, D., Garcia-Manero, G. & Ebert, B.L. (2012) Validation of a prognostic model and the impact of mutations in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30, 3376-3382.
17. Bennett, J.M. & Orazi, A. (2009) Diagnostic criteria to distinguish hypocellular acute myeloid leukemia from hypocellular myelodysplastic syndromes and aplastic anemia: recommendations for a standardized approach. Haematologica, 94, 264-268.
18. Bennett, J.M., Catovsky, D., Daniel, M.T., Flandrin, G., Galton, D.A., Gralnick, H.R. & Sultan, C. (1982) Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 51, 189-199.
19. Bowen, D., Culligan, D., Jowitt, S., Kelsey, S., Mufti, G., Oscier, D. & Parker, J. (2003) Guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 120, 187-200.
20. Braun, T., Itzykson, R., Renneville, A., de Renzis, B., Dreyfus, F., Laribi, K., Bouabdallah, K., Vey, N., Toma, A., Recher, C., Royer, B., Joly, B., Vekhoff, A., Lafon, I., Sanhes, L., Meurice, G., Orear, C., Preudhomme, C., Gardin, C., Ades, L., Fontenay, M., Fenaux, P., Droin, N. & Solary, E. (2011) Molecular predictors of response to decitabine in advanced chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a phase 2 trial. Blood, 118, 3824-3831.
21. Breccia, M., Loglisci, G., Salaroli, A., Serrao, A., Petrucci, L., Mancini, M. & Alimena, G. (2012) 5-azacitidine efficacy and safety in patients aged >65 years with myelodysplastic syndromes outside clinical trials. Leukaemia & Lymphoma, 53, 1558-1560.
22. British Committee for Standards in Haematology Blood Transfusion Task Force (Chairman P. Kelsey) (2003), Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. British Journal of Haematology, 122: 10-23.
23. Casadevall, N., Durieux, P., Dubois, S., Hemery, F., Lepage, E., Quarre, M.C., Damaj, G., Giraudier, S., Guerci, A., Laurent, G., Dombret, H., Chomienne, C., Ribrag, V., Stamatoullas, A., Marie, J.P., Vekhoff, A., Maloisel, F., Navarro, R., Dreyfus, F. & Fenaux, P. (2004) Health, economic, and quality-of-life effects of erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomized, controlled trial. Blood, 104, 321-327.
24. Cermak, J., Jonasova, A., Vondrakova, J., Walterova, L., Hochova, I., Siskova, M. & Neuwirtova, R. (2011) Efficacy And Safety Of Administration Of Oral Iron Chelator Deferiprone In Patients With Early Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Hemoglobin, 35, 217-227.
25. Chacko, J., Pennell, D.J., Tanner, M.A., Hamblin, T.J., Wonke, B., Levy, T., Thomas, P.W. & Killick, S.B. (2007) Myocardial iron loading by magnetic resonance imaging T2* in good prognostic myelodysplastic syndrome patients on long-term blood transfusions. British Journal of Haematology, 138, 587-593.
26. Chan, G., DiVenuti, G. & Miller, K. (2002) Danazol for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. American Journal of Hematology, 71, 166-171.
27. Cheng, H., Kirtani, V.G. & Gergis, U. (2012) Current status of allogeneic HST for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 47, 535-541.
28. Cheson, B.D., Greenberg, P.L., Bennett, J.M., Lowenberg, B., Wijermans, P.W., Nimer, S.D., Pinto, A., Beran, M., de Witte, T.M., Stone, R.M., Mittelman, M., Sanz, G.F., Gore, S.D., Schiffer, C.A. & Kantarjian, H. (2006) Clinical application and proposal for modification of the International Working Group (IWG) response criteria in myelodysplasia. Blood, 108, 419-425.
29. Costa, R., Abdulhaq, H., Haq, B., Shadduck, R.K., Latsko, J., Zenati, M., Atem, F.D., Rossetti, J.M., Sahovic, E.A. & Lister, J. (2011) Activity of azacitidine in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer, 117, 2690-2696.
30. Cutler, C.S., Lee, S.J., Greenberg, P., Deeg, H.J., Perez, W.S., Anasetti, C., Bolwell, B.J., Cairo, M.S., Gale, R.P., Klein, J.P., Lazarus, H.M., Liesveld, J.L., McCarthy, P.L., Milone, G.A., Rizzo, J.D., Schultz, K.R., Trigg, M.E., Keating, A., Weisdorf, D.J., Antin, J.H. & Horowitz, M.M. (2004) A decision analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the myelodysplastic syndromes: delayed transplantation for low-risk myelodysplasia is associated with improved outcome. Blood, 104, 579-585.
31. Damaj, G., Duhamel, A., Robin, M., Beguin, Y., Michallet, M., Mohty, M., Vigouroux, S., Bories, P., Garnier, A., El Cheikh, J., Bulabois, C.E., Huynh, A., Bay, J.O., Legrand, F., Deconinck, E., Fegueux, N., Clement, L., Dauriac, C., Maillard, N., Cornillon, J., Ades, L., Guillerm, G., Schmidt-Tanguy, A., Marjanovic, Z., Park, S., Rubio, M.T., Marolleau, J.P., Garnier, F., Fenaux, I. & Yakoub-Agha, I. (2012) Impact of azacitidine before allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: a study by the Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle et de Therapie-Cellulaire and the Groupe-Francophone des Myelodysplasies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30, 4533-4540.
32. Della Porta, M.G., Picone, C., Pascutto, C., Malcovati, L., Tamura, H., Handa, H., Czader, M., Freeman, S., Vyas, P., Porwit, A., Saft, L., Westers, T.M., Alhan, C., Cali, C., van de Loosdrecht, A.A. & Ogata, K. (2012) Multicenter validation of a reproducible flow cytometric score for the diagnosis of low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a European LeukemiaNET study. Haematologica, 97, 1209-1217.
33. Di Tucci, A.A., Matta, G., Deplano, S., Gabbas, A., Depau, C., Derudas, D., Caocci, G., Agus, A. & Angelucci, E. (2008) Myocardial iron overload assessment by T2* magnetic resonance imaging in adult transfusion dependent patients with acquired anemias. Haematologica, 93, 1385-1388.
