Primate taxonomy, plesiadapiforms, and approaches to primate origins

PRIMATE ORIGINS: Adaptations and Evolution

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 143-178

  Silcox, M T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEG   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891961841     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33507-0_5     Document Type: Chapter

References (126)

1. Archibald, J. D., 1994, Metataxon concepts and assessing possible ancestry using phylogenetic systematics, Syst. Biol. 43: 27-40.
2. Asher, R. J., 1999, A morphological basis for assessing the phylogeny of the "Tenrecoidea" (Mammalia, Lipotyphla), Cladistics 15: 231-252.
3. Ax, P., 1985, Stem species and the stem lineage concept, Cladistics 1: 279-287.
4. Beard, K. C., 1989, Postcranial anatomy, locomotor adaptations, and paleoecology of Early Cenozoic Plesiadapidae, Paromomyidae, and Micromomyidae (Eutheria, Dermoptera). Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 661 pp. (unpublished
5. Beard, K. C., 1991, Vertical postures and climbing in the morphotype of Primatomorpha: implications for locomotor evolution in primate history. in: Origines de la Bipédie chez les Hominidés, Y. Coppens and B. Senut, eds., Editions du CNRS (Cahiers de Paléoanthropologie), Paris. pp. 79-87.
6. Beard, K. C., 1990a, Gliding behavior and palaeoecology of the alleged primate family Paromomyidae (Mammalia, Dermoptera), Nature 345: 340-341.
7. Beard, K. C., 1990b, Do we need the newly proposed order Proprimates? J. hum. Evol. 19: 817-820.
8. Beard, K. C., 1993a, Phylogenetic systematics of the Primatomorpha, with special reference to Dermoptera, in: Mammal Phylogeny: placentals, F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 129-150.
9. Beard, K. C., 1993b, Origin and evolution of gliding in Early Cenozoic Dermoptera (Mammalia, Primatomorpha), in: Primates and their Relatives in Phylogenetic Perspective, R. D. E. MacPhee, ed., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 63-90.
10. Beard, K. C., and MacPhee, R. D. E., 1994, Cranial anatomy of Shoshonius and the antiquity of Anthropoidea, in: Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 55-97.
11. Beard, K. C., and Wang, J., 1995, The first Asian plesiadapoids (Mammalia: Primatomorpha), Ann. Carnegie Mus. 64: 1-33.
12. Benton, M. J., 2000, Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank-free lists: Is Linnaeus dead? Biol. Rev. 75: 633-648.
13. Bloch, J. I., and Boyer, D. M., 2002, Grasping primate origins, Science 298: 1606-1610.
14. Bloch, J. I., and Boyer, D. M., 2003, Response to comment on "Grasping primate origins", Science 300: 741c.
15. Bloch, J. I., and Boyer, D. M., 2003, Response to comment on "Grasping primate origins", Science 300: 741c. Bloch, J. I., and Boyer, D. M., (2006), New skeletons of Paleocene-Eocene Plesiadapiformes: a diversity of arboreal positional behaviors in early primates, in: Primate Origins and Adaptations: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, M. J. Ravosa and M. Dagosto, eds., Plenum Press, New York.
16. Bloch, J. I., and Silcox, M. T., 2001, New basicrania of Paleocene-Eocene Ignacius: Reevaluation of the plesiadapiform-dermopteran link, Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 116: 184-198.
17. Bloch, J. I., and Silcox, M. T., 2003, Comparative cranial anatomy and cladistic analysis of Paleocene primate Carpolestes simpsoni using ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography, Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 120(S1): 68.
18. Bloch, J. I., Silcox, M. T., 2006, Cranial anatomy of the Paleocene plesiadapiform Carpolestes simpsoni (Mammalia, Primates) using ultra high-resolution X-ray computed tomography, and the relationships of plesiadapiforms to Euprimates. J. hum. Evol. 50: 1-35.
19. Bloch, J. I., Silcox, M. T., and Sargis, E. J., 2002, Origin and relationships of Archonta (Mammalia, Eutheria): Re-evaluation of Eudermoptera and Primatomorpha, J. Vert. Paleontol. 22 (supp. to No. 3): 37A.
