메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 85-105

The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization: Race, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy

Author keywords

criminal victimization; older adults; race; self efficacy; self esteem

Indexed keywords


EID: 84891864622     PISSN: 00111287     EISSN: 1552387X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0011128709354036     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (79)
  • 2
    • 0017472917 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral chance
    • Bandura A.Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral chance.Psychological Review. 1977;84:191-215.
    • (1977) Psychological Review , vol.84 , pp. 191-215
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 3
    • 33746878674 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
    • Bandura A.Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.American Psychologist. 1982;37:122-147.
    • (1982) American Psychologist , vol.37 , pp. 122-147
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 4
    • 0003034083 scopus 로고
    • Ramachaudran V. S., ed.;, New York: Academic Press
    • Bandura A.Encyclopedia of human behavior. Ramachaudran V. S., ed. New York: Academic Press; 1994:71-81.
    • (1994) Encyclopedia of Human Behavior , pp. 71-81
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 8
    • 4444370113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy
    • Benight C. C.,Bandura A.Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2004;42:1129-1148.
    • (2004) Behaviour Research and Therapy , vol.42 , pp. 1129-1148
    • Benight, C.C.1    Bandura, A.2
  • 9
    • 0034401522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceptions of self-efficacy
    • Boardman J. D.,Robert S. A.Neighborhood socioeconomic status and perceptions of self-efficacy.Sociological Perspectives. 2000;43:117-136.
    • (2000) Sociological Perspectives , vol.43 , pp. 117-136
    • Boardman, J.D.1    Robert, S.A.2
  • 10
    • 84997995801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health consequences of criminal victimization
    • Britt C. L.Health consequences of criminal victimization.International Review of Victimology. 2001;8:63-73.
    • (2001) International Review of Victimology , vol.8 , pp. 63-73
    • Britt, C.L.1
  • 11
    • 42549083968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Youth behavior, school structure, and student risk of victimization
    • Burrow J. D.,Apel R.Youth behavior, school structure, and student risk of victimization.Justice Quarterly. 2008;25:349-380.
    • (2008) Justice Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 349-380
    • Burrow, J.D.1    Apel, R.2
  • 12
    • 0037070726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health consequences of intimate partner violence
    • Campbell J. C.Health consequences of intimate partner violence.Lancet. 2002;359:1331-1336.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 1331-1336
    • Campbell, J.C.1
  • 13
    • 0037008485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
    • et al
    • Caspi A.,McClay J.,Moffitt T. E.,Mill J.,Martin J.,Craig I. W., et al.Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children.Science. 2002;297:851-854.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 851-854
    • Caspi, A.1    McClay, J.2    Moffitt, T.E.3    Mill, J.4    Martin, J.5    Craig, I.W.6
  • 14
    • 3543039483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysphoria and hopelessness following battering: The role of perceived control, coping, and self-esteem
    • Clements C. M.,Sabourin C. M.,Spiby L.Dysphoria and hopelessness following battering: The role of perceived control, coping, and self-esteem.Journal of Family Violence. 2004;19:25-36.
    • (2004) Journal of Family Violence , vol.19 , pp. 25-36
    • Clements, C.M.1    Sabourin, C.M.2    Spiby, L.3
  • 15
    • 0041918863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The affordable hypothesis: Punitive beliefs, violent beliefs, and race
    • DeLisi M.The affordable hypothesis: Punitive beliefs, violent beliefs, and race.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2001;29:101-106.
    • (2001) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.29 , pp. 101-106
    • DeLisi, M.1
  • 16
    • 84937320425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual neighborhood attachment and perceptions of neighborhoods safety
    • DeLisi M.,Regoli B.Individual neighborhood attachment and perceptions of neighborhoods safety.American Journal of Criminal Justice. 2000;24:181-188.
    • (2000) American Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.24 , pp. 181-188
    • DeLisi, M.1    Regoli, B.2
  • 17
    • 0025615417 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms in the cycle of violence
    • Dodge K. A.,Bates J. E.,Pettit G. S.Mechanisms in the cycle of violence.Science. 1989;250:1678-1683.