34. Drummond, M.W., Boissinot, M., Cauchy, P., Cross, N., Hartley, S., Kell, J., Pocock, C., Szubert, A., Brown, J., Cockerill, P. & Bowen, D. (2012) CMML201: a phase 2 trial of azacitidine in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Haematologica, 97, 0869.
35. Durairaj, S., Chew, S., Hyslop, A., Keenan, N., Groves, M.J. & Tauro, S. (2011) Predicted costs of iron-chelators in myelodysplastic syndromes: a 10-year analysis based on actual prevalence and red cell transfusion rates. American Journal of Hematology, 86, 406-410.
36. Fenaux, P., Mufti, G.J., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Santini, V., Finelli, C., Giagounidis, A., Schoch, R., Gattermann, N., Sanz, G., List, A., Gore, S.D., Seymour, J.F., Bennett, J.M., Byrd, J., Backstrom, J., Zimmerman, L., McKenzie, D., Beach, C. & Silverman, L.R. (2009) Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. The Lancet Oncology, 10, 223-232.
37. Fenaux, P., Bowen, D., Gattermann, N., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Hofmann, W.K., Pfeilstocker, M., Sanz, G. & Santini, V. (2010) Practical use of azacitidine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: an expert panel opinion. Leukemia Research, 34, 1410-1416.
38. Fenaux, P., Giagounidis, A., Selleslag, D., Beyne-Rauzy, O., Mufti, G., Mittelman, M., Muus, P., Te Boekhorst, P., Sanz, G., Del Canizo, C., Guerci-Bresler, A., Nilsson, L., Platzbecker, U., Lubbert, M., Quesnel, B., Cazzola, M., Ganser, A., Bowen, D., Schlegelberger, B., Aul, C., Knight, R., Francis, J., Fu, T. & Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. (2011) A randomized phase 3 study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with Low-/Intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q. Blood, 118, 3765-3776.
39. Gabrilove, J., Paquette, R., Lyons, R.M., Mushtaq, C., Sekeres, M.A., Tomita, D. & Dreiling, L. (2008) Phase 2, single-arm trial to evaluate the effectiveness of darbepoetin alfa for correcting anaemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 142, 379-393.
40. Garypidou, V., Verrou, E., Vakalopoulou, S., Perifanis, V., Tziomalos, K. & Venizelos, I. (2003) Efficacy of a single, weekly dose of recombinant erythropoietin in myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 123, 958.
41. Gerds, A.T., Gooley, T.A., Estey, E.H., Appelbaum, F.R., Deeg, H.J. & Scott, B.L. (2012) Pretransplantation therapy with azacitidine vs induction chemotherapy and posttransplantation outcome in patients with MDS. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 18, 1211-1218.
42. Germing, U., Kundgen, A. & Gattermann, N. (2004) Risk assessment in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Leukaemia & Lymphoma, 45, 1311-1318.
43. Germing, U., Lauseker, M., Hildebrandt, B., Symeonidis, A., Cermak, J., Fenaux, P., Kelaidi, C., Pfeilstocker, M., Nosslinger, T., Sekeres, M., Maciejewski, J., Haase, D., Schanz, J., Seymour, J., Kenealy, M., Weide, R., Lubbert, M., Platzbecker, U., Valent, P., Gotze, K., Stauder, R., Blum, S., Kreuzer, K.A., Schlenk, R., Ganser, A., Hofmann, W.K., Aul, C., Krieger, O., Kundgen, A., Haas, R., Hasford, J. & Giagounidis, A. (2012) Survival, prognostic factors and rates of leukemic transformation in 381 untreated patients with MDS and del(5q): a multicenter study. Leukemia, 26, 1286-1292.
44. Giraldo, P., Nomdedeu, B., Loscertales, J., Requena, C., de Paz, R., Tormo, M., Navarro, P., Benedit, P. & Gasquet, J.A. (2006) Darbepoetin alpha for the treatment of anemia in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer, 107, 2807-2816.
45. Glasmacher, A., Prentice, A., Gorschluter, M., Engelhart, S., Hahn, C., Djulbegovic, B. & Schmidt-Wolf, I.G. (2003) Itraconazole prevents invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients treated for hematologic malignancies: evidence from a meta-analysis of 3, 597 patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 4615-4626.
46. Gohring, G., Giagounidis, A., Busche, G., Kreipe, H.H., Zimmermann, M. & Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. (2010) Patients with del(5q) MDS who fail to achieve sustained erythroid or cytogenetic remission after treatment with lenalidomide have an increased risk for clonal evolution and AML progression. Annals of Hematology, 89, 365-374.
47. Gratwohl, A., Hermans, J., Goldman, J.M., Arcese, W., Carreras, E., Devergie, A., Frassoni, F., Gahrton, G., Kolb, H.J., Niederwieser, D., Ruutu, T., Vernant, J.P., de Witte, T. & Apperley, J. (1998) Risk assessment for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia before allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Lancet, 352, 1087-1092.
48. Gratwohl, A., Stern, M., Brand, R., Apperley, J., Baldomero, H., de Witte, T., Dini, G., Rocha, V., Passweg, J., Sureda, A., Tichelli, A. & Niederwieser, D. (2009) Risk score for outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Cancer, 115, 4715-4726.
49. Greenberg, P., Cox, C., LeBeau, M.M., Fenaux, P., Morel, P., Sanz, G., Sanz, M., Vallespi, T., Hamblin, T., Oscier, D., Ohyashiki, K., Toyama, K., Aul, C., Mufti, G. & Bennett, J. (1997) International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood, 89, 2079-2088.
50. Greenberg, P.L., Sun, Z., Miller, K.B., Bennett, J.M., Tallman, M.S., Dewald, G., Paietta, E., van der Jagt, R., Houston, J., Thomas, M.L., Cella, D. & Rowe, J.M. (2009) Treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome patients with erythropoietin with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 trial by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1996). Blood, 114, 2393-2400.
51. Greenberg, P.L., Attar, E., Bennett, J.M., Bloomfield, C.D., De Castro, C.M., Deeg, H.J., Foran, J.M., Gaensler, K., Garcia-Manero, G., Gore, S.D., Head, D., Komrokji, R., Maness, L.J., Millenson, M., Nimer, S.D., O'Donnell, M.R., Schroeder, M.A., Shami, P.J., Stone, R.M., Thompson, J.E. & Westervelt, P. (2011) NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 9, 30-56.
