Asymmetry and uncertainties in biogeophysical climate-vegetation feedback over a range of CO2 forcings

Biogeosciences

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 17-32

  Willeit, M ^a   Ganopolski, A ^a   Feulner, G ^a  

^a POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; COOLING; GEOPHYSICAL METHOD; GLOBAL WARMING; LEAF AREA INDEX; NUMERICAL MODEL; RAINFOREST; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

AMAZONIA; SAHARA;

EID: 84891780806     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-17-2014     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Ainsworth, E. A., and Rogers, A.: The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 258-270, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 46184429)
2. Arneth, A., Harrison, S. P., Zaehle, S., Tsigaridis, K., Menon, S., Bartlein, P. J., Feichter, J., Korhola, A., Kulmala, M., O'Donnell, D., Schurgers, G., Sorvari, S., and Vesala, T.: Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system, Nat. Geosci., 3, 525-532, doi:10.1038/ngeo905, 2010.
3. Bala, G., Caldeira, K., Mirin, A., Wickett, M., Delire, C., and Phillips, T. J.: Biogeophysical effects of CO2 fertilization on global climate, Tellus B, 58, 620-627, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00210.x, 2006. (Pubitemid 44575834)
4. Bala, G., Caldeira, K., Wickett, M., Phillips, T. J., Lobell, D. B., Delire, C., and Mirin, A.: Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation., P. Natl. Aca. Sci. USA, 104, 6550-6555, doi:10.1073/pnas.0608998104, 2007. (Pubitemid 47175538)
5. Barlage, M., Zeng, X., Wei, H., and Mitchell, K. E.: A global 0.05-maximum albedo dataset of snow-covered land based on MODIS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17405, doi:10.1029/2005GL022881, 2005. (Pubitemid 41536211)
6. Betts, A. K. and Ball, J. H.: Albedo over the boreal forest, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28901, doi:10.1029/96JD03876, 1997.
7. Betts, R., Cox, P., Lee, S., and Woodward, F.: Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedbacks in climate change simulations, Nature, 387, 2-5, 1997.
8. Betts, R., Cox, P., and Woodward, F.: Simulated responses of potential vegetation to doubled CO2 climate change and feedbacks on near surface temperature, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 9, 171-180, 2000. (Pubitemid 30491748)
9. Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., Collins, M., Harris, P. P., Huntingford, C., and Jones, C. D.: The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 78, 157-175, doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0050-y, 2004. (Pubitemid 38865530)
10. Betts, R. a., Boucher, O., Collins, M., Cox, P. M., Falloon, P. D., Gedney, N., Hemming, D. L., Huntingford, C., Jones, C. D., Sexton, D. M. H., andWebb, M. J.: Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide, Nature, 448, 1037-1041, doi:10.1038/nature06045, 2007. (Pubitemid 47345580)
11. Bonan, G. B.: Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444-1449, doi:10.1126/science. 1155121, 2008. (Pubitemid 351929396)
12. Bonan, G. B., Pollard, D., and Thompson, S. L.: Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate, Nature, 359, 716-718, doi:10.1038/359716a0, 1992. (Pubitemid 23374467)
13. Bony, S., Colman, R., Kattsov, V. M., Allan, R. P., Bretherton, C. S., Dufresne, J.-L., Hall, A., Hallegatte, S., Holland, M. M., Ingram, W., Randall, D. A., Soden, B. J., Tselioudis, G., and Webb, M. J.: How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes?, J. Climate, 19, 3445-3482, doi:10.1175/JCLI3819.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44323305)
14. Boucher, O., Jones, A., and Betts, R. A.: Climate response to the physiological impact of carbon dioxide on plants in the Met Office Unified Model HadCM3, Clim. Dynam., 32, 237-249, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0459-6, 2008.
15. Brodribb, T. J., McAdam, S. A. M., Jordan, G. J., and Feild, T. S.: Evolution of stomatal responsiveness to CO2 and optimization of water-use efficiency among land plants, New Phytol., 183, 839-847, doi:10.1111/j.1469- 8137.2009.02844.x, 2009.
16. Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies, Ecol. Model., 101, 251-261, 1997. (Pubitemid 27362940)
17. Brovkin, V., Bendtsen, J. R., Claussen, M., Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Petoukhov, V., and Andreev, A.: Carbon cycle, vegetation, and climate dynamics in the Holocene: experiments with the CLIMBER-2 model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1-20, doi:10.1029/2001GB001662, 2002.
18. Brovkin, V., Raddatz, T., Reick, C. H., Claussen, M., and Gayler, V.: Global biogeophysical interactions between forest and climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07405, doi:10.1029/2009GL037543, 2009.
19. Cao, L., Bala, G., Caldeira, K., Nemani, R., and Ban-Weiss, G.: Importance of carbon dioxide physiological forcing to future climate change., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 9513-9518, doi:10.1073/pnas.0913000107, 2010.
20. Cess, R. D., Potter, G. L., Blanchet, J. P., Boer, G. J., Del Genio, A. D., Déqué, M., Dymnikov, V., Galin, V., Gates, W. L., Ghan, S. J., Kiehl, J. T., Lacis, A. A., Le Treut, H., Li, Z.-X., Liang, X.-Z., McAvaney, B. J., Meleshko, V. P., Mitchell, J. F. B., Morcrette, J.-J., Randall, D. A., Rikus, L., Roeckner, E., Royer, J. F., Schlese, U., Sheinin, D. A., Slingo, A., Sokolov, A. P., Taylor, K. E., Washington, W. M., Wetherald, R. T., Yagai, I., and Zhang, M.-H.: Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16601, doi:10.1029/JD095iD10p16601, 1990.
21. Claussen, M., Kubatzki, C., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Hoelzmann, P., and Pachur, H.-J.: Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the Mid-Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2037-2040, doi:10.1029/1999GL900494, 1999.
22. Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., and Petoukhov, V.: Climate change in Northern Africa: the past is not the future, Climatic Change, 57, 99-118, doi:10.1023/A:1022115604225, 2003. (Pubitemid 36247127)
23. Colman, R. and McAvaney, B.: Climate feedbacks under a very broad range of forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 1-5, doi:10.1029/2008GL036268, 2009.
24. Cook, K. H. and Vizy, E. K.: Coupled model simulations of the West African monsoon system: twentieth-and twenty-first-century simulations, J. Climate, 19, 3681-3703, doi:10.1175/JCLI3814.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44323315)
25. Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184-187, doi:10.1038/35041539, 2000.
26. Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., Prentice, I. C., Betts, R. a., Brovkin, V., Cox, P. M., Fisher, V., Foley, J. a., Friend, A. D., Kucharik, C., Lomas, M. R., Ramankutty, N., Sitch, S., Smith, B., White, A., and Young-Molling, C.: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Glob. Change Biol., 7, 357-373, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x, 2001. (Pubitemid 32477866)
27. Crucifix, M.: Does the Last Glacial Maximum constrain climate sensitivity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18701, doi:10.1029/2006GL027137, 2006. (Pubitemid 351147921)
28. DeMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., and Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 347-361, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5, 2000. (Pubitemid 30018302)
29. Dickinson, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., and Kennedy, P. J.: Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) version le as coupled to the NCAR community climate model. Technical note, Tech. rep., NCAR (National Center for Atmospherical Research), 1993.
30. Doherty, R., Kutzbach, J., Foley, J., and Pollard, D.: Fully coupled climate/dynamical vegetation model simulations over Northern Africa during the mid-Holocene, Clim. Dynam., 16, 561-573, doi:10.1007/s003820000065, 2000. (Pubitemid 30661458)
31. Falloon, P. D., Dankers, R., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Booth, B. B. B., and Lambert, F. H.: Role of vegetation change in future climate under the A1B scenario and a climate stabilisation scenario, using the HadCM3C Earth system model, Biogeosciences, 9, 4739-4756, doi:10.5194/bg-9-4739-2012, 2012.
32. Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V., Cadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C., Joos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H. D., Raddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur, R., Strassmann, K., Weaver, A. J., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-carbon cycle feedback analysis: results from the C4MIP model intercomparison, J. Climate, 19, 3337-3353, doi:10.1175/JCLI3800.1, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177898)
33. Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., and Petoukhov, V.: The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene, Science, 280, 1916-1919, doi:10.1126/science.280.5371.1916, 1998. (Pubitemid 28299394)
34. Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., Rahmstorf, S., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Eliseev, A., and Kubatzki, C.: CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part II: model sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 17, 735-751, doi:10.1007/s003820000144, 2001. (Pubitemid 32863430)
35. Garratt, J. R.: Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents, Mon. Weather Rev., 105, 915-929, doi:10.1175/1520-0493, 1977.
36. Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., and Stott, P. A.: Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records, Nature, 439, 835-838, doi:10.1038/nature04504, 2006. (Pubitemid 43255700)
37. Hansen, J. E. and Takahashi, T. (Eds.): Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, vol. 29, Geophysical Monograph Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, doi:10.1029/GM029, 1984.
38. Hansen, J. E., Sato, M., and Kharecha, P.: Target atmospheric CO2: where should humanity aim?, Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 2, 217-231, 2008.
39. Hellström, R.: Forest cover algorithms for estimating meteorological forcing in a numerical snow model, Hydrol. Process., 14, 3239-3256, doi:10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14, 2000. (Pubitemid 32184118)
40. Holdridge, L. R.: Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data, Science, 105, 367-368, doi:10.1126/science.105.2727.367, 1947.
41. Huntingford, C., Fisher, R. A., Mercado, L., Booth, B. B. B., Sitch, S., Harris, P. P., Cox, P. M., Jones, C. D., Betts, R. A., Malhi, Y., Harris, G. R., Collins, M., and Moorcroft, P.: Towards quantifying uncertainty in predictions of Amazon "dieback", Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 363, 1857-1864, doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0028, 2008. (Pubitemid 351482525)
42. Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., and Lang, X.: Vegetation feedback under future global warming, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 106, 211-227, doi:10.1007/s00704-011- 0428-6, 2011.
43. Jin, Y., Schaaf, C.B., Gao, F., Li, X., and Strahler, A. H.: How does snow impact the albedo of vegetated land surfaces as analyzed with MODIS data?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1374, doi:10.1029/2001GL014132, 2002.
44. Kleidon, A., Fraedrich, K., and Heimann, M.: A green planet versus a desert world: estimating the maximum effect of vegetation on the land surface climate, Clim. Change, 44, 471-493, 2000. (Pubitemid 30091933)
45. Köppen, W.: Das Geographische System Der Klimate, W. Köppen und R. Geiger, Graz, München, 1936.
46. Levis, S., Foley, J. A., and Pollard, D.: Potential high-latitude vegetation feedbacks on CO2-induced climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 747-750, doi:10.1029/1999GL900107, 1999. (Pubitemid 29285923)
47. Levis, S., Foley, J. A., and Pollard, D.: Large-scale vegetation feedbacks on a doubled CO2 climate, J. Climate, 13, 1313-1325, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)0132.0.CO;2, 2000. (Pubitemid 30446587)
48. Liston, G. E. and Elder, K.: Representing subgrid snow cover heterogeneities in regional and global models, J. Climate, 17, 1381-1397, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)0172.0.CO;2, 2004. (Pubitemid 38462999)
49. Lucht, W., Schaphoff, S., Erbrecht, T., Heyder, U., and Cramer, W.: Terrestrial vegetation redistribution and carbon balance under climate change, Carbon Balance and Management, 1, 6 pp., doi:10.1186/1750-0680-1-6, 2006. (Pubitemid 46736794)
50. Mahfouf, J. and Noilhan, J.: Comparative study of various formulations of evaporations from bare soil using in situ data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 1354-1365, 1991.