    • (1989) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1678-1683
    • Dodge, K.A.1    Bates, J.E.2    Pettit, G.S.3
  • 18
    • 0003713321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2005). Victimology (4th ed.). Cincinnati: LexisNexis/Anderson Publishing.;, Cincinnati: LexisNexis/Anderson Publishing
    • Doerner W. G.,Lab S. P.Victimology. 2005). Victimology (4th ed.). Cincinnati: LexisNexis/Anderson Publishing.Cincinnati: LexisNexis/Anderson Publishing; 2005:.
    • (2005) Victimology
    • Doerner, W.G.1    Lab, S.P.2
  • 19
    • 33845745230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the economic and social costs of the fear of crime
    • Dolan P.,Peasgood T.Estimating the economic and social costs of the fear of crime.British Journal of Criminology. 2007;47:121-132.
    • (2007) British Journal of Criminology , vol.47 , pp. 121-132
    • Dolan, P.1    Peasgood, T.2
  • 20
    • 1642365138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exploratory study of the violent victimization of women: Race/ethnicity and situational context
    • Dugan L.,Apel R.An exploratory study of the violent victimization of women: Race/ethnicity and situational context.Criminology. 2003;41:959-979.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 959-979
    • Dugan, L.1    Apel, R.2
  • 22
    • 0028903719 scopus 로고
    • The victimization of children: A developmental perspective
    • Finkelhor D.The victimization of children: A developmental perspective.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1995;65:177-193.
    • (1995) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 177-193
    • Finkelhor, D.1
  • 23
    • 0027968168 scopus 로고
    • Children as victims of violence: A national survey
    • Finkelhor D.,Dziuba-Leatherman J.Children as victims of violence: A national survey.Pediatrics. 1994;94:413-420.
    • (1994) Pediatrics , vol.94 , pp. 413-420
    • Finkelhor, D.1    Dziuba-Leatherman, J.2
  • 26
    • 0037490505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives
    • Gabriel U.,Greve W.The psychology of fear of crime: Conceptual and methodological perspectives.British Journal of Criminology. 2003;43:600-614.
    • (2003) British Journal of Criminology , vol.43 , pp. 600-614
    • Gabriel, U.1    Greve, W.2
  • 27
    • 84931201972 scopus 로고
    • The social psychology of self-efficacy
    • Gecas V.The social psychology of self-efficacy.Annual Review of Sociology. 1989;15:291-316.
    • (1989) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.15 , pp. 291-316
    • Gecas, V.1
  • 28
    • 61449241016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary exposure to violence during childhood and adolescence: Does neighborhood context matter?
    • Gibson C. L.,Morris S. Z.,Beaver K. M.Secondary exposure to violence during childhood and adolescence: Does neighborhood context matter?.Justice Quarterly. 2009;26:30-57.
    • (2009) Justice Quarterly , vol.26 , pp. 30-57
    • Gibson, C.L.1    Morris, S.Z.2    Beaver, K.M.3
  • 29
    • 0034023758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies
    • Hawker D. S. J.,Boulton M. J.Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2000;41:441-455.
    • (2000) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 441-455
    • Hawker, D.S.J.1    Boulton, M.J.2
  • 32
    • 85050846055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency as a sociological variable: A preliminary model of individuals, situations, and the life course
    • Hitlin S.,Long C.Agency as a sociological variable: A preliminary model of individuals, situations, and the life course.Sociology Compass. 2009;3:137-160.
    • (2009) Sociology Compass , vol.3 , pp. 137-160
    • Hitlin, S.1    Long, C.2
  • 33
    • 84925981577 scopus 로고
    • Factorial invariance and self-esteem: Reassessing race and sex differences
    • Hoelter J. W.Factorial invariance and self-esteem: Reassessing race and sex differences.Social Forces. 1983;61:834-846.
