The roles of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection: Insights from the gnotobiotic piglet model

Gut Microbes

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 53-57

  Steele, Jennifer ^a   Parry, Nicola ^b   Tzipori, Saul ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti toxin antibodies; Clostridium difficile; Monoclonal antibodies; Systemic toxins; TcdA; TcdB; Toxemia; Toxins

Indexed keywords

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIAL TOXIN; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; ENTEROTOXIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COLON HEMORRHAGE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXICITY; EDEMA; GNOTOBIOTICS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HYPEREMIA; IMMUNOCYTOTOXICITY; INTESTINE INJURY; NONHUMAN; PIGLET; PLEURA EFFUSION; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; ANIMAL; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; ENTEROTOXINS; HUMANS;

EID: 84892561494     PISSN: 19490976     EISSN: 19490984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4161/gmic.26855     Document Type: Article

References (14)

1. Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, Minton NP. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 2010; 467:711-3; PMID:20844489; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09397
2. Lyras D, O'Connor JR, Howarth PM, Sambol SP, Carter GP, Phumoonna T, Poon R, Adams V, Vedantam G, Johnson S, et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature 2009; 458:1176-9; PMID:19252482; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07822
3. Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, O'Brien MJ, LaMont JT. Differential effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B on rabbit ileum. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:273-9; PMID:3596162
4. Tschudin-Sutter S, Widmer AF, Perl TM. Clostridium difficile: novel insights on an incessantly challenging disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:405-11; PMID:22614522; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835533a2
5. Wu D, Joyee AG, Nandagopal S, Lopez M, Ma X, Berry J, Lin F. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and B on human T lymphocyte migration. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:926-38; PMID:23645153; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5050926
6. Steele J, Mukherjee J, Parry N, Tzipori S. Antibody against TcdB, but not TcdA, prevents development of gastrointestinal and systemic Clostridium difficile disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:323-30; PMID:23125448; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis669
7. Hamm EE, Voth DE, Ballard JD. Identification of Clostridium difficile toxin B cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish embryo model of intoxication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14176-81; PMID:16966605; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604725103
8. Steele J, Feng H, Parry N, Tzipori S. Piglet models of acute or chronic Clostridium difficile illness. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:428-34; PMID:20039803; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649799
9. Yang G, Zhou B, Wang J, He X, Sun X, Nie W, Tzipori S, Feng H. Expression of recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin A and B in Bacillus megaterium. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:192; PMID:18990232; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-192
10. He X, Wang J, Steele J, Sun X, Nie W, Tzipori S, Feng H. An ultrasensitive rapid immunocytotoxicity assay for detecting Clostridium difficile toxins. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 78:97-100; PMID:19393695; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2009.04.007
11. Steele J, Chen K, Sun X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Tzipori S, Feng H. Systemic dissemination of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B is associated with severe, fatal disease in animal models. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:384-91; PMID:22147798; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir748
12. Babcock GJ, Broering TJ, Hernandez HJ, Mandell RB, Donahue K, Boatright N, Stack AM, Lowy I, Graziano R, Molrine D, et al. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against toxins A and B prevent Clostridium difficile-induced mortality in hamsters. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6339-47; PMID:16966409; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00982-06
13. Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, Blair BM, Baxter R, Gerding DN, Nichol G, Thomas WD Jr., Leney M, Sloan S, et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:197-205; PMID:20089970; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907635
14. Taylor CP, Tummala S, Molrine D, Davidson L, Farrell RJ, Lembo A, Hibberd PL, Lowy I, Kelly CP. Open-label, dose escalation phase I study in healthy volunteers to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of a human monoclonal antibody to Clostridium difficile toxin A. Vaccine 2008; 26:3404-9; PMID:18502001; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.042