51. McCarthy, H. R., Oren, R., Finzi, A. C., Ellsworth, D. S., Kim, H.-S., Johnsen, K. H., and Millar, B.: Temporal dynamics and spatial variability in the enhancement of canopy leaf area under elevated atmospheric CO2, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2479-2497, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01455.x, 2007. (Pubitemid 350154323)
52. Medlyn, B. E., Barton, C. V. M., Broadmeadow, M. S. J., Ceulemans, R., De Angelis, P., Forstreuter, M., Freeman, M., Jackson, S. B., Kellomaki, S., Laitat, E., Rey, A., Roberntz, P., Sigurdsson, B. D., Strassemeyer, J., Wang, K., Curtis, P. S., and Jarvis, P. G.: Stomatal conductance of forest species after longterm exposure to elevated CO2 concentration: a synthesis, New Phytol., 149, 247-264, doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00028.x, 2001. (Pubitemid 32164119)
53. Monin, A. and Obukhov, A.: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere, Contrib. Geophys. Inst. Acad. Sci., 24, 163-187, 1954.
54. Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment, Sym. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19, 205-234, 1965.
55. Moody, E. G., King, M. D., Schaaf, C. B., Hall, D. K., and Platnick, S.: Northern Hemisphere five-year average (2000-2004) spectral albedos of surfaces in the presence of snow: statistics computed from Terra MODIS land products, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 337-345, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.026, 2007. (Pubitemid 47625488)
56. Mueller, B., Seneviratne, S. I., Jimenez, C., Corti, T., Hirschi, M., Balsamo, G., Ciais, P., Dirmeyer, P., Fisher, J. B., Guo, Z., Jung, M., Maignan, F., McCabe, M. F., Reichle, R., Reichstein, M., Rodell, M., Sheffield, J., Teuling, A. J., Wang, K., Wood, E. F., and Zhang, Y.: Evaluation of global observationsbased evapotranspiration datasets and IPCC AR4 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06402, doi:10.1029/2010GL046230, 2011.
57. Norby, R. J., Delucia, E. H., Gielen, B., Calfapietra, C., Giardina, C. P., King, J. S., Ledford, J., McCarthy, H. R., Moore, D. J. P., Ceulemans, R., De Angelis, P., Finzi, A. C., Karnosky, D. F., Kubiske, M. E., Lukac, M., Pregitzer, K. S., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. E., Schlesinger, W. H., and Oren, R.: Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity., P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 18052-18056, doi:10.1073/pnas. 0509478102, 2005. (Pubitemid 41798500)
58. Notaro, M., Vavrus, S., and Liu, Z.: Global vegetation and climate change due to future increases in CO2 as projected by a fully coupled model with dynamic vegetation, J. Climate, 20, 70-90, doi:10.1175/JCLI3989.1, 2007. (Pubitemid 46140524)
59. O'ishi, R. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change arising from increasing CO2, Clim. Dynam., 33, 645-663, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0611-y, 2009.
60. Otto, J., Raddatz, T., and Claussen, M.: Strength of forest-albedo feedback in mid-Holocene climate simulations, Clim. Past, 7, 1027-1039, doi:10.5194/cp-7-1027-2011, 2011.
61. Owensby, C. E., Ham, J. M., Knapp, A. K., and Auen, L. M.: Biomass production and species composition change in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem after long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2, Glob. Change Biol., 5, 497-506, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00245.x, 1999. (Pubitemid 29449896)
