Individual differences in brain structure and resting brain function underlie cognitive styles: Evidence from the embedded figures test

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  Hao, Xin ^a,b   Wang, Kangcheng ^a,b   Li, Wenfu ^a,b   Yang, Wenjing ^a,b   Wei, Dongtao ^a,b   Qiu, Jiang ^a,b   Zhang, Qinglin ^a,b  

^a BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS   (China)

^b SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SIZE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE; MALE; MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NORMAL HUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; REST; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84892642714     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078089     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Witkin HA, Moore CA, Goodenough DR, Cox PW (1977) Field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles and their educational implications. Rev Educ Res 47: 1-64. doi: 10.3102/00346543047001001.
2. Witkin HA (1950) Individual differences in ease of perception of embedded figures. J Pers 19: 1-15. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1950.tb01084.x. PubMed: 14795367.
3. Witkin HA, Lewis H, Hertzman M, Machover K, Meissner P et al. (1972) Personality through perception: An experimental and clinical study. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
4. Ford N (1995) Levels and types of mediation in instructional systems: an individual differences approach. Int J Humcomput St 43: 241-259.
5. Kozhevnikov M (2007) Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology: toward an integrated framework of cognitive style. Psychol Bull 133: 464-481. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.464. PubMed: 17469987.
6. Zhang L, Sternberg RJ, Sternberg R, Zhang LF (2001) Thinking styles across cultures: Their relationships with student learning. Perspectives on Thinking, learning and cognitive styles. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Hayes J, Allinson CW (1994) Cognitive style and its relevance for management practice. Br J Manage 5: 53-71. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.1994.tb00130. x.
8. O'Connor KP, Shaw JC (1978) Field dependence, laterality and the EEG. Biol Psychol 6: 93-109. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(78)90049-2. PubMed: 647092.
9. Oltman PK, Semple C, Goldstein L (1979) Cognitive style and interhemispheric differentiation in the EEG. Neuropsychologia 17: 699-702. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(79)90046-0. PubMed: 522985.
10. Milne E, Szczerbinski M (2009) Global and local perceptual style, field-independence, and central coherence: An attempt at concept validation. Adv Cogn Psychol 5: 1-26. doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0062-8. PubMed: 20523847.
11. Manjaly ZM, Marshall JC, Stephan KE, Gurd JM, Zilles K et al. (2003) In search of the hidden: an fMRI study with implications for the study of patients with autism and with acquired brain injury. Neuroimage 19: 674-683. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00095-8. PubMed: 12880798.
12. Lee PS, Foss-Feig J, Henderson JG, Kenworthy LE, Gilotty L et al. (2007) Atypical neural substrates of Embedded Figures Task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. NeuroImage 38: 184-193. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2007.07.013. PubMed: 17707658.
13. Manjaly ZM, Bruning N, Neufang S, Stephan KE, Brieber S et al. (2007) Neurophysiological correlates of relatively enhanced local visual search in autistic adolescents. NeuroImage 35: 283-291. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11. 036. PubMed: 17240169.
14. Walter E, Dassonville P (2011) Activation in a frontoparietal cortical network underlies individual differences in the performance of an embedded figures task. PLOS ONE 6: e20742. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020742. PubMed: 21799729.
15. Damarla SR, Keller TA, Kana RK, Cherkassky VL, Williams DL et al. (2010) Cortical underconnectivity coupled with preserved visuospatial cognition in autism: Evidence from an fMRI study of an embedded figures task. Autism Res 3: 273-279. doi:10.1002/aur.153. PubMed: 20740492.
16. Ring HA, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Williams SC, Brammer M et al. (1999) Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: a functional MRI study of embedded figures task performance. Brain 122 (7): 1305-1315. doi:10.1093/brain/122.7.1305. PubMed: 10388796.
17. Shah A, Frith U (1983) An islet of ability in autistic children: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 24: 613-620. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610. 1983.tb00137.x. PubMed: 6630333.
18. Happé F, Frith U (2006) The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 36: 5-25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0. PubMed: 16450045.