52. Greenberg, P.L., Tuechler, H., Schanz, J., Sanz, G., Garcia-Manero, G., Sole, F., Bennett, J.M., Bowen, D., Fenaux, P., Dreyfus, F., Kantarjian, H., Kuendgen, A., Levis, A., Malcovati, L., Cazzola, M., Cermak, J., Fonatsch, C., Le Beau, M.M., Slovak, M.L., Krieger, O., Luebbert, M., Maciejewski, J., Magalhaes, S.M., Miyazaki, Y., Pfeilstocker, M., Sekeres, M., Sperr, W.R., Stauder, R., Tauro, S., Valent, P., Vallespi, T., van de Loosdrecht, A.A., Germing, U. & Haase, D. (2012) Revised international prognostic scoring system for myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood, 120, 2454-2465.
53. Hamblin, T.J. (1996) Immunological abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes. Seminars in Hematology, 33, 150-162.
54. Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Ahlgren, T., Beguin, Y., Carlsson, M., Carneskog, J., Dahl, I.M., Dybedal, I., Grimfors, G., Kanter-Lewensohn, L., Linder, O., Luthman, M., Lofvenberg, E., Nilsson-Ehle, H., Samuelsson, J., Tangen, J.M., Winqvist, I., Oberg, G., Osterborg, A. & Ost, A. (1998) Treatment of anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plus erythropoietin: results from a randomized phase II study and long-term follow-up of 71 patients. Blood, 92, 68-75.
55. Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Gulbrandsen, N., Lindberg, G., Ahlgren, T., Dahl, I.M., Dybedal, I., Grimfors, G., Hesse-Sundin, E., Hjorth, M., Kanter-Lewensohn, L., Linder, O., Luthman, M., Lofvenberg, E., Oberg, G., Porwit-MacDonald, A., Radlund, A., Samuelsson, J., Tangen, J.M., Winquist, I. & Wisloff, F. (2003) A validated decision model for treating the anaemia of myelodysplastic syndromes with erythropoietin + granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: significant effects on quality of life. British Journal of Haematology, 120, 1037-1046.
56. Jadersten, M., Montgomery, S.M., Dybedal, I., Porwit-MacDonald, A. & Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. (2005) Long-term outcome of treatment of anemia in MDS with erythropoietin and G-CSF. Blood, 106, 803-811.
57. Jadersten, M., Malcovati, L., Dybedal, I., Della Porta, M.G., Invernizzi, R., Montgomery, S.M., Pascutto, C., Porwit, A., Cazzola, M. & Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. (2008) Erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment associated with improved survival in myelodysplastic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 3607-3613.
58. Jadersten, M., Saft, L., Smith, A., Kulasekararaj, A., Pomplun, S., Gohring, G., Hedlund, A., Hast, R., Schlegelberger, B., Porwit, A., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. & Mufti, G.J. (2011) TP53 mutations in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q) predict disease progression. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 1971-1979.
59. Kantarjian, H., O'Brien, S., Cortes, J., Giles, F., Faderl, S., Jabbour, E., Garcia-Manero, G., Wierda, W., Pierce, S., Shan, J. & Estey, E. (2006a) Results of intensive chemotherapy in 998 patients age 65 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: predictive prognostic models for outcome. Cancer, 106, 1090-1098.
60. Kantarjian, H., Beran, M., Cortes, J., O'Brien, S., Giles, F., Pierce, S., Shan, J., Plunkett, W., Keating, M. & Estey, E. (2006b) Long-term follow-up results of the combination of topotecan and cytarabine and other intensive chemotherapy regimens in myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer, 106, 1099-1109.
61. Kantarjian, H., Issa, J.P., Rosenfeld, C.S., Bennett, J.M., Albitar, M., DiPersio, J., Klimek, V., Slack, J., de Castro, C., Ravandi, F., Helmer, R. 3rd, Shen, L., Nimer, S.D., Leavitt, R., Raza, A. & Saba, H. (2006c) Decitabine improves patient outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes: results of a phase III randomized study. Cancer, 106, 1794-1803.
62. Kantarjian, H., Oki, Y., Garcia-Manero, G., Huang, X., O'Brien, S., Cortes, J., Faderl, S., Bueso-Ramos, C., Ravandi, F., Estrov, Z., Ferrajoli, A., Wierda, W., Shan, J., Davis, J., Giles, F., Saba, H.I. & Issa, J.P. (2007) Results of a randomized study of 3 schedules of low-dose decitabine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood, 109, 52-57.
63. Kantarjian, H., Fenaux, P., Sekeres, M.A., Becker, P.S., Boruchov, A., Bowen, D., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Larson, R.A., Lyons, R.M., Muus, P., Shammo, J., Siegel, R., Hu, K., Franklin, J. & Berger, D.P. (2010) Safety and efficacy of romiplostim in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 437-444.
64. Kelaidi, C., Park, S., Brechignac, S., Mannone, L., Vey, N., Dombret, H., Aljassem, L., Stamatoullas, A., Ades, L., Giraudier, S., de Botton, S., Raynaud, S., Lepelley, P., Picard, F., Leroux, G., Daniel, M.T., Bouscary, D., Dreyfus, F. & Fenaux, P. (2008) Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with 5q deletion before the lenalidomide era; the GFM experience with EPO and thalidomide. Leukemia Research, 32, 1049-1053.
65. Knipp, S., Hildebrand, B., Kundgen, A., Giagounidis, A., Kobbe, G., Haas, R., Aul, C., Gattermann, N. & Germing, U. (2007) Intensive chemotherapy is not recommended for patients aged >60 years who have myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia with high-risk karyotypes. Cancer, 110, 345-352.
66. Kochenderfer, J.N., Kobayashi, S., Wieder, E.D., Su, C. & Molldrem, J.J. (2002) Loss of T-lymphocyte clonal dominance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome responsive to immunosuppression. Blood, 100, 3639-3645.
67. Kordasti, S.Y., Ingram, W., Hayden, J., Darling, D., Barber, L., Afzali, B., Lombardi, G., Wlodarski, M.W., Maciejewski, J.P., Farzaneh, F. & Mufti, G.J. (2007) CD4 + CD25high Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blood, 110, 847-850.