    • (1983) Social Forces , vol.61 , pp. 834-846
    • Hoelter, J.W.1
  • 34
    • 84891868990 scopus 로고
    • Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center [producer] Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]
    • House J. S.Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center [producer] Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]; 1994 1994 1997:.
    • (1994)
    • House, J.S.1
  • 37
    • 84955544840 scopus 로고
    • Self-perceptions of black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy
    • Hughes M.,Demo D. H.Self-perceptions of black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy.American Journal of Sociology. 1989;95:132-159.
    • (1989) American Journal of Sociology , vol.95 , pp. 132-159
    • Hughes, M.1    Demo, D.H.2
  • 38
    • 63849319693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying predictors of negative psychological reactions to stalking victimization
    • Johnson M. C.,Kercher G. A.Identifying predictors of negative psychological reactions to stalking victimization.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009;24:866-882.
    • (2009) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.24 , pp. 866-882
    • Johnson, M.C.1    Kercher, G.A.2
  • 40
    • 0032434408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stressful life events and major depression: Risk period, long-term contextual threat and diagnostic specificity
    • Kendler K. S.,Karkowski L. M.,Prescott C. A.Stressful life events and major depression: Risk period, long-term contextual threat and diagnostic specificity.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998;186:661-669.
    • (1998) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.186 , pp. 661-669
    • Kendler, K.S.1    Karkowski, L.M.2    Prescott, C.A.3
  • 41
    • 0036705932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence
    • Lansford J. E.,Dodge K. A.,Pettit G. S.,Bates J. E.,Crozier J.,Kaplow J.A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence.Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2002;156:824-830.
    • (2002) Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , vol.156 , pp. 824-830
    • Lansford, J.E.1    Dodge, K.A.2    Pettit, G.S.3    Bates, J.E.4    Crozier, J.5    Kaplow, J.6
  • 42
    • 65949095223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey
    • Lauritsen J. L.,Heimer K.,Lynch J. P.Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey.Criminology. 2009;47:361-400.
    • (2009) Criminology , vol.47 , pp. 361-400
    • Lauritsen, J.L.1    Heimer, K.2    Lynch, J.P.3
  • 43
    • 0026440771 scopus 로고
    • Conventional and delinquent activities: Implications for the prevention of violent victimization among adolescents
    • Lauritsen J. L.,Laub J. H.,Sampson R. J.Conventional and delinquent activities: Implications for the prevention of violent victimization among adolescents.Violence and Victims. 1992;7:91-108.
    • (1992) Violence and Victims , vol.7 , pp. 91-108
    • Lauritsen, J.L.1    Laub, J.H.2    Sampson, R.J.3
  • 44
    • 84984289483 scopus 로고
    • The link between offending and victimization among adolescents
    • Lauritsen J. L.,Sampson R. J.,Laub J. H.The link between offending and victimization among adolescents.Criminology. 1991;29:265-292.
    • (1991) Criminology , vol.29 , pp. 265-292
    • Lauritsen, J.L.1    Sampson, R.J.2    Laub, J.H.3
  • 46
    • 84976979802 scopus 로고
    • Are all victims alike? The adverse, generalized, and differential impact of crime
    • Lurigio A. J.Are all victims alike? The adverse, generalized, and differential impact of crime.Crime & Delinquency. 1987;33:452-467.
    • (1987) Crime & Delinquency , vol.33 , pp. 452-467
    • Lurigio, A.J.1
  • 47
    • 0346876678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent victimization and income deficits in adulthood: Rethinking the costs of criminal violence from a life course perspective
    • Macmillan R.Adolescent victimization and income deficits in adulthood: Rethinking the costs of criminal violence from a life course perspective.Criminology. 2000;38:553-588.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 553-588
    • Macmillan, R.1
  • 48
    • 0035641609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development
    • Macmillan R.Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development.Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27:1-22.
    • (2001) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.27 , pp. 1-22
    • Macmillan, R.1
  • 49
    • 67650488622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender
    • Manasse M. E.,Ganem N. M.Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2009;37:371-378.