19. Jolliffe T, Baron-Cohen S (1997) Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the Embedded Figures Test? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38: 527-534. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x. PubMed: 9255696.
20. Happé F (1999) Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends Cogn Sci 3: 216-222. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01318-2. PubMed: 10354574.
21. Happé F, Frith U (2006) The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 36: 5-25. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0. PubMed: 16450045.
22. Button KS, Ioannidis JP, Mokrysz C, Nosek BA, Flint J et al. (2013) Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci14: 1-12. PubMed: 23232605.
23. Faterson HF, Witkin HA (1970) Longitudinal study of development of the body concept. Dev Psychol 2: 429-438. doi:10.1037/h0029167.
24. Witkin HA, Goodenough DR, Karp SA (1967) Stability of cognitive style from childhood to young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 7: 291-300. doi:10.1037/h0025070. PubMed: 6065857.
25. Szatmari P, Paterson AD, Zwaigenbaum L, Roberts W, Brian J et al. (2007) Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nat Genet 39: 319-328. doi:10.1038/ng1985. PubMed: 17322880.
26. Losh M, Piven J (2007) Social-cognition and the broad autism phenotype: identifying genetically meaningful phenotypes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 105-112. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01594.x. PubMed: 17244276.
27. Baron-Cohen S, Hammer J (1997) Parents of children with Asperger syndrome: What is the cognitive phenotype? J Cogn Neurosci 9: 548-554. doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548. PubMed: 23968217.
28. Raichle ME (2010) Two views of brain function. Trends Cogn Sci 14: 180-190. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.008. PubMed: 20206576.
29. Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini P, Ungerleider L (2002) Neural correlates of visual working memory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron 35: 975-987. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00817-6. PubMed: 12372290.
30. Baldassarre A, Lewis CM, Committeri G, Snyder AZ, Romani GL et al. (2012) Individual variability in functional connectivity predicts performance of a perceptual task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: 3516-3521. doi:10.1073/pnas. 1113148109. PubMed: 22315406.
31. Tang YY, Rothbart MK, Posner MI (2012) Neural correlates of establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states. Trends Cogn Sci 16: 330-337. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.05.001. PubMed: 22613871.
32. Fox MD, Raichle ME (2007) Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 8: 700-711. doi:10.1038/nrn2201. PubMed: 17704812.
33. Cordes D, Haughton VM, Arfanakis K, Carew JD, Turski PA et al. (2001) Frequencies contributing to functional connectivity in the cerebral cortex in "resting-state" data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22: 1326-1333. PubMed: 11498421.
34. Zang YF, He Y, Zhu CZ, Cao QJ, Sui MQ et al. (2007) Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI. Brain Dev 29: 83-91. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.07.002. PubMed: 16919409.
35. Huang XQ, Lui S, Deng W, Chan RC, Wu QZ et al. (2010) Localization of cerebral functional deficits in treatment-naive, first-episode schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. Neuroimage 49: 2901-2906. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2009.11.072. PubMed: 19963069.
36. Goodyear BG, Douglas EA (2009) Decreasing task-related brain activity over repeated functional MRI scans and sessions with no change in performance: implications for serial investigations. Exp Brain Res 192: 231-239. doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1574-7. PubMed: 18818908.
37. Landau SM, Schumacher EH, Garavan H, Druzgal TJ, D'Esposito M (2004) A functional MRI study of the influence of practice on component processes of working memory. NeuroImage 22: 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.003. PubMed: 15110011.
38. Haier RJ, Karama S, Leyba L, Jung RE (2009) MRI assessment of cortical thickness and functional activity changes in adolescent girls following three months of practice on a visual-spatial task. BMC Res Notes 2: 174. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-174. PubMed: 19723307.
39. Han Y, Lui S, Kuang W, Lang Q, Zou L et al. (2012) Anatomical and functional deficits in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. PLOS ONE 7: e28664. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028664. PubMed: 22319555.
40. Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2000) Voxel-based morphometry - the methods. NeuroImage 11: 805-821. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(00)91734-8. PubMed: 10860804.