20. Bloch, J. I., Boyer, D.M., and Houde, P., 2003. New skeletons of Paleocene-Eocene micromomyds (Mammalia, Primates): functional morphology and implications for euarchontan relationships, J. Vert. Paleontol. 23 (suppl. To 3): 35A. Bloch, J. I., Silcox, M.T., Boyer, D. M., and Sargis, E. J. 2004. New hypothesis of primate supraordinal relationships and its bearing on competing models of primate origins: a test from the fossil record. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 123(S38): 64.
21. Bown, T. M., and Rose, K. D., 1976, New early Tertiary primates and a reappraisal of some Plesiadapiformes, Folia primatol. 26: 109-138.
22. Boyer, D. M., Bloch J. I., and Gingerich, P. D., 2001, New skeletons of Paleocene paromomyids (Mammalia, ?Primates): Were they mitten gliders? J. Vert. Paleontol 21(suppl.to 3): 35A.
23. Cantino, P. D., and De Queiroz, K., 2000, Athens, Ohio, Phylocode: A phylogenetic code of biological nomenclature (April 8, 2000); http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/printable.html
24. Cantino, P. D., Bryant, H. N., De Queiroz, K., Donoghue, M. J., Eriksson, T., Hillis, D. M., and Lee, M. S. Y., 1999, Species names in phylogenetic nomenclature, Syst. Biol. 48: 790-807.
25. Cartmill, M., 1972, Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order Primates, in: The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates, R. Tuttle, ed., Aldine-Atherton, Chicago, pp. 97-122.
26. Cartmill, M., 1974, Rethinking primate origins, Science 184: 436-443.
27. Cartmill, M., 1992, New views on primate origins, Evol. Anthrop. 1(3): 105-111.
28. Cartmill, M., and MacPhee, R. D. E., 1980, Tupaiid affinities: The evidence of the carotid arteries and cranial skeleton, in: Comparative Biology and Evolutionary Relationships of Tree Shrews, W. P. Luckett, ed., Plenum Publishing, New York, pp. 95-132.
29. De Queiroz, K., 1994, Replacement of an essentialistic perspective on taxonomic definitions as exemplified by the definition of "Mammalia", Syst. Biol. 43: 497-510.
30. De Queiroz, K., 1997, Misunderstandings about the phylogenetic approach to biological nomenclature: A reply to Lidén and Oxelman, Zool. Scripta 26:67-70.
31. De Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J., 1990, Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names, Syst. Zool. 39: 307-322.
32. De Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J., 1992, Phylogenetic taxonomy, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 449-480.
33. De Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J., 1994, Toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature, Trends Ecol. Evol. 9: 27-31.
34. Ghiselin, M. T., 1984, "Definition", "Character" and other equivocal terms, Syst. Zool. 33: 104-110.
35. Gidley, J. W., 1923, Paleocene primates of the Fort Union, with discussion of relationships of Eocene primates, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 63: 1-38.
36. Gingerich, P. D., 1973, First record of the Paleocene primate Chiromyoides from North America, Nature 244: 517-8.
37. Gingerich, P. D., 1976, Cranial anatomy and evolution of early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates), Papers Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 15: 1-141.
38. Gingerich, P. D., 1986, Plesiadapis and the delineation of the order Primates, in: Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution, B. Wood, L. Martin, and P. Andrews, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 32-46.
39. Gingerich, P. D., 1989, New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: Composition and diversity in a rarely sampled highfloodplain assemblage, Papers Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 28: 1-97.
40. Griffiths, G. C. D., 1976, The future of Linnean nomenclature, Syst. Zool. 25: 168-173.
41. Gunnell, G. F., 1985, Systematics of early Eocene Microsyopinae (Mammalia, Primates) in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming, Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 27: 51-71.
42. Gunnell, G. F., 1989, Evolutionary history of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the relationship between Plesiadapiformes and Primates, Papers Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 27: 1-157.
43. Hennig, W., 1966, Phylogenetic Systematics, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
44. Hoffstetter, R., 1977, Phylogénie des primates, Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthrop. Paris t.4, série XIII: 327-346.
45. Hooker, J. J., Russell, D. E., and Phélizon, A., 1999, A new family of Plesiadapiformes (Mammalia) from the old world lower Paleogene, Palaeontology 42: 377-407.