68. Koreth, J., Pidala, J., Perez, W., Deeg, H.J., Garcia-Manero, G., Malcovati, L., Cazzola, M., Park, S., Itzykson, R., Ades, L., Fenaux, P., Jadersten, M., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Gale, R.P., Beach, C.L., Greenberg, P., Tallman, M., DiPersio, J., Bunjes, D., Weisdorf, D. & Cutler, C. (2011) A decision analysis of reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for older patients with de-novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): early transplantation offers survival benefit in higher-risk MDS. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), 118, 115.
69. Kornblith, A.B., Herndon, J.E. 2nd, Silverman, L.R., Demakos, E.P., Odchimar-Reissig, R., Holland, J.F., Powell, B.L., DeCastro, C., Ellerton, J., Larson, R.A., Schiffer, C.A. & Holland, J.C. (2002) Impact of azacytidine on the quality of life of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome treated in a randomized phase III trial: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 2441-2452.
70. Kuendgen, A., Strupp, C., Aivado, M., Hildebrandt, B., Haas, R., Gattermann, N. & Germing, U. (2006) Myelodysplastic syndromes in patients younger than age 50. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 5358-5365.
71. Kuendgen, A., Lauseker, M., List, A.F., Fenaux, P., Giagounidis, A.A., Brandenburg, N.A., Backstrom, J., Glasmacher, A., Hasford, J. & Germing, U. (2013) Lenalidomide does not increase AML progression risk in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with Low- or Intermediate-1-risk MDS with del(5q): a comparative analysis. Leukemia, 27, 1072-1079.
72. Langemeijer, S.M., Kuiper, R.P., Berends, M., Knops, R., Aslanyan, M.G., Massop, M., Stevens-Linders, E., van Hoogen, P., van Kessel, A.G., Raymakers, R.A., Kamping, E.J., Verhoef, G.E., Verburgh, E., Hagemeijer, A., Vandenberghe, P., de Witte, T., van der Reijden, B.A. & Jansen, J.H. (2009) Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nature Genetics, 41, 838-842.
73. Lim, Z.Y., Ho, A.Y., Ingram, W., Kenyon, M., Pearce, L., Czepulkowski, B., Devereux, S., Duarte, R.F., Pagliuca, A. & Mufti, G.J. (2006) Outcomes of alemtuzumab-based reduced intensity conditioning stem cell transplantation using unrelated donors for myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 135, 201-209.
74. Lim, Z.Y., Killick, S., Germing, U., Cavenagh, J., Culligan, D., Bacigalupo, A., Marsh, J. & Mufti, G.J. (2007) Low IPSS score and bone marrow hypocellularity in MDS patients predict hematological responses to antithymocyte globulin. Leukemia, 21, 1436-1441.
75. Lim, Z., Brand, R., Martino, R., van Biezen, A., Finke, J., Bacigalupo, A., Beelen, D., Devergie, A., Alessandrino, E., Willemze, R., Ruutu, T., Boogaerts, M., Falda, M., Jouet, J.P., Niederwieser, D., Kroger, N., Mufti, G.J. & De Witte, T.M. (2010) Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for patients 50 years or older with myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 405-411.
76. List, A., Kurtin, S., Roe, D.J., Buresh, A., Mahadevan, D., Fuchs, D., Rimsza, L., Heaton, R., Knight, R. & Zeldis, J.B. (2005) Efficacy of lenalidomide in myelodysplastic syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 549-557.
77. List, A., Dewald, G., Bennett, J., Giagounidis, A., Raza, A., Feldman, E., Powell, B., Greenberg, P., Thomas, D., Stone, R., Reeder, C., Wride, K., Patin, J., Schmidt, M., Zeldis, J. & Knight, R. (2006) Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 1456-1465.
78. List, A.F., Baer, M.R., Steensma, D.P., Raza, A., Esposito, J., Martinez-Lopez, N., Paley, C., Feigert, J. & Besa, E. (2012) Deferasirox reduces serum ferritin and labile plasma iron in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30, 2134-2139.
79. van de Loosdrecht, A.A., Alhan, C., Bene, M.C., Della Porta, M.G., Drager, A.M., Feuillard, J., Font, P., Germing, U., Haase, D., Homburg, C.H., Ireland, R., Jansen, J.H., Kern, W., Malcovati, L., Te Marvelde, J.G., Mufti, G.J., Ogata, K., Orfao, A., Ossenkoppele, G.J., Porwit, A., Preijers, F.W., Richards, S.J., Schuurhuis, G.J., Subira, D., Valent, P., van der Velden, V.H., Vyas, P., Westra, A.H., de Witte, T.M., Wells, D.A., Loken, M.R. & Westers, T.M. (2009) Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: report from the first European LeukemiaNet working conference on flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica, 94, 1124-1134.
80. Lubbert, M., Suciu, S., Baila, L., Ruter, B.H., Platzbecker, U., Giagounidis, A., Selleslag, D., Labar, B., Germing, U., Salih, H.R., Beeldens, F., Muus, P., Pfluger, K.H., Coens, C., Hagemeijer, A., Eckart Schaefer, H., Ganser, A., Aul, C., de Witte, T. & Wijermans, P.W. (2011) Low-dose decitabine versus best supportive care in elderly patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) ineligible for intensive chemotherapy: final results of the randomized phase III study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group and the German MDS Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 1987-1996.
81. Luger, S.M., Ringden, O., Zhang, M.J., Perez, W.S., Bishop, M.R., Bornhauser, M., Bredeson, C.N., Cairo, M.S., Copelan, E.A., Gale, R.P., Giralt, S.A., Gulbas, Z., Gupta, V., Hale, G.A., Lazarus, H.M., Lewis, V.A., Lill, M.C., McCarthy, P.L., Weisdorf, D.J. & Pulsipher, M.A. (2012) Similar outcomes using myeloablative vs reduced-intensity allogeneic transplant preparative regimens for AML or MDS. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 47, 203-211.
82. Lyons, R.M., Cosgriff, T.M., Modi, S.S., Gersh, R.H., Hainsworth, J.D., Cohn, A.L., McIntyre, H.J., Fernando, I.J., Backstrom, J.T. & Beach, C.L. (2009) Hematologic response to three alternative dosing schedules of azacitidine in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 1850-1856.