62. Penman, H. L.: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 193, 120-145, doi:10.1098/rspa.1948.0037, 1948.
63. Petoukhov, V., Ganopolski, A., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Eliseev, A., Kubatzki, C., and Rahmstorf, S.: CLIMBER-2: a climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: model description and performance for present climate, Clim. Dynam., 16, 1-17, doi:10.1007/PL00007919, 2000. (Pubitemid 30102534)
64. Pitman, A. J., Henderson-Sellers, A., Desborough, C. E., Yang, Z.-L., Abramopoulos, F., Boone, A., Dickinson, R. E., Gedney, N., Koster, R., Kowalczyk, E., Lettenmaier, D., Liang, X., Mahfouf, J.-F., Noilhan, J., Polcher, J., Qu, W., Robock, A., Rosenzweig, C., Schlosser, C. A., Shmakin, A. B., Smith, J., Suarez, M., Verseghy, D.,Wetzel, P.,Wood, E., and Xue, Y.: Key results and implications from phase 1(c) of the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes, Clim. Dynam., 15, 673-684, doi:10.1007/s003820050309, 1999. (Pubitemid 30003556)
65. Port, U., Brovkin, V., and Claussen, M.: The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate change, Earth Syst. Dynam., 3, 233-243, doi:10.5194/esd-3-233-2012, 2012.
66. Prentice, I., Cramer, W., and Harrison, S.: A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate, J. Biogr., 19, 117-134, 1992. (Pubitemid 23396200)
67. Priestley, C. and Taylor, R.: On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon.Weather Rev., 100, 81-92, 1972.
68. Reich, P. B., Hobbie, S. E., Lee, T., Ellsworth, D. S., West, J. B., Tilman, D., Knops, J. M. H., Naeem, S., and Trost, J.: Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2, Nature, 440, 922-925, doi:10.1038/nature04486, 2006.
69. Schimel, D. S.: Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle, Glob. Change Biol., 1, 77-91, 1995. (Pubitemid 26439869)
70. Sellers, P. J., Bounoua, L., Collatz, G. J., Randall, D. A., Dazlich, D. A., Los, S. O., Berry, J. A., Fung, I., Tucker, C. J., Field, C. B., and Jensen, T. G.: Comparison of radiative and physiological effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 on climate, Science, 271, 1402-1406, doi:10.1126/science.271.5254.1402, 1996.
71. Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Piao, S. L., Betts, R., Ciais, P., Cox, P., Friedlingstein, P., Jones, C. D., Prentice, I. C., and Woodward, F. I.: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2015-2039, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x, 2008.
72. Soden, B. and Held, I.: An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Climate, 19, 3354-3360, 2006. (Pubitemid 44177899)
73. Soden, B. J., Broccoli, A. J., and Hemler, R. S.: On the use of cloud forcing to estimate cloud feedback, J. Climate, 17, 3661-3665, 2004. (Pubitemid 39500319)
74. Solomon, S., Manning, D., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.: IPCC, Climate Change 2007, The Physical Science Basis, Fourth Assessment Report, 2007.
75. Stewart, J.: Modelling surface conductance of pine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 43, 19-35, 1988.
76. Vitousek, P. and Howarth, R.: Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur?, Biogeochemistry, 13, 87-115, doi:10.1007/BF00002772, 1991.
77. Watanabe, M., Shiogama, H., Yokohata, T., Kamae, Y., Yoshimori, M., Ogura, T., Annan, J. D., Hargreaves, J. C., Emori, S., and Kimoto, M.: Using a multiphysics ensemble for exploring diversity in cloud-shortwave feedback in GCMs, J. Climate, 25, 5416-5431, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00564.1, 2012.
78. Wetherald, R. and Manabe, S.: Cloud feedback processes in a general circulation model, J. Atmos., 45, 1397-1415, 1988.
79. Woodward, F. I.: Global change: translating plant ecophysiological responses to ecosystems., Trends Ecol. Evol., 5, 308-311, doi:10.1016/0169- 5347(90)90087-T, 1990. (Pubitemid 120036314)
80. Yokohata, T., Annan, J. D., Collins, M., Jackson, C. S., Shiogama, H., Watanabe, M., Emori, S., Yoshimori, M., Abe, M., Webb, M. J., and Hargreaves, J. C.: Reliability and importance of structural diversity of climate model ensembles, Clim. Dynam., 1-19, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1733-9, 2013.
81. Yoshimori, M., Hargreaves, J. C., Annan, J. D., Yokohata, T., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Dependency of feedbacks on forcing and climate state in physics parameter ensembles, J. Climate, 24, 6440-6455, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3954.1, 2011.