46. Jeffries, R. P. S., 1979, The origin of Chordates-a methodological essay, in: The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups, M. R. House, ed., Systematics Association Special Volume 12, Academic Press, New York, pp. 443-477.
47. Ji, Q., and Ji, S. A., 1996, On the discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds, Chinese Geology 233: 30-33.
48. Kay, R. F., and Cartmill, M., 1977, Cranial morphology and adaptations of Palaechthon nacimienti and other Paromomyidae (Plesiadapoidea, ?Primates), with a description of a new genus and species, J. hum. Evol. 6: 19-53.
49. Kay, R. F., Thorington R. W. Jr., and Houde, P., 1990, Eocene plesiadapiform shows affinities with flying lemurs not primates, Nature 345: 342-344.
50. Kay, R. F., Thewissen, J. G. M., and Yoder, A. D., 1992, Cranial anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes, Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 89: 477-498.
51. Kluge, A. G., 1989, A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes), Syst. Zool. 38: 7-25.
52. Le Gros Clark, W. E., 1959, The Antecedents of Man, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
53. Leakey, L. S. B., Tobias, P. V., and Napier, J. R., 1964, A new species of the genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge, Nature 202: 7-9.
54. Lee, M. S. Y., 1996, The phylogenetic approach to biological taxonomy: Practical aspects, Zool. Scripta 25: 187-190.
55. Lidén, M., and Oxelman. B., 1996, Do we need phylogenetic taxonomy? Zool. Scripta 25: 183-5.
56. Lidén, M., Oxelman, B., Backlund, A., Andersson, L., Bremer, B., Eriksson, R., Moberg, R., Nordal, I., Persson, K., Thulin, M., and Zimmer, B., 1997, Charlie is our darling, Taxon 46: 735-738.
57. Liu, F.-G. R., and Miyamoto, M. M., 1999, Phylogenetic assessment of molecular and morphological data for eutherian mammals, Syst. Biol. 48: 54-64.
58. Liu, F.-G. R., Miyamoto, M. M., Freire, N. P., Ong, P. Q., Tennant, M. R., Young, T. S., and Gugel, K. F., 2001, Molecular and morphological supertrees for eutherian (placental) mammals, Science 291: 1786-1789.
59. MacPhee R. D. E., and Cartmill, M., 1986, Basicranial structures and primate systematics, in: Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy, D. R. Swisher and J. Erwin, eds., Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 219-275.
60. MacPhee R. D. E., Cartmill, M., and Gingerich, P. D., 1983, New Paleogene primate basicrania and the definition of the order Primates, Nature 301: 509-511.
61. MacPhee, R. D. E., Novacek, M. J., and Storch, G., 1988, Basicranial morphology of early Tertiary erinaceomorphs and the origin of Primates, Am. Mus. Novit. 2921: 1-42.
62. MacPhee, R. D. E., Beard, K. C., Flemming, C., and Houde, P., 1995, Petrosal morphology of Tinimomys graybulliensis is plesiadapoid not microsyopid, J. Vert. Paleontol. 15 (Suppl. to 3): 42A.
63. Maddison, W. P., and Maddison, D. R., 1992, MacClade 3, Program and Documentation, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland MA.
64. Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C. J., Kao, D. J., DeBry, R. W., Adkins, R. M., Amrine, H. M., Stanhope, M. J., de Jong, W. W., and Springer, M. S., 2001, Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals, Nature 409: 610-614.
65. Martin, R. D., 1968, Towards a new definition of Primates, Man 3: 377-01.
66. Martin, R. D., 1986, Primates: A definition, in: Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution, B. Wood, L. Martin, and P. Andrews, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-31.
67. Martin, R. D., 1993, Primate origins: Plugging the gaps, Nature 363: 223-234.
68. Mayr, E., 1950, Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 15: 109-118.
69. McKenna, M. C., 1966, Paleontology and the origin of the Primates, Folia primatol. 4: 1-25.
70. McKenna, M. C., and Bell, S. K., 1997, Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, Columbia University Press, New York.
71. Mivart, St. G., 1873, On Lepilemur and Cheirogaleus, and on the zoological rank of the Lemuroidea, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873: 484-510.