83. Malcovati, L., Porta, M.G., Pascutto, C., Invernizzi, R., Boni, M., Travaglino, E., Passamonti, F., Arcaini, L., Maffioli, M., Bernasconi, P., Lazzarino, M. & Cazzola, M. (2005) Prognostic factors and life expectancy in myelodysplastic syndromes classified according to WHO criteria: a basis for clinical decision making. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 7594-7603.
84. Malcovati, L., Della Porta, M.G. & Cazzola, M. (2006) Predicting survival and leukemic evolution in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica, 91, 1588-1590.
85. Malcovati, L., Germing, U., Kuendgen, A., Della Porta, M.G., Pascutto, C., Invernizzi, R., Giagounidis, A., Hildebrandt, B., Bernasconi, P., Knipp, S., Strupp, C., Lazzarino, M., Aul, C. & Cazzola, M. (2007) Time-dependent prognostic scoring system for predicting survival and leukemic evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 3503-3510.
86. Mannone, L., Gardin, C., Quarre, M.C., Bernard, J.F., Vassilieff, D., Ades, L., Park, S., Vaultier, S., Hamza, F., Beyne-rauzy, M.O., Cheze, S., Giraudier, S., Agape, P., Legros, L., Voillat, L., Dreyfus, F. & Fenaux, P. (2006) High-dose darbepoetin alpha in the treatment of anaemia of lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome results of a phase II study. British Journal of Haematology, 133, 513-519.
87. Mantovani, L., Lentini, G., Hentschel, B., Wickramanayake, P.D., Loeffler, M., Diehl, V. & Tesch, H. (2000) Treatment of anaemia in myelodysplastic syndromes with prolonged administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin. British Journal of Haematology, 109, 367-375.
88. Marsh, J.C., Bacigalupo, A., Schrezenmeier, H., Tichelli, A., Risitano, A.M., Passweg, J.R., Killick, S.B., Warren, A.J., Foukaneli, T., Aljurf, M., Al-Zahrani, H.A., Schafhausen, P., Roth, A., Franzke, A., Brummendorf, T.H., Dufour, C., Oneto, R., Sedgwick, P., Barrois, A., Kordasti, S., Elebute, M.O., Mufti, G.J. & Socie, G. (2012) Prospective study of rabbit antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine for aplastic anemia from the EBMT Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Blood, 119, 5391-5396.
89. Massenkeil, G., Nagy, M., Neuburger, S., Tamm, I., Lutz, C., le Coutre, P., Rosen, O., Wernecke, K.D., Dorken, B. & Arnold, R. (2005) Survival after reduced-intensity conditioning is not inferior to standard high-dose conditioning before allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in acute leukaemias. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 36, 683-689.
90. McClune, B.L., Weisdorf, D.J., Pedersen, T.L., Tunes da Silva, G., Tallman, M.S., Sierra, J., Dipersio, J., Keating, A., Gale, R.P., George, B., Gupta, V., Hahn, T., Isola, L., Jagasia, M., Lazarus, H., Marks, D., Maziarz, R., Waller, E.K., Bredeson, C. & Giralt, S. (2010) Effect of age on outcome of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission or with myelodysplastic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28, 1878-1887.
91. Miller, W., Holden, J., George, E. & Stein, K. (2011) NICE guidance on azacitidine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, and acute myeloid leukaemia. The Lancet Oncology, 12, 326-327.
92. Molldrem, J.J., Leifer, E., Bahceci, E., Saunthararajah, Y., Rivera, M., Dunbar, C., Liu, J., Nakamura, R., Young, N.S. & Barrett, A.J. (2002) Antithymocyte globulin for treatment of the bone marrow failure associated with myelodysplastic syndromes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 156-163.
93. Morita, Y., Kanamaru, A., Miyazaki, Y., Imanishi, D., Yagasaki, F., Tanimoto, M., Kuriyama, K., Kobayashi, T., Imoto, S., Ohnishi, K., Naoe, T. & Ohno, R. (2010) Comparative analysis of remission induction therapy for high-risk MDS and AML progressed from MDS in the MDS200 study of Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. International Journal of Hematology, 91, 97-103.
94. Nilsson-Ehle, H., Birgegard, G., Samuelsson, J., Antunovic, P., Astermark, J., Garelius, H., Engstrom, L.M., Kjeldsen, L., Nilsson, L., Olsson, A., Skov-Holm, M., Wallvik, J., Gulbrandsen, N. & Hellstrom-Lindberg, E. (2011) Quality of life, physical function and MRI T2* in elderly low-risk MDS patients treated to a haemoglobin level of >/=120 g/L with darbepoetin alfa +/- filgrastim or erythrocyte transfusions. European Journal of Haematology, 87, 244-252.
95. Okamoto, T., Okada, M., Yamada, S., Takatsuka, H., Wada, H., Tamura, A., Fujimora, Y., Takemoto, Y. & Kakishita, E. (2000) Good response to cyclosporine therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes having the HLA-DRB1*1501 allele. Leukemia, 14, 344-346.
96. Oki, Y., Jelinek, J., Shen, L., Kantarjian, H.M. & Issa, J.P. (2008) Induction of hypomethylation and molecular response after decitabine therapy in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood, 111, 2382-2384.
97. Omoto, E., Deguchi, S., Takaba, S., Kojima, K., Yano, T., Katayama, Y., Sunami, K., Takeuchi, M., Kimura, F., Harada, M. & Kimura, I. (1996) Low-dose melphalan for treatment of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Leukemia, 10, 609-614.
98. Papaemmanuil, E., Cazzola, M., Boultwood, J., Malcovati, L., Vyas, P., Bowen, D., Pellagatti, A., Wainscoat, J.S., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Gambacorti-Passerini, C., Godfrey, A.L., Rapado, I., Cvejic, A., Rance, R., McGee, C., Ellis, P., Mudie, L.J., Stephens, P.J., McLaren, S., Massie, C.E., Tarpey, P.S., Varela, I., Nik-Zainal, S., Davies, H.R., Shlien, A., Jones, D., Raine, K., Hinton, J., Butler, A.P., Teague, J.W., Baxter, E.J., Score, J., Galli, A., Della Porta, M.G., Travaglino, E., Groves, M., Tauro, S., Munshi, N.C., Anderson, K.C., El-Naggar, A., Fischer, A., Mustonen, V., Warren, A.J., Cross, N.C., Green, A.R., Futreal, P.A., Stratton, M.R. & Campbell, P.J. (2011) Somatic SF3B1 mutation in myelodysplasia with ring sideroblasts. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 1384-1395.