41. Zou QH, Zhu CZ, Yang Y, Zuo XN, Long XY et al. (2008) An improved approach to detection of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) for resting-state fMRI: fractional ALFF. J Neurosci Methods 172: 137-141. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.012. PubMed: 18501969.
42. Witkin HA (1971) A manual for the embedded figures tests. Consulting Psychologists Press.
43. Xie J, Zhang H (1988) Cognitive style: experimental study on a personality dimension. Beijing Normal University Press.
44. Raven JC (1938) Progressive matrices: A perceptual test of intelligence, Sets A, B, C, D, and E.London:, Lewis Publishing House.
45. Li D, Hu KD, Chen GP, Jin Y, Li M (1988) The testing results report on the combined Raven's test in Shanghai. Psychol Sci, 4: 27-31.
46. Wang D, Qian M (1989) The revised report of the combined Raven's test in countryside of china. Reports of the psychological science, 5, 23-27.
47. Wang D, Di M, Qian M (2007) A report on the third revision of combined raven's test (CRT- C3) for children in China. Chin J Clin Psychol,15: 559-568.
48. Ashburner J (2007) A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. NeuroImage 38: 95-113. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007. PubMed: 17761438
49. Ridgway GR, Omar R, Ourselin Sb, Hill DL, Warren JD, et al (2009) Issues with threshold masking in voxel-based morphometry of atrophied brains. NeuroImage 44: 99-111. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.045. PubMed: 18848632.
50. Genovese CR, Lazar NA, Nichols T (2002) Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate. Neuroimage 15: 870-878. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1037. PubMed: 11906227.
51. Chao-Gan Y, Yu-Feng Z (2010) DPARSF: a MATLAB toolbox for "pipeline" data analysis of resting-state fMRI. Front Syst Neurosci 4: 13. PubMed: 20577591.
52. Zuo XN, Di Martino A, Kelly C, Shehzad ZE, Gee DG et al. (2010) The oscillating brain: complex and reliable. Neuroimage 49: 1432-1445. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.037. PubMed: 19782143.
53. Ledberg A, Akerman S, Roland PE (1998) Estimation of the probabilities of 3D clusters in functional brain images. Neuroimage 8: 113-128. doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0336. PubMed: 9740755.
54. O'Boyle MW, Cunnington R, Silk TJ, Vaughan D, Jackson G et al. (2005) Mathematically gifted male adolescents activate a unique brain network during mental rotation. Cogn Brain Res 25: 583-587. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08. 004. PubMed: 16150579.
55. Wanzel KR, Anastakis DJ, McAndrews MP, Grober ED, Sidhu RS et al. (2007) Visual-spatial ability and fMRI cortical activation in surgery residents. Am J Surg 193: 507-510. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.11.011. PubMed: 17368300.
56. Desco M, Navas-Sanchez FJ, Sanchez-González J, Reig S, Robles O et al. (2011) Mathematically gifted adolescents use more extensive and more bilateral areas of the fronto-parietal network than controls during executive functioning and fluid reasoning tasks. NeuroImage 57: 281-292. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.063. PubMed: 21463696.
57. Weiss MM, Wolbers T, Peller M, Witt K, Marshall L et al. (2009) Rotated alphanumeric characters do not automatically activate frontoparietal areas subserving mental rotation. NeuroImage 44: 1063-1073. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2008.09.042. PubMed: 18977449.
58. Harris IM, Egan GF, Sonkkila C, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Paxinos G et al. (2000) Selective right parietal lobe activation during mental rotation A parametric PET study. Brain 123: 65-73. doi:10.1093/brain/123.1.65. PubMed: 10611121.
59. Kovács I, Kozma P, Fehér Á, Benedek G (1999) Late maturation of visual spatial integration in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 12204-12209. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.21.12204. PubMed: 10518600.
60. Weissman DH, Woldorff MG (2005) Hemispheric asymmetries for different components of global/local attention occur in distinct temporoparietal loci. Cereb Cortex 15: 870-876. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh187. PubMed: 15459080.