72. Miyamoto, M. M., Porter, C. A., and Goodman, M., 2000, c-Myc gene sequences and the phylogeny of bats and other eutherian mammals, Syst. Biol. 49: 501-514.
73. Moore, G., 1998, A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature, Taxon 47: 561-579.
74. Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., Johnson, W. E., Zhang, Y. P., Ryder, O. A., and O'Brien, S. J., 2001a, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals, Nature 409: 614-618.
75. Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., O'Brien, S. J., Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C. J., Teeling, E. C., Ryder, O. A., Stanhope, M. J., de Jong, W. W., and Springer, M. S., 2001b, Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics, Science 294: 2348-2351.
76. Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H., 1967, A Handbook of Living Primates, Academic Press, London.
77. Nixon, K. C., and Carpenter, J. M., 2000, On the other "phylogenetic systematics," Cladistics 16: 298-318.
78. Pennisi, E., 1996, Evolutionary and systematic biologists converge, Science 273: 181-2.
79. Pumo, D. E., Finamore, P. S., Franek, W. R., Phillips, C. J., Tarzami, S., and Balzarano, D., 1998, Complete mitochondrial genome of a neotropical fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis and a new hypothesis of the relationships of bats to other eutherian mammals, J. Mol. Evol. 47: 709-717.
80. Raup, D. M., 1992, Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck? W. W. Norton, New York.
81. Rose, K. D., 1975, The Carpolestidae: Early Tertiary primates from North America, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 147: 1-74.
82. Rose, K. D., 1977, Evolution of carpolestid primates and chronology of the North American middle and late Paleocene, J. Paleontol. 51: 536-542.
83. Rose, K. D., and Bown, T. M., 1996, A new plesiadapiform (Mammalia: Plesiadapiformes) from the early Eocene of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 65: 305-321.
84. Rowe, T., 1987, Definition and diagnosis in the phylogenetic system, Syst. Zool. 36: 208-211.
85. Rowe, T., 1988, Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia, J. Vert. Paleontol. 8: 241-264.
86. Russell, D. E., 1959, Le crane de, Plesiadapis. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 4: 312-4.
87. Russell, D. E., 1964, Les mammiféres Paléocéne d'Europe, Mém. Mus. Hist. nat. nouvelle série 13: 1-324.
88. Russell, D. E. 1981, Un primate nouveau du Paléocéne supérieur de France, Géobios 14: 399-405.
89. Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., and Williams, B. A., 1998, Levels of homoplasy in the evolution of the mammalian skeleton, J. Mammal. Evol. 52: 113-126.
90. Sargis, E. J., 2002a, Functional morphology of the forelimb of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications, J. Morphol. 253: 10-42.
91. Sargis, E. J., 2002b, Functional morphology of the hindlimb of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications, J. Morphol. 254: 149-185.
92. Sargis, E. J., 2002c, The postcranial morphology of Ptilocercus lowii (Scandentia, Tupaiidae): An analysis of Primatomorphan and Volitantian characters, J. Mammal. Evol. 9: 137-160.
93. Sargis, E. J., (2006), The postcranial morphology of Ptilocercus lowii (Scandentia, Tupaiidae) and its implications for primate supraordinal relationships, in: Primate Origins and Adaptations: a Multidisciplinary Perspective, M.J. Ravosa and M. Dagosto, eds., Plenum Press, New York.
94. Schander, C., and Thollesson, M., 1995, Phylogenetic taxonomy-some comments, Zool. Scripta 24: 263-268.
95. Schopf, T. J. M., 1982, Extinction of the dinosaurs: A 1982 understanding, Geological Society of America Special Paper 190: 415-422.
96. Shipman, P., 1990, Primate origins up in the air again, New Scientist 126: 57-60
97. Silcox, M. T., 2001, A Phylogenetic Analysis of Plesiadapiformes and Their Relationship to Euprimates and other Archontans, Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Unpublished)
98. Silcox, M. T., 2003, New discoveries on the middle ear anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus (Paromomyidae, Primates) from ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography, J. hum. Evol. 44: 73-86.
99. Silcox, M. T., Krause D. W., Maas M. C., and Fox R. C., 2001, New specimens of Elphidotarsius russelli (Mammalia, ?Primates, Carpolestidae) and a revision of plesiadapoid relationships, J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 132-152.