99. Papaemmanuil, E., Gerstung, M., Malcovati, L., Tauro, S., Gundem, G., Van Loo, P., Yoon, C.J., Ellis, P., Wedge, D.C., Pellagatti, A., Shlien, A., Groves, M.J., Forbes, S.A., Raine, K., Hinton, J., Mudie, L.J., McLaren, S., Hardy, C., Latimer, C., Della Porta, M.G., O'Meara, S., Ambaglio, I., Galli, A., Butler, A.P., Waldin, G., Teague, J.W., Quek, L., Sternberg, A., Gambacorti-Passerini, C., Cross, N.C., Green, A.R., Boultwood, J., Vyas, P., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Bowen, D., Cazzola, M., Stratton, M.R. & Campbell, P.J. (2013) Clinical and biological implications of driver mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood, published ahead of print November 21, 2013, doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-518886.
100. Park, S., Grabar, S., Kelaidi, C., Beyne-Rauzy, O., Picard, F., Bardet, V., Coiteux, V., Leroux, G., Lepelley, P., Daniel, M.T., Cheze, S., Mahe, B., Ferrant, A., Ravoet, C., Escoffre-Barbe, M., Ades, L., Vey, N., Aljassem, L., Stamatoullas, A., Mannone, L., Dombret, H., Bourgeois, K., Greenberg, P., Fenaux, P. & Dreyfus, F. (2008) Predictive factors of response and survival in myelodysplastic syndrome treated with erythropoietin and G-CSF: the GFM experience. Blood, 111, 574-582.
101. Park, S., Kelaidi, C., Sapena, R., Vassilieff, D., Beyne-Rauzy, O., Coiteux, V., Vey, N., Ravoet, C., Cheze, S., Rose, C., Legros, L., Stamatoullas, A., Escoffre-Barbe, M., Guerci, A., Chaury, M.P., Fenaux, P. & Dreyfus, F. (2010) Early introduction of ESA in low risk MDS patients may delay the need for RBC transfusion: a retrospective analysis on 112 patients. Leukemia Research, 34, 1430-1436.
102. Phillips, R., Hancock, B., Graham, J., Bromham, N., Jin, H. & Berendse, S. (2012) Prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in patients with cancer: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ, 345, e5368.
103. Pullarkat, V., Blanchard, S., Tegtmeier, B., Dagis, A., Patane, K., Ito, J. & Forman, S.J. (2008) Iron overload adversely affects outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 42, 799-805.
104. Ravandi, F., Issa, J.P., Garcia-Manero, G., O'Brien, S., Pierce, S., Shan, J., Borthakur, G., Verstovsek, S., Faderl, S., Cortes, J. & Kantarjian, H. (2009) Superior outcome with hypomethylating therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities. Cancer, 115, 5746-5751.
105. Remacha, A.F., Arrizabalaga, B., Villegas, A., Manteiga, R., Calvo, T., Julia, A., Fernandez Fuertes, I., Gonzalez, F.A., Font, L., Junca, J., del Arco, A., Malcorra, J.J., Equiza, E.P., de Mendiguren, B.P. & Romero, M. (1999) Erythropoietin plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Identification of a subgroup of responders The Spanish Erythropathology Group. Haematologica, 84, 1058-1064.
106. Rizzo, J.D., Brouwers, M., Hurley, P., Seidenfeld, J., Arcasoy, M.O., Spivak, J.L., Bennett, C.L., Bohlius, J., Evanchuk, D., Goode, M.J., Jakubowski, A.A., Regan, D.H. & Somerfield, M.R. (2010) American Society of Hematology/American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of epoetin and darbepoetin in adult patients with cancer. Blood, 116, 4045-4059.
107. Rose, C., Brechignac, S., Vassilief, D., Pascal, L., Stamatoullas, A., Guerci, A., Larbaa, D., Dreyfus, F., Beyne-Rauzy, O., Chaury, M.P., Roy, L., Cheze, S., Morel, P. & Fenaux, P. (2010) Does iron chelation therapy improve survival in regularly transfused lower risk MDS patients? A multicenter study by the GFM (Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies). Leukemia Research, 34, 864-870.
108. Roy, N.B., Myerson, S., Schuh, A.H., Bignell, P., Patel, R., Wainscoat, J.S., McGowan, S., Marchi, E., Atoyebi, W., Littlewood, T., Chacko, J., Vyas, P. & Killick, S.B. (2011) Cardiac iron overload in transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology, 154, 521-524.
109. Runde, V., de Witte, T., Arnold, R., Gratwohl, A., Hermans, J., van Biezen, A., Niederwieser, D., Labopin, M., Walter-Noel, M.P., Bacigalupo, A., Jacobsen, N., Ljungman, P., Carreras, E., Kolb, H.J., Aul, C. & Apperley, J. (1998) Bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as first-line treatment in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: early transplantation is associated with improved outcome. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 21, 255-261.
110. Saunthararajah, Y., Nakamura, R., Wesley, R., Wang, Q.J. & Barrett, A.J. (2003) A simple method to predict response to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood, 102, 3025-3027.
111. Schaffer, L.G., Slovak, M.L. & Campbell, L.J. (2009) An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Karger Press, Basel, Switzerland.
112. Schanz, J., Tuchler, H., Sole, F., Mallo, M., Luno, E., Cervera, J., Granada, I., Hildebrandt, B., Slovak, M.L., Ohyashiki, K., Steidl, C., Fonatsch, C., Pfeilstocker, M., Nosslinger, T., Valent, P., Giagounidis, A., Aul, C., Lubbert, M., Stauder, R., Krieger, O., Garcia-Manero, G., Faderl, S., Pierce, S., Le Beau, M.M., Bennett, J.M., Greenberg, P., Germing, U. & Haase, D. (2012) New comprehensive cytogenetic scoring system for primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and oligoblastic acute myeloid leukemia after MDS derived from an international database merge. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30, 820-829.