    • (2009) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.37 , pp. 371-378
    • Manasse, M.E.1    Ganem, N.M.2
  • 51
    • 0035465339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up
    • McGloin J. M.,Widom C. S.Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up.Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13:1021-1038.
    • (2001) Development and Psychopathology , vol.13 , pp. 1021-1038
    • McGloin, J.M.1    Widom, C.S.2
  • 52
    • 10644230430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • Menard S.Short- and long-term consequences of adolescent victimization. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 2002:.
    • (2002) Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization
    • Menard, S.1
  • 53
    • 84936824643 scopus 로고
    • Economic discrimination and societal homicide rates: Further evidence on the cost of inequality
    • Messner S. F.Economic discrimination and societal homicide rates: Further evidence on the cost of inequality.American Sociological Review. 1989;54:597-611.
    • (1989) American Sociological Review , vol.54 , pp. 597-611
    • Messner, S.F.1
  • 54
    • 0030537407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of control, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem of women in transition from abusive relationships
    • Orava T. A.,McLeod P. J.,Sharpe D.Perceptions of control, depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem of women in transition from abusive relationships.Journal of Family Violence. 1996;11:167-186.
    • (1996) Journal of Family Violence , vol.11 , pp. 167-186
    • Orava, T.A.1    McLeod, P.J.2    Sharpe, D.3
  • 55
    • 84965520932 scopus 로고
    • The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population
    • Radloff L. S.The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:385-401.
    • (1977) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.1 , pp. 385-401
    • Radloff, L.S.1
  • 56
    • 68549119716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics
    • Rand M. R.Criminal victimization, 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2008:.
    • (2008) Criminal Victimization, 2007
    • Rand, M.R.1
  • 57
    • 58149529556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between peer victimization, self-reported depression and social phobia among adolescents: The role of comorbidity
    • Ranta K.,Kaltiala-Heino R.,Pelkonen M.,Marttunen M.Associations between peer victimization, self-reported depression and social phobia among adolescents: The role of comorbidity.Journal of Adolescence. 2009;32:77-93.
    • (2009) Journal of Adolescence , vol.32 , pp. 77-93
    • Ranta, K.1    Kaltiala-Heino, R.2    Pelkonen, M.3    Marttunen, M.4
  • 60
    • 0034863682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Powerlessness and the amplification of threat: Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and mistrust
    • Ross C. E.,Mirowsky J.,Pribesh S.Powerlessness and the amplification of threat: Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and mistrust.American Sociological Review. 2001;66:568-591.
    • (2001) American Sociological Review , vol.66 , pp. 568-591
    • Ross, C.E.1    Mirowsky, J.2    Pribesh, S.3
  • 61
    • 0029946180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burglary victimization, perceptions of crime risk, and routine activities
    • Rountree P. W.,Land K. C.Burglary victimization, perceptions of crime risk, and routine activities.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1996;33:147-180.
    • (1996) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.33 , pp. 147-180
    • Rountree, P.W.1    Land, K.C.2
  • 63
    • 12344260546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of broken windows
    • Sampson R. J.,Raudenbush S. W.Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the social construction of "broken windows.".Social Psychology Quarterly. 2004;67:319-342.
    • (2004) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.67 , pp. 319-342
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2
  • 64
    • 0030879479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy
    • Sampson R. J.,Raudenbush S. W.,Earls F.Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy.Science. 1997;277:918-924.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 918-924
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2    Earls, F.3
  • 65
    • 25144484174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social context of violent victimization: A study of the delinquent peer effect
    • Schreck C. J.,Fisher B. S.,Miller J. M.The social context of violent victimization: A study of the delinquent peer effect.Justice Quarterly. 2004;21:23-48.
    • (2004) Justice Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 23-48
    • Schreck, C.J.1    Fisher, B.S.2    Miller, J.M.3
  • 66
    • 33749682069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-control, victimization, and their influences on risky activities and delinquent friends: A longitudinal analysis using panel data
    • Schreck C. J.,Stewart E. A.,Fisher B. S.Self-control, victimization, and their influences on risky activities and delinquent friends: A longitudinal analysis using panel data.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2006;22:319-340.