100. Simmons, N. B., 1995, Bat relationships and the origin of flight, Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 67: 27-43.
101. Simmons, N. B., and Geisler, G. H., 1998, Phylogenetic relationships of Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Hassianycteris, and Palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages, with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in Microchiroptera, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 235: 1-182.
102. Simmons, N. B., and Quinn, T. H., 1994, Evolution of the digital tendon locking mechanism in bats and dermopterans: A phylogenetic perspective, J. Mammal. Evol. 2: 231-254.
103. Simpson, G. G., 1928, A new mammalian fauna from the Fort Union of Southern Montana, Am. Mus. Novit. 297: 1-15.
104. Simpson, G. G., 1935a, The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene, II. Structure and relationships of Plesiadapis, Am. Mus. Novit. 816: 1-30.
105. Simpson, G. G., 1935b, The Tiffany fauna, Upper Paleocene, III. Primates, Carnivora, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda, Am. Mus. Novit. 817: 1-28.
106. Simpson, G. G., 1955, The Phenacolemuridae, new family of Early Primates, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 105: 415-441.
107. Simpson, G. G., 1963, The meaning of taxonomic statements, in: Classification and Human Evolution, S. L. Washburn, ed., Aldine, Chicago, pp. 1-31.
108. Soligo, C. and Martin, R. D. in press. Adaptive origins of primates revisited. J. hum. Evol.
109. Springer, M.S., Murphy, W.J., Eizirik, E., Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C.J., Teeling, E.C., Stanhope, M.J., de Jong, W.W., and O'Brien, S. J., (2006), A molecular classification for the living orders of placental mammals and the phylogenetic placement of Primates. in: Primate Origins and Adaptations: A Multidisciplinary Perspective, M. J. Ravosa and M. Dagosto, eds., Plenum Press, New York.
110. Stanhope, M. J., Waddell, V. G., Madsen, O., de Jon, W. W., Hedges, S. B., Cleven, G. C., Kao, D., and Springer, M. S., 1998, Molecular evidence for multiple origins of the Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African mammals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 9967-9972.
111. Swofford, D. L., 2001, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) version 4.0b6, program, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
112. Szalay, F. S., 1969, Mixodectidae, Microsyopidae, and the insectivore-primate transition, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 140: 195-330.
113. Szalay, F. S., 1972, Cranial morphology of the early Tertiary Phenacolemur and its bearing on primate phylogeny, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 361: 59-76.
114. Szalay, F. S., 1975, Where to draw the nonprimate-primate taxonomic boundary, Folia Primatol. 23: 158-163.
115. Szalay, F. S., Tattersall, I., and Decker, R. L., 1975, Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiadapis-postcranial evidence, in: Approaches to Primate Paleobiology, F. S. Szalay, F. S. ed., Karger, Basel, pp. 136-166.
116. Szalay, F. S., Rosenberger, A. L., and Dagosto, M., 1987, Diagnosis and differentiation of the order Primates, Yearb. Phys. Anthrop. 30: 75-105.
117. Van Valen, L. M., 1994, The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius, Evolutionary Monographs 15: 1-79.
118. Waddell, P. J., Okada, N., and Hasegawa, M., 1999, Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Syst. Biol. 48: 1-5.
119. Wible, J. R., 1991, Origin of Mammalia: The craniodental evidence reexamined, J. Vert. Paleontol. 11: 1-28.
120. Wible J. R., and Covert, H. H., 1987, Primates: Cladistic diagnosis and relationships, J. hum. Evol. 16: 1-22.
121. Wiley, E. O., 1981, Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, Wiley Interscience, New York.
122. Williams, B. A., and Kay, R. F., 1995, The taxon Anthropoidea and the crown clade concept, Evol. Anthropol. 3: 188-190.
123. Wood, B., and Collard, M., 1999, The human genus, Science 284: 65-71.
124. Wyss, A. R., and Flynn, J. J., 1995, "Anthropoidea": A name, not an entity, Evol. Anthropol. 3: 187-188.
125. Xu, X., Zhou, Z., Wang, X., Kuang, X., Zhang, F., and Du, X., 2003, Four-winged dinosaurs from China, Nature 421: 335-340.
126. Zimmer, C., 1991, Family affairs, Discover 12: 64-5