113. Scheinberg, P., Nunez, O., Weinstein, B., Biancotto, A., Wu, C.O. & Young, N.S. (2011) Horse versus rabbit antithymocyte globulin in acquired aplastic anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 430-438.
114. Schmid, C., Schleuning, M., Ledderose, G., Tischer, J. & Kolb, H.J. (2005) Sequential regimen of chemotherapy, reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, and prophylactic donor lymphocyte transfusion in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 5675-5687.
115. Scott, B.L., Sandmaier, B.M., Storer, B., Maris, M.B., Sorror, M.L., Maloney, D.G., Chauncey, T.R., Storb, R. & Deeg, H.J. (2006) Myeloablative vs nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myelogenous leukemia with multilineage dysplasia: a retrospective analysis. Leukemia, 20, 128-135.
116. Sekeres, M.A., Elson, P., Kalaycio, M.E., Advani, A.S., Copelan, E.A., Faderl, S., Kantarjian, H.M. & Estey, E. (2009) Time from diagnosis to treatment initiation predicts survival in younger, but not older, acute myeloid leukemia patients. Blood, 113, 28-36.
117. Sekeres, M.A., Maciejewski, J.P., List, A.F., Steensma, D.P., Artz, A., Swern, A.S., Scribner, P., Huber, J. & Stone, R. (2011) Perceptions of disease state, treatment outcomes, and prognosis among patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: results from an internet-based survey. The Oncologist, 16, 904-911.
118. Seymour, J.F., Fenaux, P., Silverman, L.R., Mufti, G.J., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Santini, V., List, A.F., Gore, S.D., Backstrom, J., McKenzie, D. & Beach, C.L. (2010) Effects of azacitidine compared with conventional care regimens in elderly (>/= 75 years) patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology, 76, 218-227.
119. Sloand, E.M., Wu, C.O., Greenberg, P., Young, N. & Barrett, J. (2008) Factors affecting response and survival in patients with myelodysplasia treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 2505-2511.
120. Sorror, M.L., Maris, M.B., Storb, R., Baron, F., Sandmaier, B.M., Maloney, D.G. & Storer, B. (2005) Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT. Blood, 106, 2912-2919.
121. Sorror, M.L., Sandmaier, B.M., Storer, B.E., Maris, M.B., Baron, F., Maloney, D.G., Scott, B.L., Deeg, H.J., Appelbaum, F.R. & Storb, R. (2007) Comorbidity and disease status based risk stratification of outcomes among patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplasia receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 4246-4254.
122. Sperr, W.R., Wimazal, F., Kundi, M., Baumgartner, C., Nosslinger, T., Makrai, A., Stauder, R., Krieger, O., Pfeilstocker, M. & Valent, P. (2010) Comorbidity as prognostic variable in MDS: comparative evaluation of the HCT-CI and CCI in a core dataset of 419 patients of the Austrian MDS Study Group. Annals of Oncology, 21, 114-119.
123. Steensma, D.P., Baer, M.R., Slack, J.L., Buckstein, R., Godley, L.A., Garcia-Manero, G., Albitar, M., Larsen, J.S., Arora, S., Cullen, M.T. & Kantarjian, H. (2009) Multicenter study of decitabine administered daily for 5 days every 4 weeks to adults with myelodysplastic syndromes: the alternative dosing for outpatient treatment (ADOPT) trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 3842-3848.
124. Sternberg, A., Killick, S., Littlewood, T., Hatton, C., Peniket, A., Seidl, T., Soneji, S., Leach, J., Bowen, D., Chapman, C., Standen, G., Massey, E., Robinson, L., Vadher, B., Kaczmarski, R., Janmohammed, R., Clipsham, K., Carr, A. & Vyas, P. (2005) Evidence for reduced B-cell progenitors in early (low-risk) myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood, 106, 2982-2991.
125. Such, E., Cervera, J., Costa, D., Sole, F., Vallespi, T., Luno, E., Collado, R., Calasanz, M.J., Hernandez-Rivas, J.M., Cigudosa, J.C., Nomdedeu, B., Mallo, M., Carbonell, F., Bueno, J., Ardanaz, M.T., Ramos, F., Tormo, M., Sancho-Tello, R., del Canizo, C., Gomez, V., Marco, V., Xicoy, B., Bonanad, S., Pedro, C., Bernal, T. & Sanz, G.F. (2011) Cytogenetic risk stratification in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Haematologica, 96, 375-383.
126. Such, E., Germing, U., Malcovati, L., Cervera, J., Kuendgen, A., Della Porta, M.G., Nomdedeu, B., Arenillas, L., Luno, E., Xicoy, B., Amigo, M.L., Valcarcel, D., Nachtkamp, K., Ambaglio, I., Hildebrandt, B., Lorenzo, I., Cazzola, M. & Sanz, G. (2013) Development and validation of a prognostic scoring system for patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood, 121, 3005-3015.
127. Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., Thiele, J. & Vardiman, J.W. (2008) WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC Press, Lyon.
128. Terpos, E., Mougiou, A., Kouraklis, A., Chatzivassili, A., Michalis, E., Giannakoulas, N., Manioudaki, E., Lazaridou, A., Bakaloudi, V., Protopappa, M., Liapi, D., Grouzi, E., Parharidou, A., Symeonidis, A., Kokkini, G., Laoutaris, N.P., Vaipoulos, G., Anagnostopoulos, N.I., Christakis, J.I., Meletis, J., Bourantas, K.L., Zoumbos, N.C., Yataganas, X. & Viniou, N.A. (2002) Prolonged administration of erythropoietin increases erythroid response rate in myelodysplastic syndromes: a phase II trial in 281 patients. British Journal of Haematology, 118, 174-180.
129. Thorpe, M., Montalvao, A., Pierdomenico, F., Moita, F. & Almeida, A. (2012) Treatment of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with 5-Azacitidine: a case series and literature review. Leukemia Research, 36, 1071-1073.
130. Tichelli, A., Socie, G., Henry-Amar, M., Marsh, J., Passweg, J., Schrezenmeier, H., McCann, S., Hows, J., Ljungman, P., Marin, P., Raghavachar, A., Locasciulli, A., Gratwohl, A. & Bacigalupo, A. (1999) Effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy in older patients with aplastic anemia. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130, 193-201.