    • (2006) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.22 , pp. 319-340
    • Schreck, C.J.1    Stewart, E.A.2    Fisher, B.S.3
  • 67
    • 57349112274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of the overlap of violent offenders and victims
    • Schreck C. J.,Stewart E. A.,Osgood D. W.A reappraisal of the overlap of violent offenders and victims.Criminology. 2008;46:871-906.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 871-906
    • Schreck, C.J.1    Stewart, E.A.2    Osgood, D.W.3
  • 68
    • 0001590925 scopus 로고
    • Homogeneous victim-offender populations: A review and some research implications
    • Singer S.Homogeneous victim-offender populations: A review and some research implications.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1981;72:779-788.
    • (1981) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.72 , pp. 779-788
    • Singer, S.1
  • 70
    • 54949142542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It's 3PM do you know where your child is? A study on the timing of juvenile victimization and delinquency
    • Soule D.,Gottfredson D.,Bauer E.It's 3PM do you know where your child is? A study on the timing of juvenile victimization and delinquency.Justice Quarterly. 2008;25:623-646.
    • (2008) Justice Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 623-646
    • Soule, D.1    Gottfredson, D.2    Bauer, E.3
  • 71
    • 42549128889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gang membership, gun carrying, and employment: Applying routine activities theory to explain violent victimization among inner city, minority youth living in extreme poverty
    • Spano R.,Freilich J. D.,Bolland J.Gang membership, gun carrying, and employment: Applying routine activities theory to explain violent victimization among inner city, minority youth living in extreme poverty.Justice Quarterly. 2008;25:381-410.
    • (2008) Justice Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 381-410
    • Spano, R.1    Freilich, J.D.2    Bolland, J.3
  • 72
    • 27144504019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating the general theory of crime into an explanation of violent victimization among female offenders
    • Stewart E. A.,Elifson K. W.,Sterk C. E.Integrating the general theory of crime into an explanation of violent victimization among female offenders.Justice Quarterly. 2004;21:159-182.
    • (2004) Justice Quarterly , vol.21 , pp. 159-182
    • Stewart, E.A.1    Elifson, K.W.2    Sterk, C.E.3
  • 73
    • 42549133244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking childhood exposure to physical abuse and adult offending: Examining mediating factors and gendered relationships
    • Teague R.,Mazerolle P.,Legosz M.,Sanderson J.Linking childhood exposure to physical abuse and adult offending: Examining mediating factors and gendered relationships.Justice Quarterly. 2008;25:313-348.
    • (2008) Justice Quarterly , vol.25 , pp. 313-348
    • Teague, R.1    Mazerolle, P.2    Legosz, M.3    Sanderson, J.4
  • 74
    • 79952602362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flannery D. J.Vazsonyi A. T.Waldman I. D., ed.;, New York: Cambridge University Press
    • van Wilsem J.The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Flannery D. J.Vazsonyi A. T.Waldman I. D., ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007:486-500.
    • (2007) The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression , pp. 486-500
    • van Wilsem, J.1
  • 75
    • 57549108342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escaping crime: The effects of direct and indirect victimization on moving
    • Xie M.,McDowall D.Escaping crime: The effects of direct and indirect victimization on moving.Criminology. 2008;46:809-840.
    • (2008) Criminology , vol.46 , pp. 809-840
    • Xie, M.1    McDowall, D.2
  • 76
    • 0041074642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy
    • Warr M.Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy.Criminal Justice. 2000;4:451-489.
    • (2000) Criminal Justice , vol.4 , pp. 451-489
    • Warr, M.1
  • 77
    • 0024694318 scopus 로고
    • Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature
    • Widom C. S.Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature.Psychological Bulletin. 1989a;106:3-28.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , pp. 3-28
    • Widom, C.S.1
  • 78
    • 0024566001 scopus 로고
    • The cycle of violence
    • Widom C. S.The cycle of violence.Science. 1989b;244:160-166.
    • (1989) Science , vol.244 , pp. 160-166
    • Widom, C.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.