61. Bölte S, Holtmann M, Poustka F, Scheurich A, Schmidt L (2007) Gestalt perception and local-global processing in high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37: 1493-1504. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0231-x. PubMed: 17029017.
62. Fink GR, Dolan RJ, Halligan PW, Marshall JC, Frith CD (1997) Spacebased and object-based visual attention: shared and specific neural domains. Brain 120 (11): 2013-2028. doi:10.1093/brain/120.11.2013. PubMed: 9397018.
63. Frith U (1989) Autism: Explaining the enigma. Wiley Online Library.
64. Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E et al. (1995) Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med 25: 63-77. doi:10.1017/S0033291700028099. PubMed: 7792363.
65. Boddaert N, Chabane N, Gervais H, Good CD, Bourgeois M et al. (2004) Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel-based morphometry MRI study. NeuroImage 23: 364-369. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2004.06.016. PubMed: 15325384.
66. McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Suckling J, Lam GY et al. (2005) Mapping the brain in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism. Brain 128: 268-276. PubMed: 15548557.
67. Hazlett HC, Poe MD, Gerig G, Smith RG, Piven J (2006) Cortical gray and white brain tissue volume in adolescents and adults with autism. Biol Psychiatry 59: 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.015. PubMed: 16139816.
68. Lotspeich LJ, Kwon H, Schumann CM, Fryer SL, Goodlin-Jones BL et al. (2004) Investigation of neuroanatomical differences between autism and Asperger syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 291-298. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.291. PubMed: 14993117.
69. Nickl-Jockschat T, Habel U, Maria Michel T, Manning J, Laird AR et al. (2012) Brain structure anomalies in autism spectrum disorder - a metaanalysis of VBM studies using anatomic likelihood estimation. Hum Brain Mapp 33: 1470-1489. doi:10.1002/hbm.21299. PubMed: 21692142.
70. Liston C, McEwen BS, Casey BJ (2009) Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 912-917. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807041106. PubMed: 19139412.
71. Fair DA, Dosenbach NU, Church JA, Cohen AL, Brahmbhatt S et al. (2007) Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 13507-13512. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705843104. PubMed: 17679691.
72. Dosenbach NU, Fair DA, Miezin FM, Cohen AL, Wenger KK et al. (2007) Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 11073-11078. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704320104. PubMed: 17576922.
73. Buckholtz JW, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2012) Psychopathology and the human connectome: toward a transdiagnostic model of risk for mental illness. Neuron 74: 990-1004. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002. PubMed: 22726830.
74. Linden DE, Bittner RA, Muckli L, Waltz JA, Kriegeskorte N et al. (2003) Cortical capacity constraints for visual working memory: dissociation of fMRI load effects in a fronto-parietal network. Neuroimage 20: 1518-1530. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.021. PubMed: 14642464.
75. Todd JJ, Marois R (2004) Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature 428: 751-754. doi:10.1038/nature02466. PubMed: 15085133.
76. Corbetta M, Kincade JM, Ollinger JM, McAvoy MP, Shulman GL (2000) Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 3: 292-297. doi:10.1038/73009. PubMed: 10700263.
77. Martens U, Hübner R (2013) Functional hemispheric asymmetries of global/local processing mirrored by the steady-state visual evoked potential. Brain Cogn 81: 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.11.005. PubMed: 23246827.
78. Fink GR, Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Dolan RJ (1999) Hemispheric asymmetries in global/local processing are modulated by perceptual salience. Neuropsychologia 37: 31-40. PubMed: 9920469.
79. Martinez A, Moses P, Frank L, Buxton R, Wong E et al. (1997) Hemispheric asymmetries in global and local processing: evidence from fMRI. Neuroreport 8: 1685-1689. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199705060-00025. PubMed: 9189915.
80. Kimchi R (1992) Primacy of wholistic processing and global/local paradigm: a critical review. Psychol Bull 112: 24-38. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909. 112.1.24. PubMed: 1529037.
81. Botvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci 8: 539-546. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003. PubMed: 15556023.
82. Ridderinkhof KR, Ullsperger M, Crone EA, Nieuwenhuis S (2004) The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science 306: 443-447. doi:10.1126/science.1100301. PubMed: 15486290.
83. Narayanan NS, Laubach M (2006) Top-down control of motor cortex ensembles by dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuron 52: 921-931. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron. 2006.10.021. PubMed: 17145511.
84. Horst NK, Laubach M (2012) Working with memory: evidence for a role for the medial prefrontal cortex in performance monitoring during spatial delayed alternation. J Neurophysiol 108: 3276-3288. doi:10.1152/jn.01192.2011. PubMed: 23019007.
85. Brass M, Wenke D, Spengler S, Waszak F (2009) Neural correlates of overcoming interference from instructed and implemented stimulusresponse associations. J Neurosci 29: 1766-1772. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5259-08.2009. PubMed: 19211883.
86. Cohen MX, Ridderinkhof KR, Haupt S, Elger CE, Fell J (2008) Medial frontal cortex and response conflict: evidence from human intracranial EEG and medial frontal cortex lesion. Brain Res 1238: 127-142. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres. 2008.07.114. PubMed: 18760262.
87. Lux S, Marshall JC, Ritzl A, Weiss PH, Pietrzyk U et al. (2004) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of local/global processing with stimulus presentation in the peripheral visual hemifields. Neuroscience 124: 113-120. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.044. PubMed: 14960344.
88. Weissman DH, Giesbrecht B, Song AW, Mangun GR, Woldorff MG (2003) Conflict monitoring in the human anterior cingulate cortex during selective attention to global and local object features. Neuroimage 19: 1361-1368. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00167-8. PubMed: 12948694.
89. Liu Y, Cherkassky VL, Minshew NJ, Just MA (2011) Autonomy of lower-level perception from global processing in autism: evidence from brain activation and functional connectivity. Neuropsychologia 49: 2105-2111. doi:10.1016/j. neuropsychologia.2011.04.005. PubMed: 21513720.
90. Russell-Smith SN, Maybery MT, Bayliss DM, Sng AA (2012) Support for a link between the local processing bias and social deficits in autism: an investigation of embedded figures test performance in nonclinical individuals. J Autism Dev Disord 42: 2420-2430. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1506-z. PubMed: 22434280.
91. Almeida RA, Dickinson JE, Maybery MT, Badcock JC, Badcock DR (2010) A new step towards understanding Embedded Figures Test performance in the autism spectrum: The radial frequency search task. Neuropsychologia 48: 374-381. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.024. PubMed: 19786040.
92. Best CS, Moffat VJ, Power MJ, Owens DG, Johnstone EC (2008) The boundaries of the cognitive phenotype of autism: Theory of mind, central coherence and ambiguous figure perception in young people with autistic traits. J Autism Dev Disord 38: 840-847. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0451-8. PubMed: 18004653.
93. Constantino JN, Todd RD (2005) Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population. Biol Psychiatry 57: 655-660. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.014. PubMed: 15780853.
94. Kennedy DP, Redcay E, Courchesne E (2006) Failing to deactivate: resting functional abnormalities in autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8275-8280. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600674103. PubMed: 16702548.
95. Kennedy DP, Courchesne E (2008) The intrinsic functional organization of the brain is altered in autism. Neuroimage 39: 1877-1885. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.052. PubMed: 18083565.
96. Kunihira Y, Senju A, Dairoku H, Wakabayashi A, Hasegawa T (2006) 'Autistic traits in non-autistic Japanese populations: Relationships with personality traits and cognitive ability. JAutism Dev Disord 36: 553-566.
97. Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S (2007) Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. PLOS ONE 2: e883. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000883. PubMed: 17849012.
98. von dem Hagen EA, Nummenmaa L, Yu R, Engell AD, Ewbank MP et al. (2011) Autism spectrum traits in the typical population predict structure and function in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. Cereb Cortex 21: 493-500. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq062. PubMed: 20439317.