131. Valcarcel, D., Martino, R., Caballero, D., Martin, J., Ferra, C., Nieto, J.B., Sampol, A., Bernal, M.T., Pinana, J.L., Vazquez, L., Ribera, J.M., Besalduch, J., Moraleda, J.M., Carrera, D., Brunet, M.S., Perez-Simon, J.A. & Sierra, J. (2008) Sustained remissions of high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation: chronic graft-versus-host disease is the strongest factor improving survival. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 577-584.
132. Valent, P., Bain, B.J., Bennett, J.M., Wimazal, F., Sperr, W.R., Mufti, G. & Horny, H.P. (2012) Idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance (ICUS) and idiopathic dysplasia of uncertain significance (IDUS), and their distinction from low risk MDS. Leukemia Research, 36, 1-5.
133. Vardiman, J.W., Thiele, J., Arber, D.A., Brunning, R.D., Borowitz, M.J., Porwit, A., Harris, N.L., Le Beau, M.M., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Tefferi, A. & Bloomfield, C.D. (2009) The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood, 114, 937-951.
134. Warlick, E.D., Cioc, A., Defor, T., Dolan, M. & Weisdorf, D. (2009) Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for adults with myelodysplastic syndromes: importance of pretransplant disease burden. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 15, 30-38.
135. Wattel, E., Cambier, N., Caulier, M.T., Sautiere, D., Bauters, F. & Fenaux, P. (1994) Androgen therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes with thrombocytopenia: a report on 20 cases. British Journal of Haematology, 87, 205-208.
136. Wattel, E., Guerci, A., Hecquet, B., Economopoulos, T., Copplestone, A., Mahe, B., Couteaux, M.E., Resegotti, L., Voglova, V., Foussard, C., Pegourie, B., Michaux, J.L., Deconinck, E., Stoppa, A.M., Mufti, G., Oscier, D. & Fenaux, P. (1996) A randomized trial of hydroxyurea versus VP16 in adult chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Groupe Francais des Myelodysplasies and European CMML Group. Blood, 88, 2480-2487.
137. Wattel, E., De Botton, S., Luc Lai, J., Preudhomme, C., Lepelley, P., Bauters, F. & Fenaux, P. (1997) Long-term follow-up of de novo myelodysplastic syndromes treated with intensive chemotherapy: incidence of long-term survivors and outcome of partial responders. British Journal of Haematology, 98, 983-991.
138. Westers, T.M., Ireland, R., Kern, W., Alhan, C., Balleisen, J.S., Bettelheim, P., Burbury, K., Cullen, M., Cutler, J.A., Della Porta, M.G., Drager, A.M., Feuillard, J., Font, P., Germing, U., Haase, D., Johansson, U., Kordasti, S., Loken, M.R., Malcovati, L., te Marvelde, J.G., Matarraz, S., Milne, T., Moshaver, B., Mufti, G.J., Ogata, K., Orfao, A., Porwit, A., Psarra, K., Richards, S.J., Subira, D., Tindell, V., Vallespi, T., Valent, P., van der Velden, V.H., de Witte, T.M., Wells, D.A., Zettl, F., Bene, M.C. & van de Loosdrecht, A.A. (2012a) Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: a report from an international consortium and the European LeukemiaNet Working Group. Leukemia, 26, 1730-1741.
139. Westers, T.M., van der Velden, V.H., Alhan, C., Bekkema, R., Bijkerk, A., Brooimans, R.A., Cali, C., Drager, A.M., de Haas, V., Homburg, C., de Jong, A., Kuiper-Kramer, P.E., Leenders, M., Lommerse, I., te Marvelde, J.G., van der Molen-Sinke, J.K., Moshaver, B., Mulder, A.B., Preijers, F.W., Schindhelm, R.K., van der Sluijs, A., van Wering, E.R., Westra, A.H. & van de Loosdrecht, A.A. (2012b) Implementation of flow cytometry in the diagnostic work-up of myelodysplastic syndromes in a multicenter approach: report from the Dutch Working Party on Flow Cytometry in MDS. Leukemia Research, 36, 422-430.
140. Wijermans, P.W., Ruter, B., Baer, M.R., Slack, J.L., Saba, H.I. & Lubbert, M. (2008) Efficacy of decitabine in the treatment of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Leukemia Research, 32, 587-591.
141. de Witte, T., Suciu, S., Peetermans, M., Fenaux, P., Strijckmans, P., Hayat, M., Jaksic, B., Selleslag, D., Zittoun, R., Dardenne, M., Solbu, G., Zwierzna, H. & Muus, P. (1995) Intensive chemotherapy for poor prognosis myelodysplasia (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) following MDS of more than 6 months duration. A pilot study by the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment in Cancer (EORTC-LCG). Leukemia, 9, 1805-1811.
142. de Witte, T., Hermans, J., Vossen, J., Bacigalupo, A., Meloni, G., Jacobsen, N., Ruutu, T., Ljungman, P., Gratwohl, A., Runde, V., Niederwieser, D., van Biezen, A., Devergie, A., Cornelissen, J., Jouet, J.P., Arnold, R. & Apperley, J. (2000) Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with myelo-dysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukaemias: a report on behalf of the Chronic Leukaemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). British Journal of Haematology, 110, 620-630.
143. de Witte, T., Brand, R., van Biezen, A., Mufti, G., Ruutu, T., Finke, J., von dem Borne, P., Vitek, A., Delforge, M., Alessandrino, P., Harlahakis, N., Russell, N., Martino, R., Verdonck, L., Kroger, N. & Niederwieser, D. (2009) Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with refractory anaemia with matched related and unrelated donors: delay of the transplant is associated with inferior survival. British Journal of Haematology, 146, 627-636.
144. de Witte, T., Hagemeijer, A., Suciu, S., Belhabri, A., Delforge, M., Kobbe, G., Selleslag, D., Schouten, H.C., Ferrant, A., Biersack, H., Amadori, S., Muus, P., Jansen, J.H., Hellstrom-Lindberg, E., Kovacsovics, T., Wijermans, P., Ossenkoppele, G., Gratwohl, A., Marie, J.P. & Willemze, R. (2010) Value of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Final results of a prospective randomized European Intergroup Trial. Haematologica, 95, 1754-1761.